ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ACOUSTICS

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1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ACOUSTICS Volume One MALCOLM J. CROCKER, Editor-in-Chief Auburn University A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto

2 CONTENTS Volume One FOREWORD PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS xv xvü xix PART I GENERAL LINEAR ACOUSTICS 1 1 Introduction 3 Malcolm J. Crocker 2 Mathematical Theory of Wave Propagation 21 Allan D. Pierce 3 Ray Acoustics for Fluids 39 D. E. Weston 4 Ray Acoustics for Structures 47 Leopold B. Felsen 5 Interference and Steady-State Scattering of Sound Waves 55 Herbert Überall 6 Speed of Sound in Fluids 69 Allan J. Zuckerwar 1 Standing Waves 81 U. S. Shirahatti and Malcolm J. Crocker 8 Waveguides 91 P. O. A. L. Davies 9 Steady-State Radiation from Sources 107 A. P. Dowling 10 Transient Radiation 127 Peter Stepanishen 11 Acoustic Interaction between Structures and Fluids 135 F. J. Fahy

3 vi CONTENTS 12 Boundary Waves 153 Ivan Tolstoy 13 Acoustic Lumped Elements from First Principles 161 Robert E. Apfel 14 Acoustic Modeling: Finite Element Method 165 A. Craggs 15 Acoustic Modeling: Boundary Element Methods 173 A. F Seybert and T. W. Wu 16 Acoustic Modeling (Ducted-Source Systems) 185 M. G. Prasad and Malcolm J. Crocker PART II NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS AND CAVITATION Nonlinear Acoustics and Cavitation 193 David T. Blackstock and Malcolm J. Crocker 18 Some Model Equations of Nonlinear Acoustics 197 David T. Blackstock 19 Propagation of Finite-Amplitude Waves in Fluids 203 D. G. Crighton 20 Parameters of Nonlinearity of Acoustic Media 219 E. Carr Everbach 21 Finite-Amplitude Waves in Solids 227 Mack A. Breazeale 22 Nonlinear Standing Waves in Cavities 237 Alan B. Coppens and Anthony A. Atchley 23 Nonlinear Effects in Sound Beams 249 Mark F. Hamilton 24 Nonlinear Lumped Elements 257 William E. Zorumski 25 Cavitation 263 Werner Lauterborn 26 Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence 271 Kenneth S. Suslick and Lawrence A. Crum PART Ш AEROACOUSTICS AND ATMOSPHERIC SOUND Introduction 285 James Lighthill 28 Aerodynamic and Jet Noise 301 Alan Powell 29 Interaction of Fluid Motion and Sound 313 J. E. Ffowcs Williams

4 30 Acoustic Streaming 321 N. Riley 31 Shock Waves, Blast Waves, and Sonic Booms 329 Richard Raspet 32 Atmospheric Sound Propagation 341 Louis С Sutherland and Gilles A. Daigle 33 Infrasound 367 Thomas B. Gabrielson PART IV UNDERWATER SOUND Introduction 375 Ira Dyer 35 Essential Oceanography 381 F. H. Fisher and P. F. Worcester 36 Propagation of Sound in the Ocean 391 William A. Kuperman 37 Propagation in Marine Sediments 409 LeRoy M. Dorman 38 Attenuation by Forward Scattering: Measurements and Modeling 417 Robert H. Meilen, Hans G. Schneider, and David G. Browning 39 Volume Scattering in Underwater Acoustic Propagation 425 Shimshon Frankenthal 40 Backscattering from Rough Surfaces and Inhomogeneous Volumes 441 R. P. Chapman, O. Z. Bluy, and P. C. Hines 41 Sound Radiation from Marine Structures 459 David Feit 42 Transient and Steady-State Scattering and Diffraction from Underwater Targets 469 Louis R. Dragonette and Charles F Gaumond 43 Quantitative Ray Methods for Scattering 483 Philip L. Marston 44 Target Strength of Fish 493 Kenneth G. Foote 45 Fundamental Underwater Noise Sources 501 William Blake 46 Ship and Platform Noise, Propeller Noise 521 Robert D. Collier 47 Underwater Explosive Sound Sources 539 Valery K. Kedrinskii

5 VÜi CONTENTS 48 Ocean Ambient Noise 549 Ira Dyer 49 Sonar Systems 559 James E. Barger 50 Oceanographic and Navigational Instruments 581 Robert C. Spindel 51 Acoustic Telemetry 591 Josko A. Catipovic 52 Transducers 597 Joseph E. Blue and Arnie Lee Van Buren 53 Nonlinear Sources and Receivers 607 Mark B. Moffett and William L. Konrad Volume Two PART V ULTRASONICS, QUANTUM ACOUSTICS, AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF SOUND Introduction 621 Philip L. Marston 55 Ultrasonic Velocity 629 John H. Cantrell and William T. Yost 56 Ultrasonic Relaxation Processes 641 Henry E. Bass and F. Douglas Shields 57 Phonons in Crystals, Quasicrystals, and Anderson Localization 651 Julian D. Maynard 58 Surface Waves in Solids and Ultrasonic Properties 661 Moises Levy and Susan C. Schneider 59 Wave Modes in Liquid Helium 673 Gary A. Williams 60 Ultrasonic Instruments for Nondestructive Testing 683 Emmanuel P. Papadakis 61 Thermoacoustic Engines 695 Gregory W. Swift PART TV MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS AND SHOCK Introduction 705 Manfred A. Heckl 63 Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Vibrating Systems 715 Paul J. Remington 64 Vibrations of One- and Two-Dimensional Continuous Systems 735 Manfred A. Heckl

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