Physical Vulnerability Assessment Based on Fluid and Classical Mechanics to Support Cost-Benefit Analysis of Flood Risk Mitigation Strategies

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1 Wer, 4, 96-8; do:.9/496 Arle OPEN ACCESS er ISSN md.om/jornl/er Psl Vlnerl Assessmen sed on Fld nd Clssl Mens o Sor Cos-enef Anlss of Flood Rs Mon Srees rno Morn,, *, Lr Lev, Omr Formon nd Cldo Voln ermen of Hdrl Enneern Aeln Wssersen, Aonomos Provne of olno, Il, Cesre s Sree, olno 9, Il; E-Mls: Omr.Formon@rovn.. O.F.; ldo.voln@rovn.. C.V. Fl of Sene nd Tenolo, Free Unvers of olno, Unversäsl 5, olno 9, Il; E-Ml: Lr.Lev@n. * Aor o om orresondene sold e ddressed; E-Ml: rno.morn@rovn..; Tel.: ; F: Reeved: 8 eemer ; n revsed form: 8 Ferr / Aeed: Ferr / Plsed: 8 Ferr Asr: Te ms of flood evens orred n mn n e Iln reons of Lr nd Tsn revved e enemen of e l deson-mer o enne e sner of flood onrol nd lnd se lnnn. In s one, e desn of effen flood rs mon srees nd er sseen mlemenon rll reles on refl vlnerl nlss of e fed nd mole elemens eosed o flood rd. In s er e develo omon semes enln dnm vlnerl nd rs nlses for rod olol vre of elemens rs. To so er ll, seres of rme emles re dsssed n del, e.. rde de med e flood nd r, frs dsled nd sseenl eosed o ollson fed ojes. We old e ve s essenl e dervon of e omonl semes o ssess e vlnerl of endnered ojes sold e sed on lssl nd fld mens. In s, e m o omlemen from meodolol erseve e esn, mnl emrl, vlnerl nd rs ssessmen roes nd o sor e desn of effeve flood rs mon srees defsn e mn rles n e ssems rone o flood rs.

2 Wer, 4 97 Keords: nrl rds; vlnerl, flood rs; rs mon; roje evlon; Eroen Als. Inrodon Nrl rds, vlnerl nd rs n monn reons ve nresnl eome fos of oll enon n reen ers []. On Eroen level, e reve on e Assessmen nd Mnemen of Flood Rss ddressed o e Memer Ses Flood reve s ssed n 7 s one of e ree omonens of e Eroen Aon Prormme on Flood Rs Mnemen. I s reoned flood evens ve e oenl o severel omromse eonom develomen nd o ndermne e eonom ves of e ommn [,]. e o e nresn mlne eeen vles rs nd level of roeon n flood rone res, onenred on s needed ll levels o vod severe flood ms on mn lfe nd roer. Te nlss of flood rs dfferen sles ommensre deree of del s vlle ss, no onl for ror sen nd frer fnnl nd oll desons rerdn flood rs mnemen, lso for e denfon on enl level of e mos romsn solons o e rs mon rolems nd [4,5]. Anoledn e f flood rs overnne s ml-feed feld of nerdslnr ves [6,7], n essenl ondon for sess n defsn e rles of rs eneron mensms s e enneern desn of ossle lernves ndn fesle nd os-effeve s of redn rss. Te soel need o rede flood rss s no e sme s n nonded llnness o nves l mone for n solon roosed. Envsed solons ms e onvnn, o from enl nd eonom veon nd lso e ssnle from n eolol erseve [8,9]. A relle nd lored rs ssessmen enls e defnon of senros omosed of dfferen levels, nmel: eosre senros, vlnerl senros, nlses of e vles rs, resln n 4 rs senros [,]. Tese omonens ve mlle fnonl deendenes mon e oer, resln n omond nerseons o n se nd me. To remove e roo ses of rs eneron mensms s neessr o mrror e sl nd emorl evolon of flood rs, n rlr s-evens e.., rde lon nd levee flre [] m rer snfn rsn of rd levels, ledn o floodn onfrons m nde e nonrolled flon of mole ojes e.., veles. ern from ese remses nd from dnm onelon of vlnerl, e ro s ssessmen from n enneern sene erseve enln nlses sed on fld nd lssl mens, ordn o e follon meodolol seleon: Hdrodnm omon of me-deenden flood nenses resln for e elemen rs n sesson of lodn onfrons; Modeln e menl resonse of ojes mn ns one noer ro s, elso-s nd ne nlses; Crern e menl resonse ro roer srrl dme vrles nd 4 eonom vlon of e losses s fnon of e nfed dme vrles.

3 Wer, 4 98 We ll eemlf e llons for oenll mole ojes eosed o flood lod eeedn ven rol. Unveln e snfn rs eneron mensms, o meodololl nd omonll, s of re vle for e lnnn of fnonll effen mon mesres re le o rovde er deree of rs redon n onvenonl mon srees. Tese omonl semes ll e emedded n e enerl frmeor of os-enef nlss for e rsl of flood rs mon rojes [,]. mn el rs dnms nd os eneron mensms, e soe of lon of os-enef nlss s ended eond s lssl role s deson-sor ool nd lned o e ore of e lnnn roess.. Te nm Conelon of Vlnerl I s reeedl een lmed ere ess l of sdes reled o e so-emorl develomen of rs nd e nderln vlnerl of e elemens rs [6,4]. Se s lon me e for en nformon on vlnerl nd rs s ssessed, sne rs merles onl s onseene of e sl overl eeen rdos evens nd elemens rs [5,6]. As on of derre, e ssme e resls of flood rd nlss re ven n e form of,..., J flood senros eeedn non rol /rerrene nervl F. E flood senro j s rered sesson n me,,..., K, of rles of nens ms rese o e omonl domn Ω flo de ms - H Ω j, ms of flo veloes n nd dreon, smoled U Ω j nd V Ω j Te ssessmen of e me-vrn vlnerl of e ener oje,,...,n, ssmed o e oenll movle, enls for e me-se omonl roedre s follos: Anlss of drodnms, enls e deermnon of e roess nenses e oje loon, v. nmel,, Menl nlss of e onsdered oje, enls: j j. Assessmen of e eomerl nd sl roeres of e oje n eson, e rnsorn fld nd e envronmen, δ,...,q nd ζ r,...,r resevel., j,r Inrodon of neessr deled sons for menl nlss.. Idenfon of e sl dme vrles X, s s,..., S desre e eeed srrl dme roerl e.., dslemen of e oje, rl sress ondons, srns nd deformons. Resorn e ornl vles of ese vrles enls moner eendre.. rn e free od drm of e oje ndn e lodn ondons e.., n fores, Ln, deermned e lol roess nenses omre roedrl se, nd e orresondn reve fores R. n d. Coe of roer oordne ssem nd e eer, or nlss s sle. e.., lne rd od nes verss moon.

4 Wer, 4 99 e. Ierve nlss of e ss, elsoss nd nes of e onsdered oje mn nfn e sl dme vrles X rese o L nd R. For omle rolems, omnon of nll nd nmerl enes s o e emloed. Sel ses n e solved nlll nrodn smlfn enneern ssmons see ne seon nd meml end. Vlon nd eonom ssessmen of vlnerl υ : eslsn fnonl relons eeen e dme se of e oje nder onsderon eressed ro nfon of e sl dme vrles X, s nd e orresondn eeed moner loss E n relon o e rensemen vle C of e oje, s:. Wored o Emle Prolems, s n n E υ f X,s C In s seon e elore o rme emles o llsre e roedre olned n e revos seon. We refer srn mnl ddl emle onnn n smlfed fson: e fll se of onel elemens of e resened roedre. Terefer, n seond se, e ll ro more omle rolem. Te frs rolem s sled verson of roess n orred freenl drn e sro fls flood evens n e Iln reons Lr nd Tsn n mn, nmel e so lled vele rs rolem. A lre nmer of veles ere red n deded rn ones on nlned lnes rone o floodn. W nresn flo des nd veloes, nen moon of ese ojes en. Te ojes ere dsled eer sldn de o e reded fron or more rdl flon s soon s e lf fores eeeded rv. Alon e dslemen s e ojes ollded fed osles nd ere onseenl severel dmed s resl of ese ms. Le s onsder n or smlfed sen vele n n nll resn ondon on n nlned lne s flooded nforml onsn flo de nd onsn velo. A fed osle s led non dsne n e dreon of moon. Te s onsss of formln smle vlnerl model, ssmn e een of dme deends onl on e deformon de o e m ener. Follon e revosl olned enerl roedre e on: Hdrodnm nlss: eermnon of e roess nenses e oje s loon X : e o e nform flo ondons, e follon roess nenses n e ssmed: me ons, me ons Menl nlss:. Assessmen of e eomerl nd sl roeresδ, nd ξ, r resevel: We rome, for sml onl, e eomerl se of e vele s renlr sold nd e osle s ssmed o e verl ll omre Fre,.

5 Wer, 4 Fre. Ssem se nd nd free od drm.,m α υ er level sde ve X o, fed osle F A F F F F ve sde ve. In s smlfed sen e deformon de X fer ollson s e onl relevn sl dme vrle of neres.. Te free od drm e lodn ondons nd e reve fores s son n Fre. F s e dr fore, F s rv, eres F F s e fore de o fron nd F A s e lf fore. d. Te Cresn, oordne ssem s osen n s e -s ondes e dreon of oenl rnslonl moon of e rd od: omre Fre. Te rd od nes re desred ordn o e onel seme olned n Seme. Seme. Conel seme for e nlss of e rd od nes. Flon of e vele YES NO Sldn Resn

6 Wer, 4 Aordn o s seme e ne rolem s nled s lnr rolem o e eer nen lf dslemen or sldn n e dreon m e le. If neer e nen flon nor e sldn ondon s ven, elrm ondons re ssfed. e. S, ne nd elso-s nlses. Troo e nde e velo of e oje nd of e fld s nd resevel. Te dr fore n flo dreon s enerll C eressed s F, ere C s e dr oeffen, s e dens of e fld, s e flo de or e smered oje de, s, one flon ors nd s e d of e oje. Te fore de o fron n n e oose dreon s eressed s FF μs,d osα, ere μ s, d ndes e s or dnm fron oeffen, deendn on eer e oje s n moon or no, s e eleron de o rv,,, re e eomerl rmeers of e oje nd α s e nlnon nle of e lne. Te fore de o rv s ven F, nd e lf fore e oje s sjeed o, s F F n e se of flon. A A. Flon ondon e: F F or osα osα A elds: s If s ondon Eon s no ssfed en e sldn ondon e s erformed.. Sldn ondon e: < nd elds: C F F FF > or snα μs osα > C snα μs osα μs osα > 4. Kne nlss for e flon se: Eressn e Neon s seond l, m, F F, s d d C s snα, elds e dfferenl eon: d C s snα. d

7 Wer, 4 s, e on e dfferenl eon for e sldn se: d C snα 5 d And nern rese o me e solon of Eon 5, s e velo of e flon oje, e on s dslemen s follos: d 6 v. Kne nlss for e sldn se: Anloosl o e flon se, Neon s seond l, m F F FF n e eressed s: d d C or more onsel, s dfferenl eon of e form: snα μ osα d,, d d C μ d osα snα 7 Eon 6 n e emloed n o lle e dslemens. Te dfferenl Eons 5 nd 7 n e solved nmerll ln e Rne-K Meod. Te solon [6] s srforrd. In Anne, nll solons for veloes omre Eons 5 nd 7 nd dslemens omre Eon 6 for o e flon nd e sldn nes re rovded for flo-des or veloes eld onsn o n se nd me. v. Comon of e deformon de X, de o ollson of oje e fed osle: Mn e onservve ssmon enrl m es le, e emlo n emrl dr eon lns e m ener er n d e deformon de X, : E, X A E, AX 8 ere A nd re emrll defned sffness oeffens, ns [N/m] nd [N/m ]. Te ne ener er n d of e oje js efore e osles ollde: E, o, o, 9 Emrl rs ess [7] nde resonle reson oeffen vles for romel nels ollsons re lose o ero, ene e ssme e ne ener s enrel vlle for deformon, s: E, E,

8 Wer, 4 A eldn: X Vlon nd eonom ssessmen of vlnerl A sle fnonl relons eeen e dmed se of e onsdered oje nd e orresondn vlnerl s of e e: X υ X υ,lm ere X, lm orresonds o deformon de,, one reed, omleel desros e mre vle of e vele. Te seond rolem ddressed n s er s demonsred s relevne n e reen flood evens n Il. A lre nmer of rdes ere loed drfood. In ddon o nndons rered er effes, severe dre srrl dme lso resled. In ereme ses, rde des sersrres ere dsled from er sors, resln n snfn dre losses nd resrons o norml eonom v. Te roedre olned n e revos seon s no led o e rde de rolem. An s ssmed e dme een s ell red e dslemen of e rde de. I s ssmed dnm vlnerl els n s soon s e dslemen of e sersrre rees rl vle for e elrm of e momens of e fores n on e srre n no loner e ssfed. Hdrodnm nlss: eermnon of e Proess Inenses e Loon of e Oje. We ssme roo sed er rofles orresondn o e desn dsre re ven. Tese n esl e omed ln e ener eon. I s essenl flo des nd e ssoed vere ross-seonl veloes re non for for referene ross-seons: roeedn n e donsrem n srem dreon e frs ross-seon s loed ern dsne from e rde ere e flo s o e onsdered s fll ended. Te seond onrol ross-seon s led mmedel donsrem of e rde nd reresens e seon ere onsron flo ses o enson flo. Te rd ross-seon s led mmedel srem of e rde. Te for ross-seon s led frer srem of e rde ere e er s fll develoed. In Fre d e srrl rerss nd ll relevn roess nens vles re nded for onrol volme defned ross-seons. Menl Anlss. Assessmen of e eomerl nd sl roeresδ, nd ξ, r resevel: Te reder s referred o Fre ere ll eomerl nd sl roeres re nded. Te onrol volme for e menl nlss s onfned seons nd resevel. I s ssmed e flo des nd remn nlered drn e ossle dslemen of e rde de. Eressed noer, e drodnm lodns e ondres of e movn onrol volme re eld onsn omre Fre. f f X X < X X,lm,lm

9 Wer, 4 4 Fre. Proses of e rde: drodnm nd eomerl rmeers, neessr delons nd defnon of e onrol volme. sde ve; o don ve; fon ve; d onrol volmes. 4 onrol volme Sdell rde e SUPPORT 4 4 Sdell onrol volme rde e 4 Sdell

10 Wer, 4 5 Fre. Con. onrol volme Sdell Sdell Sor rde e C Sor v v o P d

11 Wer, 4 6. Idenfon of e sl dme vrles: Te relevn sl dme vrle s e dslemen of e ener of mss, rnes from sle rde, no dslemen o mmm vle ere e elrm ondon M M momens rond P s no loner ssfed: f nd, orresonds o e severes lodn ondon efore e rde srs o e smered, smlfes o: One, e ssme e dme orresonds o e rensemen vle of e rde de nd ene υ, d. Free od drm omre Fre nd oordne ssem. Fre. Free od drm of e rde de med e flood. F A F A A F F rde e S SUPPORT A F e. Ierve nlss of e ss, elsoss nd nes.. Sldn ondon: Te sldn ondon, S FF >, enls omrson eeen e ne drodnm fore on e rde srre S nd e reve fron fore F F. Te ne drodnm fore s ven e dfferene, S S, S,, eres S, nd S, re e fores n on e onrol volme n seon nd resevel, s: S, nd S,, erefore: S

12 Wer, 4 7 Te fron fore n e eressed s, A A s s F F F F N F μ μ, ere F s e fore de o rv, A F nd A F re e lf fore omonens omre Fre : N nd F s F μ. Ts e sldn ondon n e ren s: > s μ 4. Knes of sldn: Aordn o Neon s seond l e dfferenl eon for e sldn se s: m F S d d F S nd F d F μ. Insern nd smlfn, one ons: d d d μ n oml e ren s: r d d 5 e oeffens,, d r μ In Anne nll solons for veloes omre Eon 5 nd dslemens omre Eon 6 re rovded for e sldn nes for flo-des or veloes eld onsn e ross seons delmn e onrol volme. Vlon nd eonom ssessmen of vlnerl A sle fnonl relons eeen e dmed se of e onsdered oje nd e orresondn vlnerl s of e e: < < < f f,, υ υ 6

13 Wer, A Forml Cos-enef Anlss Frmeor sed on nm Rs Assessmen Mjor nerreled reremens ve o e me e rs mnemen roess [8]. Tese nlde e ssessmen of e rs mon erformne of lnned mon srees; e os-ln for e sre sll e onsdered from lfe-le erseve; nd of e ne resen vle resln from e enefs nd oss, o evled on n nnl ss, rred e vlle mon lernves. Consdern e elres of l nvesmen desons o me nrl rd rs, sefll ssoed lon-erm l ommmens nd e orrn nerdeendenes eeen ese lon-erm ommmens nd morn eonom ves n monn reons ove ll rsn from orsm nd rdn, e rered nll effor s o e lned. 4.. Rs Assessmen sed on e fll roled flood senros, j,..., J F, nd e loon X j of e elemen rs, ssmed o e oenll movle n e enerl se, er me-vrn vlnerl υ n e red s olned, o n eor nd re, n e o, j reedn seons. Assmn dfferen loon mres L [ ],..., H refle e eosre senros for e enre oje se, nd e eosre senro s defned rol E, e n nf e me-deenden eeed loss EL, j, for n oje rs, for sefed flood senro j nd for s eosre onfron s: EL, j, υ, j, NVξ 7 ere NV s e rensemen vle of e onsdered elemen nd ξ s dereon oeffen reflen e elemen s osolesene [9]. Te overll rs, nfed on n nnl ss, resln from e eeed moner losses for ll elemens rs, onsdern e enre se of eosre senros nd flood ms, n e ren s: N j M H R NVξ PF j E υ, j, K 8 j ere K s e ls me-se onsdered. For rl roses n e onvenen o r e dnm rs n me s follos: N j M H R NVξ PF j E υ, j, 9 j In e doed onelon of flood rd rs omre Eons 7 o 9, e eeed losses re eressed monerl, enls n eonom vlon of e elemens rs. We resr or nlss o nle loss, nmel dme o l sos or resore flos n e sefed n moner erms, nelen dmes o sses re no rded nd re erefore dffl o rnsfer no moner vles [].

14 Wer, 4 9 W referene o oje eores vled ro eonom roes sn mre vles e.., rensemen vle for srres e reor enerl seme o srrll dsse omle ojes nd me em essle o eonom vlon n rs ssessmen. Hene, n dssen omle oje e.., rodon ln e dsns eeen:. verll eendn fed srres e.., lls of e ldns med drel e flood roess;. rlr sersrres med drel e.., rde des or ndrel e.., roofs e flood roess.. nsllons nd/or mole ojes e.., mnes nd rs med drel e flood roess. For omleeness o slemenr eores ve o e onsdered re lso ffeed floodn: sedmen nd ood deoson; d. srfes res for dfferen lnd se roses e.., rlrl lnd, lso rn res nd rods; nd e. o ssems e.., ood, lso orrds. Te dre eonom referene for vlon of oje rs elonn o e eores, s e deermnon of e rensemen vle, NV, n e lled : NV n m j j ere NV s e rensemen vle of e onsdered oje: j s e rered n of n j o erform e onsron orflo n ; nd s e nr of e onsron orflo n. For e eor, e esmon of e mre vle, MV, of e emen omonens s lled s follos: M r MV C ere MV s e mos role mre vle of e emen omonen nder onsderon. C s e rse re; M s e os nremen from e er of rse o e er of vlon: r s e resdl eonom lfe n ers nd s e eonom lfesn n ers. For eor d s relevn o deermne e oss of lern- oerons nd e neessr rensemens o re-esls e ornl fnonll. In se of oje eor e, e eonom vlon s rred o deermnn e l vle of e o ssem nder onsderon ro sle lon formls. Te ne meodolol se onsss of emeddn e dnm rs noon no e meml rs of os-enef nlss. We ssme roo e l seor sees o ree ssem modfons mmn e dfferene eeen nnl svns n erms of rs redons nd e nnl oss of e nvesmen roje ro flood rs mon nvesmens, enln onsron oss e ennn of e nvesmen lfele nd mnenne eendres roo e lfele.

15 Wer, 4 Te flood rs mon erformne, RM,of sre,,..., Z omre lso Fre 4, n e evled n e dfferene eeen e nnl rss R r nd R, resevel, lled n e dfferene of e nerls of e Eeed me E Prol rves TE r e nd TE e e ndn e rol of eeedn, mrrorn e rren son, mrrorn e rren son ssr r nd e oesed son e mlemened sre resevel ssr : r r e de R TE e de R TE RM TEr e de TE e de [ TEr e TE e ] de 4 Fre 4. Grl reresenon of e rs mon erformne sre. TE [Ero] RM of mon TE m, _ TE m,r TEr TEr e RM r TE TE e e e As son n Fre 4, e mlemenon of flood rs mon srees enln e onsron of ve roeon mesres e.., e dms, des, lol roeon mesres lso nreses e nmer nd e vle of e ojes rs eosed o flood m TE m, > TEm, r. As one m noe, for ereme evens TE. ends o ero, TE s lrer n e Ts s de o e f nder ereme lodn ondons e elemens of e roeon ssem old lso e dmed. Srres formn e roeon ssems fere dl nre [], s e re desned o me nrl roess-reled rds, on e oer nd re rone o e dmed roo er lfele e sme roesses e sold me nd er effeveness s delnes over me. e r e

16 Wer, 4 Te nnl oss C ssoed o e mlemenon of e sre n e omed non e os ln - CP LC over s enre lfele of dron Τ ers. Memll, os ln s veor onnn e foreseen eendres s elemens for e CP LC e e,,...,e, τ,..., e, Τ, τ,..., Τ. Te ne resen vle, NPV,ssoed o e mlemenon of e sre n e lled s: er, nmel T RM T T e, e, τ NPV RM τ τ τ τ r τ r τ r Normll, s son n Fre 5, TEr e nd TE e Τ T r e, τ Τ τ r r τ r τ RM 5 re no vlle s smoo fnons, ve o e oned lner nerolon eeen fne nmer of vle rs e, j,ter, j e, j nd,te, resevel orresondn o e onseenes n erms of eeed dme of e e, j, j e, j j,..., J flood rd nder onsderon. Fre 5. Grl reresenon of e rs mon erformne RM of mon,te nd sre ssmn onl fne nmer of vle rs e, j r, j e, j,te, resevel. e, j, j e, j TE [Ero] TE m, _ TE m,r TEr,j TEr,j e,j RM r TE,j TE,j e,j e e In e se llsred Fre 5, Eons, nd 4 ve o e reren s: RM R R [ TE TE ] j J r r, j e, j r, j e, j e, j e, j 6 j [ TE TE ] j J, j e, j, j e, j e, j e, j 7 j [ TE TE TE TE ] j J r, j e, j, j e, j r, j e, j, j e, j e, j e, j j 8 Fre 6 sos e enerl se rered vrl n dme oenl o me e.., el movn no flood rone res nd vrl n rs mon erformne of e sre.

17 Wer, 4 Fre 6. Grl reresenon of e rs mon erformne RM of mon sre, ssmn vrl n dme oenl nd rs mon erformne ro me. ττ ττ- RM r,τ τ RM r,τ- τ τ TE m,,τ RM r, TE m,r,τ TE r TE r e [Ero] RM r, TE TE e e e From meml erseve e need os ln veor onnn s elemens e foreseen CP LC e e,...,e,..., e, τ,..., Τ nd e flo of rs eendres for e er,, τ, Τ mon enefs for e er RM RM,...,RM,..., RM,, τ, Τ, τ,..., Τ. Te ne resen vle, NPV,ssoed o e mlemenon of e sre n e lled s: 5. Conlsons NPV RM e T, τ τ r Te evolon n Eroe n reen enres, mnl onssn n sf from sron rlrl orenon o serve ndsr nd lesre-enered soe, s rred ever-nresn ressres n erms of se of lne res nd ner reons for selemen, ndsr nd rereon. Tese dnms resled no onfls eeen mn needs nd er ssfon on e one nd nd nrll-deermned ondons on e oer []. Te eonom olenes emern on lol level frer resred e mrns of l nvesmens o rede flood rd reln osl enl roeon mesres. Prl s reon nd rl n non, e Eroen Flood reve s ssed, nrodn e one of rs s ss for e mnemen of nrl rds. Moreover, s reffrmed n nformed deson-mn roess rerdn l nvesmens o me nrl rds old e dvne of sond os-enef nlses. S n n-de nlss enls e nfon of ne enefs of rs mon srees, mnl derve from e ssoed redons n erms of flood rs n relon o e ror level of rs nd e eendres needed for mlemenon. esdes e roles nd nenses of e flood rds, e deermnon of e sl vlnerl of med ojes s rl elemen n rs nlss., τ τ 9

18 Wer, 4 Terefore, n s er, e ve dsssed n-de e fndmenl noon of sl vlnerl from dnm erseve, nrodn meodolol nd nll rs o derve omonl semes for dfferen eores of elemens rs. We ored o o rme emles demonsrn e fll ll of e sesed roedrl orflo. In e vele rs rolem e llsred o o ssme nder e vlnerl one e dme eneron mensm ven e nerl of s, ne nd elso-s effes. Conernn e rde de dslemen rolem, e old nele elso-s effes n nln e dme eneron mensm. In deded nne e rovded nl solons for sel ses of e o emle rolems. In or onon, lnn e vlnerl ssessmen o enneern mens frers e de e l of os-enef nlss oes fr eond re seleon of e oml mnemen oon o of n vlle ndle, f emloed n erler ses of e rs mnemen roess s n ddonl lnnn ool. Anln e me-vrn vlnerl of elemens rs vn rl m on e eeed onseenes of flood ms s nresnl eomn essenl for rod serm of ves n e rs overnne roess [,4]. Inervenon lnnn for emle, s reoned o e n effeve ool o me flood rs, s sronl sed on e l of e nlss of o e sl nd e emorl dnms eer of e flood rd roess or of e orresondn dmn ms. Hrd nd rs sdes re vlle ools, esell f e onn n re me-vrn reresenon of vlnerl for lnd se lnnn. As menoned erler, e emedded e dnm noon of vlnerl nd rs no e forml frmeor of os-enef nlss. mn el rs dnms nd os eneron mensms, e ve onred o n enson of e lssl soe of lon of os-enef nlss, romon s se erler n e lnnn roess o enne e ser for o enll-fesle nd eonomll-effen solons. Srenenn e ln eeen ss nd e eonoms of rs nd eressn n moner erms e nnl rs redon evle e envsed nvesmen rojes m sor ronl roron of l nvesmen flos for e mon of flood rs.e., rs-sed deson mn. In order o mrove e rs-sed seleon of oml mon srees, n eonom vlon of e elemens rs s neessr. In deded seon e ve reveed sle esn vlon enes. Referenes. Uned Nons. Resolons Adoed e Conferene. Reor of e Uned Nons Conferene on Envronmen nd evelomen, Ne Yor, NY, USA, 99.. Commsson of e Eroen Commnes. reve 7/6/EC of e Eroen Prlmen nd of e Conl of Ooer 7 on e Assessmen nd Mnemen of Flood Rss; Offl Jornl of e Eroen Unon: Lemor, 6 Novemer 7. Avlle onlne: ://er-le.ero.e/leurserv/leurserv.do?roj:l:7:88:7:4:en:pf essed on Ooer.

19 Wer, 4 4. Commsson of e Eroen Commnes, 4. Commnon from e Commsson o e Conl, e Eroen Prlmen, e Eroen Eonom nd Sol Commee nd e Commee of e Reons. Flood rs mnemen eflood revenon, roeon nd mon. Avlle onlne: ://er-le.ero.e/leurserv/leurserv.do?rcom:4:47: FIN:EN:PF essed on 7 Ooer. 4. Morn,.; Fs, S. A Conel lnnn ool for rd nd rs mnemen. In Proeedns of e Inernonles Smosm Inerreven, Te, Tn, 6 Arl ; Mer,.; Kre, H.; Sre, R.; Teen, A. Assessmen of eonom flood dme. N. Hrds Er Ss. S.,, Prer,.J.; Green, C.H.; Tomson, P.M. Urn Flood Proeon enefs: A Proje Arsl Gde; Goer Tenl Press: Alderso, UK, Permn, R.; M, Y.; Common, M.; Mddson,.; Mlvr, J. Nrl Resore nd Envronmenl Eonoms; Addson-Wesle: oson, MA, USA,. 8. Fs, S. Monn Hrd Vlnerl nd Rs. Hlon Tess, Innsr Unvers: Innsr, Asr, Morn,.; Com, F.; Serer, C.; Fs, S. evelon onssen senros o ssess flood rds n monn srems. J. Envron. Mn., 94, 4.. Morn,.; Fs, S. F formve senro nlss for ood merl rnsor reled rss n monn orrens. Envron. Model. Sof., 5, Sm, K.; Wrd, R. Floods: Psl Proesses nd Hmn Ims; Jon Wle & Sons: Ceser, UK, Com, F.; Mo, L.; Preso, E.; Po, L.; Mr, L.; or, M. Lre ood nd fls floods: Evdenes from e 7 Even n e v sn Sloven. In Monorn, Smlon, Prevenon nd Remedon of ense nd ers Flo II; de Wren,., Len, M.A., re, C.A., Eds.; WIT-Press: Somon, UK, 8; Hnle, N.; Ss, C. Cos-enef Anlss nd e Envronmen; Edrd Elr: Celenm, UK, Keler, M.; Sler, R.; Jör, P.; Weer, S.; Zs, A.; Sermoser, S. Avlne rs ssessmen A ml-emorl ro, resls from Glür, Asr. N. Hrds Er Ss. S. 6, 6, Pom-Köle, M.; Kes, M.; Keler, M.; Glde, T. Psl vlnerl ssessmen for lne rds: Se of e r nd fre needs. N. Hrds, 58, Mle,. ssers esn; Jose Henr Press: Wsnon, C, USA, l, J.; Srlnd, R.; l, J. Crs nlss nder-rdes nd e oeffen of reson. In Proeedns of e 4 Annl Sel Prolems n Trff Crs Reonsron, loomnon, IL, USA, 4 8 Arl Krs, L. Invesonsrenn;. Afl., Oldenor Wsssensfsverl GmH: Münen, Germn, rees, G.; Pl, W. Kllon von resen; e Verl: erln, Germn,.. Gllern, V.; V,.; Znn, G. Mnle d Esmo; MGr-Hll: Mlno, Il,.

20 Wer, 4 5. ell Anese, A.; Morn,.; Com, F.; von Mrv, P.; Aosno, V. Assessn e sl vlnerl of e dms ro n emrl dme nde. L Holle lne; n sm.. Keler, M.; Fs, S. erenees rso. M sere m rnde der efrenone. In Georse Rsoforsn. Zr Konsron verrämler Rsen nd Sereen; Ener, H., Po, A., Eds.; Frn Sener: Sr, Germn, ; Renn, O. Cones of rs: An nerdslnr reve. Pr : slnr rs ones. GAIA 8, 7, Renn, O. Cones of rs: An nerdslnr reve. Pr : Inerve roes. GAIA 8, 7, Meml Aend Le s rell Eons 5 nd 7 for e se of flon or sldn free rd od d d d d C snα flon se C μ d osα snα nd e Eon of sldn for e rde se Eon 5: d d sldn se μd In e of e ove ses, e evolon of e ssem s desred e follon C rolem, for sle oe of e onsn rmeers,, r d r, d. A Te oe for e vrle nd e rmeers n e vros ses s reored n e follon le: Cse r Flon rd od Sldn rd od rde C sn α C μd osα snα μ d Te nll solon n e fond seron of vrles nd ves rse o dfferen forms of e solon, deendn on e sn of e onsn 4 r. In f one s

21 Wer, 4 6 < > ln rn r d Wrn ell e nerl nd nvern e ve < >.,, rn n e A Te eon for e oson n en e fond neron. For e free rd od e ve ds s ds s ds s le for e rde e js ve. s ds e ove eon e ve < >. ln, ln, rn n ln e ds s Le s no sele e ove resls for e ree dfferen ses. A.. Flon Rd od We ve sn 4 α nd sne ovosl, π α e ondon > s ls ssfed.

22 Wer, 4 7 If e ssme e nl velo of e oje s ero nd d d e ve > d d rn rn rn n A nd >. rn rn rn, rn rn n ln A4 A.. Free Sldn Rd od In s se, sn os 4 α α μ C d ose sn deends on of, n α μ d sne., π α Le rn α μ d e e rl nle; e sldn ondon ssres. > α Ts f α α < e ve s efore > d d rn rn rn n A5 nd >. rn rn rn, rn rn n ln A6 If, α α > sen, e e

23 Wer, 4 8 e d d A7 nd. ln e A8 for α α e ve C d d A9 And. ln A A.. rde In s se 4 d d μ μ nd sne > n e son < ls. Ts, ven e nl velo of e rde s ero, sen e solon n s se s ven e e d d A nd. ln e A e ors; lensee MPI, sel, Serlnd. Ts rle s n oen ess rle dsred nder e erms nd ondons of e Creve Commons Aron lense ://reveommons.or/lenses//./.