ε(ω,k) =1 ω = ω'+kv (5) ω'= e2 n 2 < 0, where f is the particle distribution function and v p f v p = 0 then f v = 0. For a real f (v) v ω (kv T

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1 High High Power Power Laser Laser Programme Programme Theory Theory and Comutation and Asects of electron acoustic wave hysics in laser backscatter N J Sircombe, T D Arber Deartment of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK R O Dendy UKAEA Culham Division, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon., OX14 3DB, UK Main contact address: n.j.sircombe@warwick.ac.uk Introduction Recent single hot-sot exeriments on the Trident laser system 1,2) identified SRS-like backscatter from an electron lasma mode whose frequency is significantly below the lasma frequency. This mode was identified as the Electron Acoustic Wave (EAW), an undamed mode suorted by the traing of electrons. Here we outline the theoretical background to the EAW, and simulate the mode to demonstrate its undamed nature by utilising an Eulerian Vlasov code. We discuss some of the imlications for Laser Plasma Interactions (LPI) that may affect reflectivity, including Stimulated Electron Acoustic Scattering (SEAS) and the Langmuir Decay Instability (LDI). undamed lasma waves in the limit oanishing amlitude. The disersion curve is shown in Figure 1, where there are two distinct branches. The uer branch corresonds to an undamed form of the Langmuir wave and the lower branch, with ω < ω Pe corresonds to the Electron Acoustic Wave. The Electron Acoustic Wave The existence of lasma waves at frequencies below the electron lasma frequency was first identified by Stix 3), although it was exected that Landau daming in this regime would rohibit their formation. Later work 4) showed that EAWs can exist, undamed, suorted by a oulation of traed electrons. The conventional derivation of the lasma disersion relations, based on a two-fluid treatment, yields high frequency Langmuir waves and low frequency ion-acoustic waves. A more comlete kinetic treatment, based on linearising the Vlasov equation, shows these modes to be damed. This is the henomenon of Landau daming, a urely kinetic effect which requires that v < 0, where f is the article distribution function and v the hase velocity of the wave. However, if v = 0 then the wave may be undamed. This is the case for the EAW. In order to construct a disersion relation for the EAW we first consider a Maxwellian distribution with a flattened region at v=v in the limit where the width of the flattened region, in velocity sace, tends to zero while v = 0. For a real frequency ω the integral in the Landau disersion relation ε(ω,k) =1 can be written 1 2(kλ d ) 2 + v f (v) v ω (kv T ) dv (1) + P v f (v) v ω (kv T ) dv + iπ v. (2) By construction, the second term is zero, leaving only the rincial value integral. Evaluating this integral gives a disersion relation for EAWs in the linear limit. k 2 λ 2 d +1 2 ω k Daw ω = 0 (3) 2k t Daw(t) = e t 2 e u2 du (4) 0 where Equation (4) is the Dawson integral. Evaluating this exression numerically gives the disersion relation for Figure 1. Disersion relations for undamed BGK-like lasma modes in the linear limit (where the width v of the flattened region in units of thermal velocity, tends to zero) and for two non-linear cases ( v=0.5, 1.0). The lower branch reresents the Electron Acoustic Wave, which for low k follows ω = 1.35k. The uer branch reresents an undamed form of the Langmuir mode. Similar analysis can be carried out for distribution functions with a finite flattened region of width roortional to the wave amlitude. This gives a family of disersion curves inside the ideal, infinitesimal amlitude case as shown in Figure 1. Physical Interretation The EAW aears, at first, to be unhysical. In articular, its low frequency is a characteristic not exected of electron lasma waves in which ion dynamics lay no role. Some hysical understanding, for the case of small k, can be gained by considering a flattened distribution to be a suerosition of a background Maxwellian oulation of electrons and a smaller drifting oulation, as shown in Figure 2. In the frame of reference of the background oulation, oscillations at the lasma frequency in the second oulation will be Doler shifted such that where ω = ω'+kv (5) ω'= e2 n 2 ε 0 (6) is the electron lasma frequency for the second oulation. In the limit where the density of this second oulation tends to zero we recoverω ~ vk. This disersion relation is linear in k at small k, and imlies a frequency below the lasma frequency. While this interretation does not give the value for the hase velocity of Central Laser Facility Annual Reort 2004/

2 High Power Laser Programme Theory and Comutation the EAW (v =1.35) it is helful in understanding the origin of low frequency electron lasma modes. electron lasma wave to roagate, undamed or otherwise. Figure 3 shows the traed electron distribution of the EAW after a thousand inverse lasma frequencies. Figure 4 shows that the amlitude of the EAW is effectively constant after an initial transient hase, only weak numerical daming remains. A non-maxwellian distribution, secifically the flattening at the hase velocity of the wave, is a necessity for the roagation of an EAW. This requires a kinetic model which can accurately resolve the comlex hase-sace structure, which is a articular strength of the Eulerian Vlasov code. Figure 2. The flattened, traed electron distribution (a) can be considered as a background Maxwellian lus a second electron distribution centred at v (b). The Doler shifted frequency of lasma oscillations in the second electron distribution gives the EAW disersion relation in the limit of small density. Simulating an EAW A full treatment of the EAW requires a kinetic descrition of the lasma 5). This section outlines the fully kinetic Vlasov- Poisson model and the develoment of initial conditions for, and the simulation of, a travelling EAW. The model used is a one-dimensional Vlasov-Poisson system of electrons and immobile rotons with no magnetic field 6) and has been used reviously to demonstrate kinetic henomena of relevance to LPI 7). This fully nonlinear self-consistent system is governed by the Vlasov equation for the electron distribution function f e, + v x e E v = 0 (7) Figure 3. Electron distribution function for a large amlitude δ n = 0.1n, ω = 0.6ω, k = 0. 4k at time EAW ( ) e t = ω Pe, simulated using the Vlasov-Possion code. e D and Poisson s equation for the electric field E x = e ε 0 ( f e dv n i ) (8) As an initial condition, consider an unerterbed distribution function flattened at a hase velocity v chosen from the EAW branch of the disersion relation (Equation (3)). We secify f u = f 0 + f 1 (9) where f 0 reresents a Maxwellian distribution, and f 1 (v) = v f 0 (v v v )ex (v v )2 v 2 (10) The width of the flattened region, which relates to the quantity of traed electrons, is given by v and is roortional to the EAW amlitude, since the wave is suorted by traed electrons. In order to create a travelling wave we erturb the distribution function given in Equation (9) by adding f (x,v) = ee 0 (ω kv) sin(kx ωt) v f u (11) obtained by a linear erturbation of the Vlasov equation. Note that Equation (9) contains no singularities since v f u v = 0 and ω is chosen to be real. The Vlasov-Poisson system was initialised in a eriodic box with the distribution function f e = f u + f and ω=0.6ω Pe, k=0.4k D. In this regime we would not normally exect an Figure 4. Logarithmic amlitude of EAW (δn=0.1n e, ω=0.6ω Pe, k=0.4k D ) against time. After an initial transient stage, the EAW ersists as an undamed (excet for limited daming due to numerical diffusion) electron lasma wave with frequency below the lasma frequency. Stimulated Electron Acoustic Scattering (SEAS) The henomenon of SEAS, the collective scattering of incident laser light from an EAW, was identified exerimentally by Montgomery et al. 1,2) in single hot-sot exeriments conducted on the Trident laser system. Here we simulate SEAS using a Vlasov model extended to include the effects of transverse fields. We solve the relativistic Vlasov equation for mobile electrons + x x e ( E x + v y B z ) = 0 (12) x together with Maxwell s equations for the transverse fields 109 Central Laser Facility Annual Reort 2004/2005

3 High Power Laser Programme Theory and Comutation E y B = c 2 z x J y B z, ε 0 = E y x. (13) Transverse motion of articles is treated as fluid-like, hence v y = e E y, J y = en e v y (14) Poisson s equation is solved as before, to give the longitudinal electric field. The initial conditions are chosen to rohibit conventional SRS (i.e. above quarter critical density) and to satisfy wavenumber and frequency matching conditions for SEAS. Vlasov codes are inherently noiseless, so a low amlitude density erturbation is added to a Maxwellian velocity distribution to seed the growth of the EAW. Figure 5 shows the electron distribution function at late time. The evolution of traed electron structures, and resulting flattening of the distribution function, is visible, corresonding to an EAW. We thus have SRS-like scattering in a lasma of greater than quarter critical density from an EAW an electron lasma wave with a frequency below the lasma frequency. Recent work 8,9,10) has highlighted the need for a better understanding of LPI, articularly in the regimes currently being aroached by the next generation of lasers. Fluid-based treatments are not alone sufficient, and the saturation of SRS via LDI, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), SEAS and the interlay between various instabilities must be considered as a fully kinetic roblem. The accurate reresentation and evolution of the article distribution functions rovided by a Vlasov code, therefore, make it a valuable tool. While a full 3D treatment is beyond the limits of current comuting ower, 1D and 2D Vlasov systems are tractable and can address many LPI roblems. The conventional Langmuir cascade 12) roceeds for all k above a critical value k c, determined by the oint where the gradient of the disersion relation of the arent Langmuir wave (L) is equal to that of the IAW: ω L k = ω IAW k k c = 1 3 m i k D. (15) A similar analysis, for small k, can be erformed in the case where the IAW is relaced with an EAW. Aroximating the Langmuir disersion relation by ( ) (16) ω ω Pe 1+ 3k 2 /2k D 2 and the EAW disersion relation by ω ω Pe (1.35k /k D ) (17) gives a critical wavenumber k c 0.45k D, (18) indicating that LDI via the EAW may, indeed, be a ossibility. However, Equations (16) and (17) are no longer valid for such a high critical wavenumber. The assumtion of small k is therefore abandoned and the gradients calculated numerically to give Figure 6. Hence a full treatment, valid for all k, indicates that a rocess of Langmuir decay via the electron acoustic branch is not ossible. However, this does not rule out all forms of interlay between LDI and EAWs. The uer branch of the disersion relation, essentially an undamed form of the conventional Langmuir disersion relation, may relace one or both of the Langmuir waves in the LDI without affecting the critical wavenumber. This roblem is left for future work. Figure 5. Surface lot of the electron distribution function at 1. Only a small section of the comlete system is t =10 4 ω Pe shown for clarity. Electron traing and flattening of the distribution function can be seen: this is the EAW which has grown from a background density erturbation as a result of SEAS. Axes are given in relativistic units, c /ω Pe for sace and c for momentum. Langmuir Decay Instability A Langmuir wave can decay into a second Langmuir wave of lower wavenumber and an ion-acoustic wave (IAW). This rocess can occur reeatedly forming a Langmuir cascade 11). Can the EAW erform the role of IAW to roduce a Langmuir cascade on electron timescales? Figure 6. Difference between the gradients of the disersion relations of the Langmuir and Electron Acoustic modes for a range of k. In order for Langmuir decay to occur this quantity must be greater than zero. The critical wavenumber k c is the oint at which the gradients are exactly equal. This curve remains negative for all k, demonstrating that Langmuir decay via the EAW, rather than the IAW, is not ossible. Summary The Electron Acoustic Mode is a counter-intuitive henomenon: an electron lasma wave which roagates, free from Landau daming, at frequencies below the lasma frequency. We have clarified its characteristics, in terms of disersion relation and the role of electron traing, and these resent an interesting alication of kinetic theory. Recent observations 1,2) of scattering from EAWs demonstrate the ossibility for LPI involving the EAW, even in regimes where (for examle) SRS is rohibited. While the exected reflectivity from rocesses such as SEAS may be low in resent oerating regimes, this work highlights the advantages of full Central Laser Facility Annual Reort 2004/

4 High Power Laser Programme Theory and Comutation kinetic treatments of LPI, and of the Vlasov code in articular. The Vlasov code s ability to accurately evolve the electron (and if necessary ion) distribution functions, noise-free and at high resolution over the comlete hase sace, ensures an accurate treatment of henomena such as article traing. This is clearly of great imortance to SEAS, but it is also vital to the saturation of the Raman scattering instability. The ossibility of LDI involving an EAW is an interesting one. Since it would allow a otential saturation mechanism for SRS to evolve on electron (rather than ion) time scales. However, the analysis resented here demonstrates that the IAW cannot be relaced by an EAW in this context. References 1. D S Montgomery, J A Cobble et al., Phys Plasmas, 9, 2311, (2002) 2. D S Montgomery, R J Focia, H A Rose et al., PRL, 87, , (2001) 3. T H Stix, The Theory of Plasma Waves, McGraw Hill (1962) 4. J P Holloway and J J Dorning, Phys. Rev. A, 44, 3856, (1991) 5. H A Rose and D A Russell, Phys. Plasmas, 8, 4784, (2001) 6. T D Arber and R G L Vann, JCP, 180, 339, (2002) 7. N J Sircombe, T D Arber and R O Dendy, Phys. Plasmas, 12, , (2003) 8. D Pesme, S Huller, J Myatt et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 44, B53, (2002) 9. C Labaune, H Bandulet, S Deierreux et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 46, B301, (2004) 10. S H Glenzer, P Arnold, G Bardsley et al., Nuclear Fusion, 44, (2004) 11. S Deierreux, J Fuchs, C Labaune et el., PRL, 84, 2869, (2000) 12. S G Thornhill and D ter Haar, Physics Reorts, 43, 43, (1978) 111 Central Laser Facility Annual Reort 2004/2005

5 High Power Laser Programme Theory and Comutation Central Laser Facility Annual Reort 2004/