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1 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mathias Noe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Technical Physics EUCAS Short Course Power Applications,, September 17th 2017, Geneva KIT-ENERGY CENTRE KIT The research University in the Helmholtz Association

2 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary Your questions are welcome any time 2 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

3 It is impossible to avoid short-cicuit currents 3 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

4 Conventional Measures to limit short-circuit currents Passive Increase of impedance at nominal and fault conditions Active Small impedance at nominal load fast increase of impedance at fault Splitting into sub grids Introducing a higher voltage range Splitting of bus bars (Sequential tripping) High impedance transformers Current limiting air core reactors High voltage fuses (<1kA, <36kV) I S -limiter, CLiP (<4kA, <36kV) FCL circuit breakers Novel Concepts Superconductors Semiconductors e.g. FACTS Hybrid systems Topological measures Apparatus measures 4 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

5 Short-Circuit Currents Grid Transformer Transfer Line Load Stationary Electrical Circuit (Three phase short-circuit) R Q R T j X Q j X T R L j X L Z K Z Q Z T Z L I k c U n 3 c=1.1 for high SC currents c=1 for low SC currents I k c U 3 Z n k with Z b U n 3 I n we get I I K n c Z Z b k Peak short-circuit current i p 2 2 I K 5 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

6 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary Your questions are welcome any time 6 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

7 Normal Operation Short-Circuit unlimited Recovery Current limited Time Cost effective 11 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters Ideal Fault Current Limiter SCFCL Fast short-circuit limitation No or small impedance at normal operation Fast and automatic recovery Fail safe Applicable at high voltages

8 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Different types and many more 12 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

9 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary Your questions are welcome any time 13 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

10 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters How to design a resistive fault current limiter? 1.4 Ohm 14 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

11 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters How to design a resistive fault current limiter? 1.4 Ohm Nominal voltage Nominal current AC withstand voltage Lightning impulse Max. prospective current (peak) Limitation time Max. short circuit current cont. (RMS) Recovery time 24 kv 1005 A 50 kv 125 kv 10.8 ka 120 ms 4 ka < 30 s 15 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

12 Superconducting fault current limiters How much superconducting wire is needed? How many tapes in parallel? n p 2I I c r A 275A 5.16 Assumption 2011 for 10mm wide YBCO tape at 77K, sf What is the total tape length? 1) What is the total voltage along the tape during limiation? 24kV U lim, RMS 4kA kV 3 2) Do not overheat the tape during limitation? For a electrical field of 0,43 V/cm the temperature during limitation time of 120 ms can be kept below 360 K. l SC 190m m 17 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

13 Superconducting fault current limiters Which configuration for the HTS? A Straight line B Bifilar straight C Monofilar coil D Bifilar coil 18 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

14 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? Current lead loss? 45 W/kA for uncooled and optimized copper current lead from 300 K to 77 K 45 W/kA * 1 ka *6=270 W at nominal current 20 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

15 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? Loss of the cyrostat? P=120 W Three LN2 vessels in one vacuum vessel. 21 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

16 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? AC loss of the superconductor? 2a 2 2 P f 0 I c a 2 D Clem 2008 PRB a sinh 2 x c a xtanh 1 D sinh2 D dx d c sinh 2 a c 12a 1 c a 8 3 a D sinh2 D c 0 tan 1 sinh 2 a D c sinh2 D dx sinh 2 c D x sinh2 D 22 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

17 Superconducting fault current limiters How to calculate the total loss? Summary of total loss 23 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

18 Superconducting fault current limiters Which cooling option? A B C D 24 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

19 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary Your questions are welcome any time 25 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

20 Superconducting fault current limiters Major projects on resistive type SFCL Lead Company Year/Country 1) Data 2) Phase Superconductor ACCEL/NexansSC D / kv, 600 A 3 ph. Bi 2212 bulk CESI RICERCA Italy / kv, 220 A 3 ph. Bi 2223 tape Siemens / AMSC D / USA / kv, 300 A 1 ph. YBCO tape LSIS Korea / kv, 630A 3 ph. YBCO tape Hyundai / AMSC Korea / kv, 630 A 1 ph. YBCO tape KEPRI Korea / kv, 630 A 3 ph. Bi 2212 bulk Toshiba J / kv, 72 A 3 ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC D / kv, 100 A 3 ph. Bi 2212 bulk Nexans SC D / kv, 800 A 3 ph. Bi 2212 bulk RSE I / kv, 250 A 3 ph. Bi 2223 tape RSE I / kv, 1 ka 3 ph. YBCO tape KEPRI Korea / kv, 3 ka 3 ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC D / kv, 800 A 3 ph. YBCO tape AMSC / Siemens USA / D / kv, 1.2 ka 3 ph. YBCO tape Rolls Royce UK / 11.5 kv, 400 A 3 ph. MgB 2 wire Nexans SC D/ kv, 2.4 ka 3 ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC EU kv, 1 ka 3 ph. YBCO tape Applied Materiaks US / kv / 1kA 3 ph. YBCO tape Nexans SC UK/ kv/1.6 ka 3 ph. YBCO tape Applied Materials US / kv 3 ph. YBCO tape Plus more Projects in Russia, China, India 26 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

21 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters State of the Art 27 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

22 Superconducting fault current limiters Recent installation 12 kv, 1600 A resistive FCL installed in busbar at Western Power Distribution, Chester Street, Birmingham, since End M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

23 Superconducting fault current limiters Recent development China 29 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

24 Superconducting fault current limiters Applications 30 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

25 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example 31 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

26 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Electrical Equivalent Circuit 32 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

27 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Magnetic field distribution in case of (A) the air core reactor and (B) the AC SFCL during normal operation 33 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

28 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example 60 kva Laboratory Demonstrator 34 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

29 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Simulation of expected progression of peak limited short circuit current Î lim with peak prospective current I p 35 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

30 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Measurement of expected progression of peak limited short circuit current Î lim with peak prospective current I p 36 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

31 Superconducting Air Core Fault Current Limiters R&D Example Objectives Built and test a single phase 10 kv, 600 A air coil SFCL Project partners Siemens, KIT 37 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

32 Table of Contents Motivation Basic Principles Design Example State-of-the-Art Summary Your questions are welcome any time 38 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

33 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Research Directions Develop compact and inexpensive medium voltage SCFCLs Develop high voltage SCFCL prototypes and first field installations Demonstrate and improve reliability with long term tests Develop tests standards IEEE test guide for FCLs available Show value proposition and educate costumer Some manufacturers offer commercial applications. 39 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters

34 Status of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters o o o Successful field installations up to 220 kv for different types. A few companies started to offer first products. An IEEE test guide has been published. 40 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications Fault Current Limiters