Particle Accelerators for High Energy Physics Accelerators and HEP
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1 Particle Accelerators for High Energy Physics Accelerators and HEP What s Up Now? What s Up Next? July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 1
2 But First... A little about me finley@fnal.gov July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 2
3 Behind the... SHOW AIRS: SUN 1/27 at 11pm ET July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 3
4 Behind the... (not likely on Fermilab Accelerators SCIENCE SHOW AIRS: FRI 7/12 at 930am CT Your Host: David Finley July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 4
5 A little about me Behind the Scientist High School St. Lawrence Seminary Mt. Calvary, Wisconsin Research Associate (PhD) High Energy Physics SUNY Stony Brook NY College: Purdue Physics: BS, MS, PhD US Army Officer Washington DC Harry Diamond Labs Fermilab (4/1/81 to now) Switchyard Beam Lines Tevatron Collider Beams Division Future Accelerator R&D 7/12/02 QuarkNet Talk July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 5
6 Accelerators Accelerators (Particle Accelerators) today: particle beams for particle physics research mostly use electrons and protons and antiprotons and positrons, and mesons and neutrinos... not today: materials, medical, military (aka 3M), etc Why do this? A few words about Acceleration July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 6
7 References David Griffiths Introduction to Elementary Particles ISBN Feynman, Leighton, Sands The Feynman Lectures on Physics ISBN Ernie Malamud www-bd.fnal.gov/public/index.html Lawrence Berkeley National Lab David Finley Particle Accelerator Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (McGraw-Hill) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 7
8 Accelerators - What do we use them for? Why do this? This = particle physics Q1: What s it all made of? Q2: How does it all behave? Q3: How do particles come by their mass? Q4: How is it that we see more matter than antimatter? And Q4++ So, how is it all distributed anyway? Etc etc July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 8
9 Courtesy E. Malamud July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 9
10 Fermilab s Role (so far) Fermilab has aided in the discovery of the: bottom quark (1977) top quark (1995) tau neutrino (2000) Courtesy L. Spentzouris klamp@fnal.gov July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 10
11 Accelerator Basics A Little from Maxwell, Newton, Lorentz F = e E and F = q (v/c) x B F = dp/dt and p = m v A Little Relativity from Einstein m = m 0 / sqrt (1 - β 2 ) with β = v/c E = m 0 + Kinetic Energy and E = m c 2 A Little from Murphy (as in Murphy s Law) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 11
12 Courtesy L. Spentzouris July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 12
13 Courtesy L. Spentzouris July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 13
14 Particle Accelerators for High Energy Physics Accelerators and HEP What s Up Now? <<<< We are here What s Up Next? July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 14
15 Courtesy E. Malamud July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 15
16 HiRise and Tevatron Insert HiRise and Tevatron and pretend you are on the 15 th floor giving a tour and read the following few slides July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 16
17 Overheard on the 15th Floor - 1 So, if you look over there, you see a big orange building. That s where CDF is located. Collider Detector at Fermilab. And on a really clear day you can see the Sears Tower in Chicago over there. And directly opposite us over there is a blue building where the D-Zero detector is located. The Tevatron accelerator is located about 20 feet under the berm you see. We send the proton beam around the 6 kilometers of the Tevatron. It s inside a 7 cm diameter beam pipe with all the air removed. Otherwise the air molecules would eat up all the protons. The beam pipe goes though about 1000 superconducting magnets. The magnets have two jobs. Some of them keep the protons focussed so they don t wander off the central path. And the others bend the central path around in a circle so the beam keeps passing through the accelerating stations. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 17
18 Overheard on the 15th Floor - 2 Over there to the right is where the accelerating stations are located. They provide electric fields which are carefully timed to push the protons along to a higher energy. We use the same technology that radar is based on. For the rf in the Tevatron, the electric field flips its sign about 53 million times a second. So you have to be pretty careful with the timing. The beam goes around the 6 kilometers about 50,000 times a second. (47,713 if you are picky about numbers.) Every second! With an energy of about one trillion volts, or 1 TeV. That s the highest energy particle beam in the world. And will be until about 2006 when CERN starts up the LHC with its 7 TeV proton beams. In the Tevatron, a bunch of protons is about 40 microns in diameter at CDF or D-Zero. That s about the diameter of your hair. And a meter or so long. Like really long, really thin needles. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 18
19 Overheard on the 15th Floor - 3 There are about 100 billion protons in a bunch. And we collide it with an antiproton bunch going the opposite direction. About 50,000 times a second. An antiproton bunch looks pretty much the same as the proton bunch, but there are fewer antiprotons. So we collide these things that are about the size of your hair, and they are going at about the speed of light. You ll have to trust me. Antiprotons are antimatter. But, unlike Star Trek, we don t just talk about it, we actually make antimatter and use it. For particle physics research. When the bunches pass though one another, a few of the protons and antiprotons interact with one another. These matter / antimatter interactions convert some of the energy to mass. Remember E=mc 2? That s what really happens. Right over there and there. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 19
20 Overheard on the 15th Floor - 4 And sometimes, not very often, an interaction converts the energy to mass in the form of a top quark. And an anti-top quark. Made right here at Fermilab in the Tevatron. And detected right over there in those orange and blue buildings. But we really use 36 bunches distributed around the Tevatron. But as we increase the performance of the Tevatron, we will have to start using about 100 bunches in each beam. That way we can have more collisions per second, but not many more interactions per bunch crossing. Too many interactions per crossing makes it hard on CDF and D-Zero. And it really works. And when you get this complex running, you run it 24/7. And pretty much 365. For several years. I ve been here for about 27 years, and it still amazes me. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 20
21 The Blast of an Interaction Protons and antiprotons (really quarks, antiquarks, gluons, sea) come in with kinetic energy E = mc 2 and Lots and lots of new particles come out And the standard model rules! (So far.) Courtesy E. Malamud malamud@fnal.gov July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 21
22 CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 22
23 The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne Right down the road from here.. Bend an electron and you get photons July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 23
24 RHIC is on Long Island in New York. Ions nuclei GOLD no less! July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 24
25 End view of STAR at RHIC RHIC collides beams made of gold atoms The fuzz represents the tracks of the particles created from the kinetic energy of the gold beams This is the view along the beam line E = m c 2 lives! July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 25
26 Side View of STAR at RHIC f Same as previous slide but seen from the side Try to figure out what s going on here! The detectors are another real challenge. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 26
27 CERN The CERN accelerator is 26 kilometers in circumference Near Geneva on the Swiss / French Border LEP (Large Electron Positron collider) turned off in 2000 with a hint of a Higgs no discovery. The LHC will collide a pair of 7 TeV proton beams starting in about 2006 or so July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 27
28 DESY (Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotron) The HERA accelerator is about 6.2 km in circumference Partly under the town of Hamburg, Germany HERA s superconducting magnets are very similar to those in the Tevatron HERA collides electron beams with proton beams July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 28
29 SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) The SLAC linac is about 4 km long. Goes under I-280 outside Palo Alto, California. 50 GeV electrons. linear collider demonstration B quark factory. Partons, Charm quark, Tau lepton July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 29
30 This is the Tevatron tunnel (pre Main Injector) era) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 30
31 Particle Accelerators for High Energy Physics Accelerators and HEP What s Up Now? What s Up Next? <<<< We are here July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 31
32 Accelerators - What s Up Next? What Up Next? electrons and positrons : e + e - Colliding Beams protons and protons : pp Colliding Beams muons and muons : µ + µ - Colliding Beams neutrino beam : From decaying muons But first, a word about recent times... July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 32
33 Recent Times... Physics Today January 2001 Maury Tigner (Cornell University) Comparing hadrons and leptons Constituent hadron collision energy is about 1/10 of total hadron beam energies Constituent lepton collision energy is all of total lepton beam energies Leveling off? yes why? It s a fact of life if you keep using the same concepts and evolve with the same basic technology Constituent Collision Energy (GeV) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Year of Collisions Slide 33
34 e + e - Linear Colliders The good new is: The electron is a lepton A point (so far as we can see) Simple particles give simpler interactions Precision tool (if you know where to look) Q4: How is it that we see more matter than antimatter? Q2: How does it all behave? The bad new is: Not much mass radiates photons like crazy when you deflect them (This is a good thing at Argonne but a bad thing for e + e - ) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 34
35 The NLC is an e+e- Option. f (NLC = Next Linear Collider) Two straight accelerators about 10 km long each providing 250 GeV beams. Several smaller (and rather complicated) accelerators and devices to feed them 2 GeV, 3-6 GeV, positron target, 3.85 GeV, damping rings, compressors A pair of final focus lines, a detector, and a beam dump. Total Length = about 30 km. (SLC = SLAC Linear Collider) (SLAC = Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 35
36 1.8 meter long NLC RF structure Made by the KEK lab in Japan and tested at the SLAC lab in California Each structure has 206 disks see next slide July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 36
37 NLC RF copper disks f Each disk has a 61 mm outer diameter and 8 mm thickness. The electron or positron beam goes through the center hole and unwanted energy is taken away in the four side channels. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 37
38 TESLA at DESY is also an e+ e - Option (TESLA = TEv Superconcucting Linear Accelerator) The DESY lab has proposed an e+e- collider. The accelerator is made of superconducting rf cavities. The tunnel is about 5 meters in diameter. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 38
39 TESLA & NLC Tunnel Sketches TESLA Main Linac Beam Enclosure. Modulator & refrigerator enclosures / buildings not shown. NLC Main Linac Beam Enclosure. Klystron & modulator enclosures / buildings not shown. Tunnel is 5.2 meter diameter Tunnel is 12 high and 14 ft wide (3.66 m x 4.27 m) July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 39
40 Protons on protons The good news is: We know how to do this standard techniques This gives us the energy frontier (about 100 TeV) This is the path to discovery Q1: What s it all made of? Q2: How does it all behave? The bad news (if any) is: It gets to be very large (see later slides) And some * say wait for LHC results at (14 TeV). * Some include Directors of the world s HEP labs. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 40
41 A Tunnel Vision for the VLHC Both high and low field options are shown in the LEP tunnel as an example. The low field is on the bottom, the high field is on the top. The tunnel is real and is about 12 feet in diameter. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 41
42 VLHC Why put the VLHC at Fermilab? Courtesy E. Malamud July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 42
43 VLHC Recall it is named very large for a good reason. It would not really be at Fermilab. Rather it would be under Northern Illinois But the NuMI neutrino beam already will go from Fermilab to northern Minnesota. (Yes, under Wisconsin!). Courtesy E. Malamud July 12, 2002 malamud@fnal.gov David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 43
44 Muons on Muons The good news is: Just another simple lepton just like the electron But heavier than the electron They don t radiate photons like crazy They interact better (40,000 times better) with Higgs Q3: How do particles come by their mass? The bad new is: They only stay around for seconds (or so) They spit out electrons which then radiate like crazy And they spit out neutrinos hmmm Is this short lifetime so bad? Can it be used to our advantage? >>> See next slides July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 44
45 Neutrino Factory Concept July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 45
46 Neutrino Factory Physics Guidance. The Distance L between the Neutrino Source and Neutrino Detector is important. And so is the ratio of L to the Energy E of the neutrino beam. Courtesy S. Geer July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 46
47 Neutrino Factory Layout. It takes a lot of things to feed it, but all together it is not so very large. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 47
48 A Neutrino Factory at Fermilab f July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 48
49 Neutrino Beam The good new is: All the muons decay to electrons and neutrinos Never been done surprises probably in store Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q4++ The bad news is: Not discovery, not simple So, maybe not interesting? Aside: Really global-sized experiments July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 49
50 And Into the Beyond... The good new and the bad new is: Hasn t been done before For good reasons, usually... One example is Plasma acceleration 100 TeV center of mass and... All the equipment fits on the Fermilab site But is costs too much to operate At least using today s ideas and technology July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 50
51 Plasma How is it made? +_ + _ +_ + _+ +_ + +_ +_ Start with Atoms + _ + _ + +_ + _ + _ + _ Pull Them Pull Them _ Ideal (but highly unstable) _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + + _ + + _ + _ Pull Them Apart! July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 51
52 Plasma How does it act? + Electric Field _ _ + + _ _ _ One Plasma Period _ _ _ July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 52
53 A0 Photoinjector at Fermilab RF Gun and focussing solenoids NIU (Northern Illinios University) is heavily involved with this project, with Department of Education funds. July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 53
54 A0 Photoinjector at Fermilab Spectrometer magnets, plasma chamber, and beam dump July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 54
55 Summary This is still fun. Q1: So what IS it all made of? and Q2: How DOES it all behave? etc etc There is still lots to do. Decades (in performance and on calendars) The best ideas are yet to come... July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 55
56 That s It From Me... Your Host: David Finley finley@fnal.gov SCIENCE SHOW AIRS: MON 7/12 at 930am CT July 12, 2002 David Finley / Fermilab / QuarkNet Teachers Slide 56
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