Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students Survey (2011) National report Russia

Transcription

1 Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey () Natial reprt Russia Galia Shirkva Alexader Kulikv Graduate Schl f Maagemet St.Petersburg State Uiversity St. Petersburg Russia

2 Ackwledgemets The Natial Reprt GUESSS (Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey) i Russia i was carried ut by researcher Alexader Kulikv, ad Assciate Prfessr Galia Shirkva. The researchers are grateful t the Charity Fudati fr Develpmet f Graduate Schl f Maagemet, Sait Petersburg State Uiversity ad US-Russia Ceter fr Etrepreeurship, ad persally Viktr Sedv, fr the fiacial supprt f the research. The researchers thak the Swiss Istitute fr Small Busiess ad Etrepreeurship, Uiversity f St. Galle (Switzerlad), ad Philipp Sieger persally, fr the ivitati t participate i this study. I additi, the researchers wat t thak the represetatives f uiversities, the prject participats i Russia, fr takig respsibility ad research assistace. Tremedus supprt was prvided by Natalia Chiryaeva (Nrtheaster Federal Uiversity amed after M.K.Amsv), Alexey Kmissarv (The Russia Presidetial Academy f Natial Ecmy ad Public Admiistrati), Evelyа Pecherskaya (Samara State Uiversity f Ecmics), Larisa Nikitia (Vrezh State Uiversity), Deis Matviek (Mscw Uiversity f Idustry ad Fiace "Syergy") ad may thers. Special thaks t Ludmila Murgulets ad the Russia Assciati f Etrepreeurship Educati fr istitutial supprt. The research team als thaks all the studets wh participated i the Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey. Erst&Yug is the glbal parter f GUESSS research prject ad the research team appreciates their effrt i prmtig ad supprtig the survey wrld wide thus makig its results mre valuable. G. Shirkva A. Kulikv

3 Table f Ctets. Itrducti..... Backgrud f the study..... Research gals ad theretical framewrk..... Prject crdiati.... Russia ctext..... Etrepreeurship i Russia..... Higher educati i Russia..... Etrepreeurship educati i Russia.... Methdlgy ad Sample..... Participatig Schls..... Sample Prfile..... Data cllecti.... Results..... Studets future career aspiratis..... Etrepreeurial itetis f studets..... Etrepreeurial activities..... Active etrepreeurs amg studets..... Family busiess..... Etrepreeurial pwer..... Barriers i etrepreeurial spirit frmati amg studets..... Uiversity factrs.... Discussi.... Cclusi... Refereces... Appedix. Gegraphical distributi f prject participats amg uiversities i Russia... Appedix. Methds f calculatig the idex f etrepreeurial pwer... Appedix. Aalysis f educatial fferigs f uiversities by cutry...

4 Appedix. List f cutries participatig i the research prject Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey, uiversities ad prject represetatives by cutry... List f tables Table. Participatig Schls ad their respective respse rate... Table. Distributi f respdets by field f studies... Table. Career expectatis f Russia studets ad studets arud the wrld... Table. Distributi f career expectatis amg studets f ecmics ad maagemet... Table. Distributi f career expectatis amg studets f scial studies... Table. Distributi f career expectatis amg studets f atural scieces... Table. Mtives f chsig a career path amg studets f Russia higher educati istitutis... Table. Busiess idea geerati... Table. Number f ptetial parters ad surces, where ptetial parters cme frm... Table. Distributi f active etrepreeurs by geder ad age... Table. Distributi f active etrepreeurs by field f study,... Table. Mai idicatrs f family busiess perfrmace... Table. Availability f ifrastructure fr etrepreeurship develpmet i Russia higher educati istitutis... List f figures Figure. GUESSS research framewrk... Figure. Etrepreeurial itetis f studets i Russia ad wrldwide... Figure. Russia ad iteratial studets etrepreeurial actis...

5 Figure. Number f years befre fudig e s w cmpay... Figure. Idustry prefereces f ptetial etrepreeurs... Figure. Surces f fudig a ptetial busiess (apprximate share, )... Figure. Surces f fiacig f a established busiess ()... Figure. Presece f busiess wers i studets families... Figure. Levels f successi i busiess amg studets i Russia ad wrldwide... Figure. Idex f etrepreeurial pwer,... Figure. Rati f active etrepreeurs amg studets t the umber f respdets... Figure. Sigificace f barriers i the prcess f firm fudig by studets ( t i the least sigificat, very sigificat)... Figure. Sigificace f barriers fr busiess successrs ( t i the least sigificat, very sigificat)... Figure. Level f satisfacti by schls prpsals i etrepreeurship area ( abslutely usatisfactry, fully satisfactry)... Figure. Results f surveyig the studets, wh atteded etrepreeurship develpmet activities...

6 . Itrducti This reprt ctais the aalysis f the results f the iteratial research prject "Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey (GUESSS). The reprt csists f five parts, which csistetly tell abut the study, its gals ad bjectives, theretical basis, methds f data cllecti ad sample characteristics, results ad aalysis... Backgrud f the Study The Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey (GUESSS) has bee held every tw years sice. It was rigially called the study ISCE - Iteratial Survey Cllegiate Etrepreeurship, but it was reamed i after fur pael studies had bee held i,, ad. Russia first participated i this study i the sprig f. The study s mai aim is t examie whether curret studets are ready fr a etrepreeurial career, what their itetis regardig a future career chice are, is the etrepreeurial evirmet strg amg studets, what every uiversity prvides fr the develpmet f etrepreeurial spirit. There is speculati, that it is the etrepreeurial spirit amg tday's studets, wh acquire kwledge ad cmpetece i the field f etrepreeurship, i the future ca be trasfrmed it the creati ad develpmet f successful etrepreeurial firms. Of particular iterest is the etrepreeurial ambiece amg Russia studets, fr wadays, small busiess is t a dmiat ecmic pwer i Russia, which calls fr a cmprehesive study f etrepreeurship i Russia. I additi, there is a high prprti f uemplyed yug peple uder years: accrdig t Rsstat,. i the begiig f. Emplymet ad uemplymet i the Russia Federati [Electric resurce] // Federal service f state statistics.. Accessed (..)

7 Studets f all disciplies may participate i the survey, cfidetiality is guarateed. The data were cllected thrugh lie questiaires. Mre ifrmati abut the prject (reprts, presetatis) e ca als fid at the site Research Gals ad Theretical Framewrk The mai bjective f this research prject, is cductig a lgitudial study ad aalysis f etrepreeurial itetis f studets ad their activities i the field f etrepreeurship with the crss-cutry ad tempral cmpariss. I the ctext f the research, the uiversity plays a sigificat rle. GUESSS prject fcuses three basic dimesis that are relevat t studets ad busiess: ) the start-up prcess, ad ) the uiversity, ad ) the idividual (studet). Thus, there are three bjectives f the GUESSS research prject: ) The prject examies the itetis f studets t rgaize a ew veture. Studets are asked questis abut their perceptis f their w careers. The we study their itetis i startig their w busiess, expectatis f a career f a etrepreeur. Further we study their career pririties, give the differet time perspectives: immediately after graduati ad years after graduati. Fially, we aalyze the characteristics f the firms fuded by studets that ca serve as a basis fr the frmati f ew research mdels i the study f etrepreeurship. ) The ext task is t study the uiversity i terms f availability f ifrastructure f etrepreeurship educati: rietati traiig, the availability f curses ad semiars etrepreeurship, the availability f busiess-icubatrs, verall busiess climate at the uiversity. The gegraphical ad tempral cmpariss are als available. ) The third task is t explre the idividual characteristics f studets, ad their impact etrepreeurial activity amg studets. Age, geder,

8 family characteristics, as well as belgig t certai behaviural patters may ifluece the develpmet f etrepreeurial itetis ad the desire t create their w busiess. I additi t these basic gals ad bjectives f the study, the prject als helps t study the verall etrepreeurial spirit amg the cutry s yuth, ad establish cditis cducive t the frmati f studets as etrepreeurs. It is pssible t establish ad aalyze the factrs that ihibit the frmati f etrepreeurial activity amg studets, which allws a umber f recmmedatis put frward t develp the ifrastructure f etrepreeurship educati. Amg the research questis there are questis abut the effectiveess f firms fuded by studets (turver, umber f jbs), which allw e t evaluate the quality firms established by studets. The theretical research mdel adpted fr Russia ctext frm GUESSS research framewrk is preseted i Fig..

9 Idividual characteristics Scidemgraphic characteristics Family Mdels f behavir Suppressig ad prmtig factrs Etrepreeurial itetis amg studets Itetis Expectatis Etrepreeurship Uiversity ifrastructure Curses Specializatis Pssibility f gegraphic cmparis Figure. Adpted GUESSS Research Framewrk.. Prject Crdiati Pssibility f tempral cmparis At the iteratial level, the prject is crdiated by the Swiss Research Istitute f Small Busiess ad Etrepreeurship at the Uiversity f St. Galle (KMU-HSG). The prject crdiatrs are respsible fr the search fr atial represetatives f the prject i the participatig cutries, as well as writig the iteratial study reprt. Iteratial reprt ctais a cmparative aalysis f the data received frm all cutries. Natial represetatives are egaged i search ad attract higher educatial istitutis f the cutry fr participati i the prject, they cmmuicate with uiversities represetatives, dissemiate ifrmati abut the itermediate results f the study, mtivate mre studets t take part i the survey, ad accut fr writig the atial reprt etrepreeurial

10 itetis amg studets. Data are cllected -lie with the cmpay «Ifrmati Factry» ( The GUESSS prject data has bee cllected, startig i, ad sice, the data have bee cllected every years. Thus, a pael data is set s, that it allws t track the dyamics f certai variables ver time. The iteratial reprt ctais cmparative data etrepreeurial activity ad attitudes f studets frm all cutries. Natial reprts allw e t see ad aalyze the atial ctext, as well as the idividual characteristics f the studets. I additi, it allws t better uderstad, which factrs lead t the develpmet, ad which factrs stifle the develpmet f etrepreeurial spirit amg studets. Peridic data cllecti, aalysis ad cmpariss ver time allw us t uderstad ad draw cclusis abut what eeds t be de t imprve the busiess climate i the cutry. Fr the first time i the seas f /, Russia has take part i the prject Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey (GUESSS). I subsequet parts f this reprt, which will be submitted later, a aalysis f data etrepreeurial itetis f studets f Russia uiversities will be preseted. This reprt is the first dcumet that sught t idetify characteristics f ifrastructure develpmet f etrepreeurship educati i Russia.. Russia Ctext I rder t better uderstad the specifics f busiess develpmet i Russia, the characteristics f etrepreeurship educati, particularly higher educati i this cutry, e must csider the atial ctext f the study. The special fcus is made the fllwig three sectis: the first secti prvides a descripti f etrepreeurship, small ad medium-sized busiesses i Russia, the secd e characterizes higher educati i Russia,

11 ad, fially, the third secti gives a verview f the situati with educati i the field f etrepreeurship i this cutry... Etrepreeurship i Russia The curret stage f ecmic develpmet i Russia is characterized by sigificat trasfrmatial prcesses ad develpmet f ewly created istitutis. Russia is e f the biggest ecmies amg a diverse grup f develpig cutries i terms f grss value f the market. It is characterized by relative plitical ad macrecmic stability, as a csequece f relatively stable il reveue (Sala-i-Marti, ). I recet years, the Russia gvermet has issued a umber f differet laws t fight crrupti, t supprt ecmic develpmet ad prtecti f huma rights (Latuhia, ). Hwever, despite the fficial figures, the umber f idepedet studies prvided quite a differet picture (PriceWaterhuseCpers, ; Riañ, Hdess, Evas,, ; Sala-i-Marti, ). Reprts f Iteratial Studies idicate the verall prevalece f crrupti i Russia ad ther illegal busiess practices (icludig tax evasi). Issues f develpmet f small ad medium-sized busiesses i Russia are a pririty fr atial ecmic develpmet, as evideced by activity ad state supprt fr varius plitical ad civic assciatis, ad gig legislative activity f the Gvermet f the Russia Federati. Hwever, i histrical perspective, i Russia, small ad medium busiess has ever received sufficiet supprt frm the Gvermet r the Russia busiess circles, r i terms f cultural traditis, as cmpared t the level f supprt, which was bserved i mst develped ecmies f the wrlds (Zhuplev, Shei,.) T date, accrdig t the Federal State Statistics Service, i small ad medium-sized eterprises mre tha f the ecmically active ppulati are ivlved (Vassilieva, ). I this case, it shuld be ted that accrdig t the small ad medium eterprises i Russia,

12 creatig mre tha f GDP (fr cmparis, the U.S. share f small ad medium eterprises i the cutry's GDP exceeds, while Chia has mre tha ) (Zidv, Mrguv, Hidzhamva, ). It shuld be ted that, despite the fact that etrepreeurship is e f the mst rapidly develpig areas f research i the wrld, the research small ad medium-sized busiesses i Russia is limited, especially ccerig the behavir f firms, their busiess mdels ad small ad medium-sized busiess grwth (Djakv et al ; Zhuplev, Kieser, Zavadsky, ). Sme authrs (see, fr example, Williams, Rud, ) ted that much f the activity f small ad medium-sized eterprises i Russia is i the ze f gray ad ubservable trasactis, which cmplicates their aalysis. Accrdig t (Williams, ) almst f etrepreeurs i Russia are ivlved i hidde frms f busiess. Hwever, accrdig t such lgitudial studies f small ad medium-sized eterprises i Russia, as (Zhuplev, Stykh, ), fr the perid f - the Russia small ad medium-sized busiesses there is a sigificat icrease i the umber f ew cmpaies, despite the hstility f the state ad ufavrable istitutial evirmet. I the studies (Zhuplev, Styk,, Zhuplev, Kieser, Zavadsky, ) it was als ted that the mai frce hldig back the grwth f active busiesses, are bribery, crrupti f fficials ad ufair cmpetiti. The level f etrepreeurial activity i Russia is fairly lw. Russia raks last accrdig t this idicatr but e (Verkhvskaya, Drkhia, ). The reas is the cmplexity ad itricacies f the bureaucratic prcedures f establishig a ew busiess, as well as the cmplexity f iteracti with parters ad regulatig istitutis, as well as the verall level f ucertaity, assciated with the weak develpmet f istitutis that supprt small busiess. I additi, e ca te a weak ivative cmpet i busiess, resultig t frm the lack f ideas r skills, but frm

13 the implemetati capacity. Despite that, mst ( accrdig t the GEM reprt) Russia etrepreeurs are strivig t grw, that is, thrugh a variety f factrs are hpig t develp their busiess ad grw. I the mgraph "Features f the evluti f small ad medium-sized ivative busiess crisis ecmy i the pst-sviet space," it was ted that "i Russia i, there were rgaizatis implemetig techlgical ivatis, fr cmparis, i there were i. At the same time i the U.S. milli small busiesses, milli f them give mre tha f atial GDP ( trilli U.S. dllars), they emply mre tha f the wrkfrce. Small busiesses prvides f et jbs, which prvide f all sales i the cutry ad ivati ad f federal ctracts, f jbs i the techlgy sectr "(Zidv, Mrguv Hidzhamva, ). It is believed that the tw largest Russia cities, Mscw ad St.Petersburg, are hme fr much f Russia small busiesses ( - Mscw -. f the ttal umber f small busiesses, i St. Petersburg -. ; i " f small busiesses were ccetrated i Mscw ad St. Petersburg", "the mst imprtat share f the small busiesses... i the cutry as a whle." Accrdig t the reprt f the Natial Istitute f System Studies Eterprise (Saidullayev, Shestperv, ) f February, i Mscw ad St. Petersburg, as f Octber,, the mst sigificat idicatr f the levels f small ad medium eterprises per thusad ihabitats was ted:. cmpaies i Mscw, ad. cmpaies i St. Petersburg. The reprt als shwed that thse cities were marked by the highest level f turver f small eterprises i the cutry i Jauary-September,, i.e.. ml. - Mscw,. ml. St.Petersburg (Saidullayev, Shestperv, ). The csidered studies reveal that i Russia, despite the frmal gvermet iitiatives, the fllwig phemea are widespread: crrupti, bribery, crprate raidig, distrust i executive pwer, ecmic crimes,

14 icludig tax evasi, departmetal vilatis. The reas fr this may be a special curse f frmati f ecmic ad legal istitutis i Russia (Dlgpyatva, ; Tambvtsev, ; Pltervich, )... Higher Educati i Russia The adpti i f the Federal Act "O educati" sigaled the begiig f refrms i atial higher educati. The Act itrduced a ew ccept fr Russias, i.e. udergraduate, graduate, multi-tiered educati system. It was t breakig the existig system, rather preserved it, ad icluded bth the ew ad the ld elemets, sigle-tier system f traiig specialists, prvidig higher educati istitutis with the pprtuity t chse what prgram t prepare graduates. O the e had, it has peed ew pprtuities fr uiversities ad studets, the ther had, it peed sme f the challeges with the chice f the educatial system. The Federal Act "O Higher ad Pstgraduate Prfessial Educati" f, defies three levels (r stages) f higher educati as fllws: the first stage - icmplete higher educati fr a perid f tw years, the secd stage - the basic higher educati (Bachelr degree) fr a term f years f traiig, the third stage - "certified specialist" fr a perid f years (preexistig mdel) ad the "Master" with the term f years f traiig (ew mdel). At preset, Russia is ivlved i the Blga prcess ad the cutry adpted a tw-tier system: Bachelr's prgram is desiged t meet the demad fr basic educati, Master s prgram is suppsed t frm a elite, the research ad educatial staff f higher level. Multilevel system f higher educati meets the eeds f mst market ecmies, i which the labur market has special demads fr flexibility ad labur mbility. At the same time, the itrducti f a tw-tier system des t alter the classical traditis f Russia (Sviet) High Schl. Fr a variety f specialties

15 maitaied multi-level traiig leadig t the award f the degree f a "certified specialist". Aalytical plls service stated that i recet years, the iterest t higher educati amg Russias has grw particularly strgly. Mrever, the eed fr higher educati has bee recgized t ly by adults, but by high schl studets ad uiversity studets, as well: - f high schl studets subscribed t that view. - f studets csidered it imprtat t further study i graduate schl. Accrdig t the atiwide survey, cducted i, amg yug peple aged t years: - f respdets iteded t btai a secd higher educati - were gettig it at the mmet whe the pll was take. - Amg the peple with high icme the share f perss havig r itedig t get a secd degree, was much larger. Accrdig t the same survey, f graduates f Russia uiversities were pursuig a career which was differet frm the prfessi their acquired i higher schl. Thus, almst e third f budget spedig higher educati has bee used iefficietly. Accrdig t the same survey, f graduates f Russia uiversities pursue a differet career frm their educati. Thus, almst e third f budget spedig higher educati has bee used iefficietly. The umber f studets i this cutry is the highest i the wrld: i it amuted t. thusad peple. At each thusad peple i there were studets. Accrdig t the Miistry f Educati ad Sciece, the umber f clleges ad uiversities is steadily grwig i the cutry. Durig the perid frm t their umber rse frm t. At Statistics f higher educati. [Electric resurce] // Statistics prtal Statistics.ru.. Accessed. (..)

16 the ed f there were istitutis f higher educati i Russia, amg them - public schls, ad private schls. The umber f state ad muicipal educatial istitutis f higher educati decreased by uits. The admissi t state ad muicipal educatial istitutis f higher educati i decreased by. thusad ad reached. thusad perss, while i private higher educati istitutis decreased by. thusad peple. I the academic year,. thusad peple were frm state uiversities, ad. thusad peple were frm gvermetal higher educati istitutis. At the same time the educati system itself perates accrdig t the patter accepted decades ag: the curse ctet is fte a bslete cpy f the simplified ecmic, scial, scietific r techical ccepts. As fr Russia studets, they d t assciate uiversity educati with a real cmpetitive advatage the labr market. Higher educati fr may is a sig f scial rmality... Etrepreeurship Educati i Russia Etrepreeurship educati i Russia is usually arraged as traiig prgrams i maagemet ad ecmics fr peple f prfessis ther tha maagemet, as well as shrt-term prgrams, semiars ad rud tables. It shuld be ted that, as the ifrastructure t supprt small busiess ad etrepreeurship i Russia, the educati system i the field f etrepreeurship is rather weak ad full f flaws. The mai e is lack f uderstadig the ctet f the ccepts, ad respectively, the ctet f the prcess f etrepreeurship educati. Etrepreeurship is a practical disciplie, but e ca t g t extremes, the system shuld be cmpleted Higher Educatial Istitutis [Electric resurce] // Federal service f state statistics.. Accessed. (..)

17 all fur sides: traiig, prvisi f ecessary kwledge, their applicati i practice, supprtig activities, studyig prblems ad buildig etwrks, discussis. The majrity f Russia higher educati istitutis have ly e f fur aspects. But t everythig is s sad, w visible shifts i the directi f the itesive develpmet f educati ad supprtig ifrastructure are made i etrepreeurship educati, there are educatial ad research prgrams, cfereces ad assciatis that make us hpe that thigs will chage. T aalyze the situati with teachig etrepreeurship, the authrs f this reprt cducted their w mii-study based secdary data, ccerig the capabilities f the prpsed traiig ad develpmet f etrepreeurial skills i higher educati schls, participatig i GUESSS. The fllwig are the mai results f this study. Aalysis f data etrepreeurship curses, semiars, busiess pla cmpetitis, a ifrastructure t supprt etrepreeurial iitiatives has shw that cvetial teachig f etrepreeurship i tday's Russia ca be divided it levels: Level. Characterized by a cmplete lack f curses i etrepreeurship, r the presece f curses i busiess plaig, risk maagemet, marketig ad ther maagemet disciplies, which are imprtat t etrepreeurs i their activities. Thse subjects were fte icluded i the list f educatial services fr ecmic ad maagerial ccupatis. It shuld be als ted that may uiversities i Russia have departmets, the title f which is the wrd "etrepreeurship", but it shuld t be csidered as a syym fr "busiess". N truly etrepreeurial curses at uiversities are delivered. I the same categry e may als iclude traiig prgrams that are ffered i may private ad public higher educati istitutis, but they ly iclude geeral curses ecmic ad maagemet disciplies: Fiace, Ecmics, Lgistics, Marketig, Huma

18 Resurce Maagemet. Ufrtuately, such higher educati istitutis i Russia, ad i ur sample represet the majrity, i.e. ver. Level. It ca be characterized by the presece i uiversities f purpsefully created curses i etrepreeurship, ivati, maagemet f small ivative eterprises, busiess i certai idustries (arts, turism, cstructi, farmig, frestry), resurce maagemet ad risk maagemet i busiess. The quality f the data is average, but it is wrth tig that the availability f such curses shws the demad fr such disciplies i geeral, ad f attempts t develp curses that teach studets whse gal is t thik i busiess terms. The curses are fte practice-rieted. They are icluded i the prgram f specialized higher schls i the curses f ecmics ad maagemet fr a better uderstadig by busiess studets f the chse majr, that will help them t apply maagemet f ivatis i their field f cmpetece i the future. There are up t such uiversities i the sample, represetig f the sample, which may well reflect the geeral situati i the cutry. Level. It is characterized by several factrs: firstly, the presece f separate uits i the structure f higher educati (departmets, ceters ad special educati prgrams) that are relevat t etrepreeurship. Secdly, busiess majrs, istitutially supprted by higher educati istitutis: they are, fr example, Master prgrams f the relevat ccetrati (busiess, techlgy ad ivati), varius activities related t etrepreeurship ad its develpmet (busiess pla cmpetitis, busiess games, ad meetigs with emplyers, wrkshps), r MBA prgrams fr etrepreeurship. The imprtat characteristics f uiversities at this level is the scietific study f etrepreeurship, participati i research prjects, develpig issues fr discussi. These uiversities are at a higher level f develpmet f the learig prcess f studets f etrepreeurship. They

19 develp their w educatial ad research prgrams, fcusig etrepreeurship. There were ly such uiversities i the sample, but this is t characteristic f the etire system f Russia higher educati, ad mst likely, this is a specific feature f ur sample frmati. Level. Fially, the furth highest pssible level f busiess educati develpmet, is represeted by a grup f istitutis f higher educati, which have a cmpleted ad advaced ifrastructure t supprt etrepreeurship. Thse uiversities have all the characteristics f the previus level, but they succeeded i develpig them eve further: at these uiversities, etrepreeurship ad its supprt are allcated i a separate area f the uiversity. I additi t academic ad research wrk, activities are aimed at creatig scial busiess etwrks, thse uiversities have a structure that supprts ivati ad etrepreeurial edeavrs f their studets fiacially, by prvidig ther resurces, r icrprate it it their rgaizatial structure, busiess icubatrs, techlgy parks, fudatis, cmpetitive ad grat pprtuities. It is a imprtat fact, that these uiversities carry ut a full clsed-lp learig cycle, ad prvide busiess supprt, i additi t that, i attempts t alter the istitutial evirmet fr ew cmpaies, they ccluded a state-level agreemet beefits ad supprt fr etrepreeurs. There are such uiversities i the sample, ad, ufrtuately, it is the cmplete list f them, all ver Russia there are mre tha te uiversities f this type.. Methdlgy ad Sample.. Participatig Schls The sample study csists f uiversities i Russia. Iitially, the questiaire was set t uiversities, but f them did t sed back ay filled ut questiaires. Out f studets wh had bee set a ivitati

20 t take part i the study perss respded t the questiaire, which cmprised. f the respdets. I additi, Russia raked the seveth amg cutries. The ttal sample fr all cutries i the study was peple. Table. Participatig Schls ad their respective respse rate Name f educatial istituti Per cet Mscw Uiversity f Idustry ad Fiace. Syergy Nrtheast Federal Uiversity amed after. M.K.Amsv. Samara State Ecmic Uiversity The Russia Presidetial Academy f. Natial Ecmy ad Public Admiistrati Vrezh State Uiversity. Higher Schl f Ecmics Natial. Research Uiversity Nizhy Nvgrd Kaza State Techical Uiversity amed. after A.N.Tuplev. Stavrpl State Agraria Uiversity St.Petersburg State Uiversity Graduate. Schl f Maagemet. Krasyarsk State Agraria Uiversity Istitute f Maagemet ad. Etrepreeurship Ural State Uiversity amed after A.M.Grky. St.Petersburg State Uiversity Faculty f Applied Mathematics ad Ctrl Prcesses Ural Federal Uiversity amed after B.N.. Yeltsy, Faculty f Ecmics. St.Petersburg State Plytechical Uiversity Bryask State Techical Uiversity. Other Uiversities (+). Ttal.

21 . Gegraphic distributi f uiversities i Russia is shw i Appedix.. Sample Prfile The verwhelmig majrity f respdets were udergraduate/specialty studets (. aswered the questis),. f respdets were erlled i Master's prgrams,. were graduate studets, ad. were studets frm ther prgrams. (.) were exchage studets, f which. were udergraduate studets,. were master studets,. - graduate studets, ad were studets frm ther prgrams. The average age f respdets i Russia was years f age (fr cmparis, a iteratial scale the average age is years). It is wrth tig that i Russia the share f studets uder years is., that cstitutes the majrity. I geeral, the respdets were Russia studets studyig i the fifth (.) r furth (.) year f study. Mst f the sample i the survey, i.e.. were wme, at the iteratial level wme were als prevalet -. f respdets. Oe f the questis studets were asked was t idicate (i the bradest sese) the area f study. They represeted altgether fur such areas: busiess ad ecmics, atural scieces, scial scieces, ad ther areas. Table. Distributi f respdets by field f studies Majr Disciplies icluded Rati Russia Iteratial sample Ecmic ad maagemet Ecmics, maagemet, busiess, plitical studies,..

22 studies maagemet systems, etc. Scial scieces Scilgy, psychlgy,.. pedaggy, arts ad humaities, etc. Natural scieces Mathematics, physics,. cmputer scieces, chemistry, frestry, medicie, etc. Other. Aalysis f samples shws that amg survey respdets i Russia,. f studets studied ecmics ad busiess, - sciece studies,. - scial studies, ad f respdets idicated the "ther". T cmpare, a glbal scale. f respdets studied i the field f ecmics ad maagemet,. - i the field f atural scieces,. f respdets chse scial scieces ad humaities, while. chse "ther scieces". I Russia, the percetage f studets i a sample f ecmics ad maagemet f the surveyed studets was twice as large, as the percetage f respdets acrss the glbe... Data cllecti Data cllecti i the prject Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey (GUESSS) was carried ut by usig a lie questiaire, ad each cutry had the right t traslate the questiaire it their laguage. Thus, the Russia questiaire was available t the Russia participats i Russia. The Graduate Schl f Maagemet f St. Petersburg State Uiversity is a atial parter f the prject. The research team f the Graduate Schl f Maagemet was i charge f the search fr ad ivlvemet f uiversities, as well as research participats, the traslati f the

23 questiaire ad distributi f the lik t a lie survey amg atial participats. The data were cllected durig the perid frm March t Jue. I the curse f that perid, represetatives f uiversities several times set ut s with a lik t a lie questiaire t studets t achieve higher respse rates. I ttal, the lik was set t studets, f whm peple respded. It takes - miutes t fill ut the questiaire. As stated abve, it was the first time that Russia participated i this research prject, but the umber f respdets allwed Russia t rak the th by the umber f respdets amg the cutries. I the lik t questiaire distributi ad t attract the participatig uiversities, the research team used fficial ctacts f the Graduate Schl f Maagemet ad GSOM Ceter fr Etrepreeurship, as well as persal ctacts f researchers. The Russia Assciati f Etrepreeurship Educati prvided tremedus help i attractig the prject participats. Every weeks, represetatives f uiversities set ut the itermediate results f data cllecti t itesify the effrts made t attract studets. The mtivatig factr fr participati was the fact that tw studets, the survey participats, received frm the prject spsrs a Apple IPd music player. I ttal, peple frm cutries participated i the survey, which accuted fr thusad respdets ad eight cutries mre tha i. Results.. Studets future career aspiratis Expectatis ad aspiratis f studets fr future careers may be quite differet. It is fte the case that the wrk that studets chse after graduati i high schl, des t cicide with their prefereces i chsig a jb after years after graduati. Studets gai mre experiece, ad their career ad prfessial itetis chage. The study takes it accut this fact, s respdets were asked t aswer tw questis abut

24 career prefereces: right after studies (durig years after graduati, at mst) ad mre tha years after studies. Respses t questis were arbitrarily divided it fur career ptis: a emplyee, a fuder, a successr ad thers (fr peple withut direct career path). The emplyee is emplyed i a existig cmpay, the fuder is a etrepreeur wh fuded a ew busiess, the successr t iherit ad take ver the maagemet f the family busiess, i the "thers" idicates a lack f prfessial career ad ther desires. Table. Career expectatis f Russia studets ad studets arud the wrld Immediatel y after graduati Russia I years after graduati frm a higher schl Iteratial sample Immediately after graduati I years after graduati frm a higher schl Hired emplyee:.... at a small r medium-sized.... cmpay (- emplyees) at a large.... cmpay (> emplyees).... at uiversity/i Academia i the public.... service Fuder ctiuace i the firm I have already fuded

25 fudati f a w firm.... start as a.... freelacer fudati f a.... frachise cmpay Successr.... ctiuace f.... my parets'/relatives' firm (family firm) take ver a firm.... t ctrlled by my family Other: prfessial career (e.g., travellig, family, etc.) I d t kw (t.... yet) ther.... =, i per cet. Table shws that the majrity f Russia studets right after graduati are seekig paid emplymet (.). It is almst idetical t the glbal picture (.). Mst wat t wrk i medium-size r large cmpaies (. ad. f respdets, respectively). Oly. f the sample wuld prefer t becme a fuder immediately after graduati, which is als crrelated with iteratial stadards.. f the respdets i Russia did t decide up career. It is als cmparable t wrld stadards. The smallest part f the sample wated t iherit the family busiess -. f the respdets, ad eve fewer i the glbal survey -. f the respdets. It is wrth tig, that eve if the distributi f the Russia sample is differet frm the wrldwide, the differece is isigificat.

26 The situati is differet whe it cmes t career aspiratis years after studies. Almst half, amely. f Russia studets wat t start their w cmpay, that is t becme the fuders. As f the glbal sample, the figure is.. Nearly decrease i the umber wishig t remai wage-wrkers - t., while wrldwide the figure is.. Mre respdets wat t succeed the busiess -., the glbal rate als icreased ad raised up t.. The umber f thse wh did t make up their mid abut career als icreased, i Russia ad. i the wrld. Treds i chages i career expectatis i Russia ad the wrld bserved the same, but i Russia, mre respdets were thikig abut startig their w busiess years after graduati. Amg the Russia studets studyig ecmics ad maagemet, the distributi f career expectatis is the fllwig (see Table ). Table. Distributi f future career aspiratis amg studets f ecmics ad maagemet Ecmics ad Maagemet Right after studies years after studies Hired emplyee. Fuder.. Successr.. Udefied.. Amg the scial sciece studets the distributi f career expectatis is the fllwig (see Table ).

27 Table. Distributi f future career aspiratis amg studets f scial sciece Scial scieces Right after studies years after studies Hired emplyee.. Fuder.. Successr.. Udefied.. Amg the atural scieces studets the distributi f career expectatis is the fllwig (see Table ). Table. Distributi f future career aspiratis amg studets f atural scieces Natural scieces Right after studies years after studies Hired emplyee.. Fuder.. Successr.. Udefied.. Amg me,. f respdets wated t be emplyed immediately after graduati ad. - years after graduati,. f me wuld have preferred t set up their busiess right after graduati,, - years after studies.

28 Amg wme, a slightly differet patter was frmed:. f the respdets wated t be emplyed right after studies, ad. wated t set up their busiesses, whereas years after studies. f female studets wated t be a emplyee ad were willig t fud their w busiess. Thus, the verall tred is clear: regardless f sex ad degree received, respdets wated t becme fuders f their w busiess mre tha years after graduati. This is due primarily t the fact that withi years f wrk they eeded t gai valuable prfessial experiece. Hwever, if we talk abut the differeces amg studets f humaities ad scial prfessis after years is mre tha the desire t preserve the psiti f the wage wrker. This is prbably due t the special stability f the desire f the studets f these prfessis, as well as the fact that studets studyig scial scieces d t really uderstad where ad hw they ca start their w busiess. Table summarizes the results f aalysis f the mtives that prevail i chsig a career path fr studets f Russia uiversities. Table. Mtives f chsig a career path amg studets f Russia higher educati istitutis ( abslutely t imprtat, very imprtat) Mtives f chsig a career path amg studets i Russia Ttal i sample Emplyees Fuders Successrs Other career Challege..... myself Realize my w..... dream Grw ad lear as a pers..... Ear a larger..... persal icme

29 Fiacial security Build a busiess childre ca iherit Ctiue a..... family traditi Fllw example f a pers I admire..... Be ivative,..... at the frefrt f techlgy Develp a idea..... fr a prduct Achieve..... smethig, get recgiti Gai a higher..... psiti fr myself Get greater..... flexibility fr persal life Be my w bss..... Explit a specific busiess pprtuity that I recgizedt fllw a scial missi Fllw a scial missi T fllw a eclgical missi

30 It is wrth tig, that a umber f features i the mtives f differet grups f respdets were very imprtat t the theme f "Build a busiess childre ca iherit " amg the fuders ad successrs f family busiesses. O the ther had, "Ctiue the family traditi" is quite imprtat fr the successr, as a matter f fact, while it is uimprtat ad eutral fr the fuders f their w busiesses ad thse, wh did t decide up their career. Iterestigly, the theme f "Fllw example f a pers I admire" is ly imprtat fr the successr, ad all ther grups have expressed a eutral attitude t this mtif. Iterestigly, the reass fr "Be ivative, at the frefrt f techlgy" ad "Develp a idea fr a prduct" are quite imprtat fr the future fuders, ad future emplyees mark this chice as eutral. It is very imprtat fr future fuders t csider the mtive "Grw ad lear as a pers." Fially, fr future emplyees the mtives f "Fllw the scial missi" ad "Fllw evirmetal missi" are t particularly, while fr a grup f fuders, this mtif appears clearer tha fr ther grups... Etrepreeurial itetis The abve results ad cmmets were fcused mstly career prefereces f studets. This secti csiders etrepreeurial itetis f studets, as well as thse actis that are take by studets i creatig their busiess. Fig. shws etrepreeurial itetis f studets i Russia ad arud the wrld. The geeral tred is the same i bth cases, the majrity f studets (. ad., respectively), ly ccasially thught abut buildig their busiess.

31 Percet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Never Sketchily Repeatedly Relatively ccrete Russia Iteratial sample,,, I have made a explicit decisi t fud a cmpay,,,,,,,, I have a ccrete time pla whe t d the differet steps fr fudig I have already started with the realizati I am already selfemplyed i my w fuded firm I have already fuded mre tha e cmpay, ad am active i at least e f them Figure. Russia ad iteratial studets etrepreeurial itetis It is a iterestig fact, that almst the same rati f studets i Russia ad the wrld thik abut buildig their busiess seriusly eugh. At the same time, the percetage f respdets that had take a psitive decisi, ad had a ccrete pla f acti i Russia was eve higher (early times higher), tha that arud the wrld. I a mre specific case, the situati is almst the same, but Russia is fallig behid by.-, as cmpared t glbal results... Etrepreeurial Activities Thse studets wh are willig t cect their life with emplymet as a etrepreeur, with the excepti f thse, wh respded "ever" ad "smetimes" t the questi abut their etrepreeurial itetis, are classified i the research prject Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey as ptetial r active fuders f their w busiesses. It is Studets respse the questi: Have yu ever seriusly csidered settig up yu w busiess? Figures illustrated f studets selectig e f the eight listed ptis.

32 quite elighteig t kw, hw far studets cme it their busiess peratis. I the Russia sample. (pits "ever" ad "sketchily" i Fig. ) f the respdets idicated that they had t thught abut dig their w busiess, but. aswered the questis (items "Repeatedly", Relatively ccrete, "I have made a explicit decisi t fud a cmpay, "I have a ccrete time pla whe t d the differet steps fr fudig", "I have already started with the realizati" i Fig. ) idicated that they are ptetial etrepreeurs, while. ("I am already self-emplyed i my w fuded firm" ad "I have already fuded mre tha e cmpay, ad am active i at least e f them" i Fig. ) were active etrepreeurs. Need t csider hw far wuld-be etrepreeurs tk their busiess activities. This distributi i Russia ad the wrld is preseted i Fig.. Iteratial Sample Russia Decided date f fudati Asked fiacial istitutis fr fudig Discussed with ptetial custmers Wrked prduct develpmet Purchased equipmet Lked fr ptetial parters (e.g., fellw studets) Idetified market pprtuity Frmulated busiess pla Thught f first busiess ideas Nthig de s far,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Russia ad iteratial studets etrepreeurial actis Russia is almst (. ad., respectively) ahead f the iteratial sample i the idicatr "Thught abut the first busiess ideas." Studets respdig the questi: What actis yu already take fr yur ptetial start-up? Figures illustrate the f studets wh have egaged i the te steps give.

33 Percet t I additi, ptetial etrepreeurs i Russia are mre active i searchig fr ptetial parters:. versus. f the wrld. Other parameters are almst at the same level, with a less tha differece. Amg thse wh have already decided t becme etrepreeurs the time perid durig which this grup f ptetial etrepreeurs is gig t set up their busiesses has bee ivestigated. The results are shw i Fig.... Russia (=) Iteratial sample (=) Less tha a year Frm t yrs. Frm t yrs. Mre tha yrs. Figure. Number f years befre fudig e s w cmpay Fig. shws that the majrity f ptetial etrepreeurs are gig t set up their w busiess withi a year:. f respdets frm Russia ad. f respdets wrldwide. The preferece shuld be give t idustry-ptetial etrepreeurs. This cmparis is very iterestig i terms f qualitative results, i.e. the cmparis f iteratial ad Russia samples. Results f the cmparis f idustry prefereces f ptetial etrepreeurs are give i Fig..

34 Iteratial Sample Russia Others,, Health Services,, Persel maagemet / Huma resurces (HR),, Advertisig / Marketig / Desig,, Architecture ad egieerig,, Csultig (law, tax, maagemet),, Cmmuicatis / Ifrmati techlgy (IT),, Fiace, isurace, ad real estate,, Whlesale ad retail trade,, Educati,, Htel ad restaurat idustry,, Trasprtati,, Maufacturig,, Cstructi,, Agriculture / frestry / fishig,,,,,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Idustry prefereces f ptetial etrepreeurs Based the ifrmati preseted i Fig., we ca cclude that Russia s mst ppular idustries are: advertisig / marketig / desig (. f respdets), whlesale ad retail trade (. f respdets), htel ad restaurat busiess (.) ad maufacturig (.), whereas the glbal sample exceeds the Russia i the fllwig sectrs: health (. f respdets), architecture ad egieerig (.), csultig (.), educati (. ) ad ather: everythig frm geetic egieerig ad edig with sprt sectis (.). A iterestig extesi f etrepreeurial itetis amg studets is the idea geerati, i.e. hw wuld-be etrepreeurs cme up with the idea f their w busiess. The results f statistical aalysis f the issue are preseted i Table. Table. Busiess idea geerati

35 Iteratial Russia sample Curret r frmer wrk activity.. Hbby r.. recreatial pastime Uiversity studies.. Academic, scietific r applied research.. Idea frm self r fellw studets.. Frieds utside Uiversity.. Family members.. As fr the experiece f the ptetial etrepreeurs befre fudig their w busiesses, the Russia studets spared less time fr it: t years agaist the wrld results, as a whle. I additi, Russia studets are willig t devte percet f their wrkig time per week t that, whereas i the glbal sample, this idex had a value f. As fr fidig parters, the results were as fllws (see Table ). Table. Number f ptetial parters ad surces, where ptetial parters cme frm Number f busiess parters Iteratial Russia sample N parters.. parter.. parters.. parters.. parters ad mre.. Surces f parter search (several respses are pssible) Uiversity..

36 Circle f frieds.. utside uiversity Relatives / family.. (parets, brthers, sisters) Spuse.. Table shws that the majrity f Russia wuld-be etrepreeurs were thikig abut a busiess with a parter (. f respdets), they wuld be lkig fr busiess parters at higher schl r amg frieds utside the uiversity (. ad f respdets).. f respdets were t gig t search fr parters. A similar situati was i the wrld: mst f the surveyed studets wated t have a parter r parters at all (. ad.), ad they wuld fid them i higher schl ad amg frieds utside the uiversity (. ad., respectively),. ad. f the respdets, wh aswered this questi, wuld be lkig fr parters i the circle f relatives ad family i Russia, ad i the wrld the respdets aswered rughly the same way. The results f the survey the surces f fiacig f future busiesses are preseted i Fig.. The results are shw i the mea values.

37 Percet Surces f Fiacig () Russia Surces f Fiacig () Iteratial Sample,,,,,,,,,,,, Ow fuds Capital (debt ad equity) frm family ad frieds Prize mey frm busiess cmpetitis/idea ctests etc. Subsidies frm fudatis, trusts, gvermet prgrams, etc. Equity capital frm exteral ivestrs (e.g., busiess agels) Bak las Figure. Surces f fudig a ptetial busiess (apprximate share, ) There is a very iterestig fact, that almst the same umber f peple pited ut bak las as a surce f fiace i Russia ad i the wrld -. ad.. Respdets i the rest f the wrld were icreasigly reliat equity -., rather, tha i Russia (.), but i Russia, there was mre reliace capital ad the family ad frieds fr help:. cmpared with. f the wrld s survey. Hwever, equity is dmiated as a surce f fudig i bth samples... Active Etrepreeurs Amg Studets I this secti we fcus the study f active etrepreeurs ad their characteristics. Active etrepreeurs are thse wh wrk i the firm, which they fuded themselves, r thse wh fuded mre tha firm. I the Russia sample there were such peple, ad the sample f the wrld was. It is ecessary t cduct a descriptive study prfile f a grup f

38 etrepreeurs. I the sample, active etrepreeurs are distributed by age ad sex, as fllws (see Table ). Table. Distributi f active etrepreeurs by geder ad age Distributi by geder, Iteratial Russia sample Me.. Wme.. Distributi by age, Uder.. ver.. Table shws that the geder distributi i Russia ad wrldwide were abut the same: there were mre me amg the active etrepreeurs -. ad., respectively, fr Russia ad the glbal sample. I terms f age the results were diametrically ppsite:. f active etrepreeurs i Russia - uder, cmpared with f the wrld. The distributi f active etrepreeurs i areas f learig are shw i Table. Table. Distributi f active etrepreeurs by field f study, Iteratial Russia sample Ecmic ad maagemet studies Scial scieces.. Natural scieces.. Other areas.. Table shws the prevalece f active etrepreeurs i Russia amg the studets receivig educati i ecmics ad maagemet, amely vs. i the glbal sample. Hwever, a iteratial scale, it is see that there is prevalece f active etrepreeurs amg studets i scial

39 scieces ad humaities, ad a slight prepderace f studets f atural sciece disciplies. We w tur t the characteristics f established firms. Number f parters with whm the eterprise was established average equal t. ad. fr Russia - arud the wrld. Cllectively we ca cclude that Russia has created a busiess with three parters, ad the wrld average - with tw. The average share f prperty wed by the respdet, abut the same i Russia ad the wrld: fr Russia, ad. i the wrld. Speakig the impact f busiess is t aswer that the average i Russia, abut twice the glbal average. The average umber f emplyees i the Russia firm is peple i the wrld - perss. Sales fr the past year, a average f Eur i Russia ad Eur i the wrld. With respect t the rietati f grwth, the Russia busiessme active amg the studets expect that the umber f staff withi years f their cmpay t grw by (fr perss average) ad by vlume f sales. Glbally, the picture is smewhat differet: the icrease i the umber f staff expectatis are. ( pers), but times higher tha Russia i terms f sales grwth -.. The experiece f the fuder i the case f bth samples is abut e year (. ad., respectively fr Russia ad the wrld). Hw active etrepreeurs fiace their busiess? Fig. shws the results f the allcati f fudig frm varius surces which are characteristic fr Russia ad the wrld at large.

40 Bak las,, Equity capital frm exteral ivestrs (e.g., busiess agels) Subsidies frm fudatis, trusts, gvermet Prize mey frm busiess cmpetitis/idea ctests etc. Capital (debt ad equity) frm family ad frieds,,,,,,,, Surces f established busiess fiacig ) Iteratial Sample Surces f established busiess fiacig ) Russia Ow fuds,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Surces f fiacig f a established busiess (). Mst cmpaies established by active studet etrepreeurs, were fuded at their w expese, ad i the wrld this figure is higher:. cmpared t. i Russia. The share f capital, take frm frieds ad family earlier i Russia -., ad the wrld Family Busiess This secti examies characteristics f the distributi f studets wh iherit the family busiess. T cduct a full aalysis f the family busiess ad successi i the field amg studets, survey participats eed t uderstad what percetage f the respdets parets are busiess wers? Fig. shws the aswers i Russia ad iteratial samples at full scale.

41 Bth Mther Father,,,,,, Are yur parets curretly selfemplyed Iteratial Sample Are yur parets curretly selfemplyed Russia N,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Presece f busiess wers i studets families Fig. shws that the majrity f the studets parets are t the wers f the busiess bth i Russia (), ad i the wrld (.). I the rest f the wrld the perfrmace idicatr is higher tha i Russia, but there is a tedecy i mst cases, that the wer is his r her father, the g bth parets ad the umber f cases, whe a mther is the wer are least cmm. Fig. shws the levels f successi i the wership ad maagemet f family firms amg studets i Russia ad thrughut the wrld.

42 Percet t. Russia Iteratial sample N successrs Ptetial successrs.. Active successrs Figure. Levels f successi i busiess amg studets i Russia ad wrldwide Judgig by Fig., we ca cclude that, despite the small umber f successi cases, Russia studets are mre willig t take ver the family busiess frm their parets: as ptetial successrs, there are f respdets i Russia ad. - i the wrld, ad amg active successrs i Russia, there is. sample f ptetial heirs, while i the wrld it is.. Aalysis f the family busiess, by aalgy with the busiess created by the studets. Table illustrates the mai idicatrs f the family busiess. Table. Mai idicatrs f family busiess activities Iteratial Russia sample

43 Sice whe des the mai cmpay exist? Sice whe is it i the hads f yur family? Hw may family members are wrkig i the cmpay i ttal?.. What is the percetage f equity that is i the hads f yur family? Ttal umber f emplyees (full time equivalets).. What is the ttal turver that the cmpay geerated last year (Eur)?.. Table shws the results f a study f idicatrs f family busiess firms. The mai differeces are the fllwig: Russia firms were established years later tha the wrld average, the same differece i gaiig ctrl ver the family busiess, but it is wrth tig that Russia cmpaies average emply times mre emplyees tha i firms arud the wrld. The mai differece is i sales ver the past : the average sales f Russia cmpaies have exceeded milli Eurs, while the average sales f family firms i the glbal sample f almst summed up t milli Eurs. Hwever, it shuld be ted that the average dmestic wers ad prperty

44 wers i the iteratial ctrl sample have almst equal shares i wership:. ad, respectively... Etrepreeurial Pwer Etrepreeurial itetis ad actis f studets are used t calculate the aggregate idex f etrepreeurial pwer f the studets. The idex takes values frm t i each case, but i reality they d t reach the value, as with the cutry idex, a average idex f all cases is take. The methd f calculati is described i Appedix. Fr Russia, the idex f etrepreeurial pwer is.. Russia is at place amg cutries that participated i the survey. I additi, the idex f etrepreeurial pwers f the Russia studets is lwer tha the average wrld idex f etrepreeurial pwer: it is clse t.. Russia cmes earlier i this list, tha cutries such as Japa, Greece, Pakista, Germay, Austria ad Belgium. The list starts with Great Britai, Filad ad Prtugal (see Fig. ).

45 Japa (JPN) Greece (GRE) Pakista (PAK) Germay (GER) Austria (AUT) Belgium (BEL) Russia (RUS) Switzerlad(SUI) Швейцария (SUI) Rmaia (ROU) Hugary (HUN) Netherlads(NED) Sigapre (SIN) Iteratial Idex Chile (CHI) Chia (CHN) Brazil (BRA) Liechtestei (LIE) Republic f Suth Africa (RSA) Mexic (MEX) Argetia (ARG) Frace (FRA) Irelad (IRL) Estia (EST) Prtugal (POR) Filad (FIN) Great Britai (GBR),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Idex f etrepreeurial pwer, It wuld be iterestig t ctiue the aalysis f etrepreeurial attitudes amg studets by cmparig the umber f active etrepreeurs with the ttal umber f respdets surveyed i the cutry f the respdets. I this ratig Russia was i the d place with. ad did t differ this idicatr f the level f the idex f etrepreeurial pwer. Hwever, ther cutries are differet: there were very few f the surveyed busiessme i Frace, Sigapre, Chia, Luxemburg ad Japa. Estia, Great Britai ad Liechtestei are tp f the list. The average is.. (see Fig. ).

46 Estia (EST) Great Britai (GBR) Liechtestei (LIE) Mexic (MEX) Greece (GRE) Rmaia (ROU) Filad (FIN) Austria (AUT) Argetia (ARG) Netherlads(NED) Irelad (IRL) Prtugal (POR) Iteratial Sample Mea Republic f Suth Africa (RSA) Brazil (BRA) Germay (GER) Hugary (HUN) Pakista (PAK) Belgium (BEL) Chile (CHI) Switzerlad(SUI) Russia (RUS) Frace (FRA) Sigapre (SIN) Luxemburg (LUX) Chia (CHN) Japa (JPN),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Rati f active etrepreeurs amg studets t the umber f respdets.. Barriers i etrepreeurial spirit frmati amg studets Oe f the mst imprtat aalytical sectis f this reprt is a secti barriers that hider studets t becme etrepreeurs: t set up their busiess r take ver maagemet f the family with their relatives. These barriers shuld be ivestigated ad pssibly remved t facilitate busiess

47 develpmet ad ifrastructure supprt fr small ad medium-sized busiesses i the cutry. Barriers t fudig e s w busiess Fig. shws the relative imprtace f differet barriers that stad i the way f yug etrepreeurs i the fudig f their firms. This figure was estimated at the scale f seve. The figure shws a cmparis f results btaied fr the Russia ad the glbal sample. As ca be see, the mst sigificat barrier is the access (lack f) t fiacial capital:. fr Russia as cmpared t. average i the wrld. The secd mst imprtat barrier i the wrld, ad Russia - is a "fiacial risk": Russia -., the wrld -.. The mst isigificat barrier bth samples csidered "High wrklad f etrepreeur." It is wrth tig that the biggest differece betwee the idicatrs preseted i the aswer, "Havig the ecessary skills ad capabilities." I Russia it is quite a sigificat barrier, while wrldwide its sigificace is less. I additi, the iterestig fact that all the barriers i Russia are mre imprtat (smewhere - mre, smewhere - t a lesser extet) tha the glbal results..

48 Access t fiacial capital (debt ad equity capital) State laws (rules ad regulatis) Lack f the right busiess idea Havig the ecessary skills ad capabilities Havig relevat techical kw-hw High wrklad f a etrepreeur Bearig fiacial risk Lack f ctact t cliets / custmers Geeral ecmic evirmet, Iteratia Sample Russia,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Figure. Sigificace f barriers i the prcess f firm fudig by studets ( t i the least sigificat, very sigificat) Barriers i family busiess successi Ather aspect f etrepreeurship amg studets is the iheritace f the family busiess. It is als imprtat, that there are factrs i this prcess, which impede the rmal ruig f the prcess. A cmparative aalysis f these factrs are preseted i Fig.. It is iterestig that i Russia the mst sigificat barrier is "uwilligess t wrk i this cmpay, regardless f ther barriers," the value f. ut f (glbal value is much lwer -.). The least sigificat barriers were wrklads f etrepreeur" (this figure is als the lwest i the wrld sample) ad the "daily wrk i a team with parets/family members." But i the iteratial perspective the least sigificat barrier was "Respsibility fr the successful ctiuati f the family traditi." It is imprtat t te that i Russia, the sigificace idices fr all the barriers are als higher, as the previus case, tha the average wrldwide.

49 Iteratial Sample Russia I priciple, ad aside my persal prefereces ad bstacles/barriers, I culd ji the cmpay if I wated t d s.,, Beig limited i my lg-term career path,, Wrkig daily with my parets/family members,, Beig iterested i the prducts ad services that we ffer,, Beig iterested i a etrepreeurial jb i geeral,, Fear f failure,, Bearig fiacial risk,, Havig relevat techical kw-hw,, Havig the ecessary etrepreeurial skills ad capabilities,, Respsibility f successfully ctiuig the family traditi,, Wrklad f a etrepreeur,,,,,,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Sigificace f barriers fr busiess successrs ( t i the least sigificat, very sigificat

50 .. Uiversity T the greatest extet the develpmet ad implemetati f etrepreeurial itetis amg studets prmtes the availability f ifrastructure supprt etrepreeurship at the uiversity: the availability f curses, semiars, busiess icubatrs, master classes, fiacial supprt, etc. I rder t study this prblem, a questi prpsals (factrs Eterprise Develpmet) i each uiversity was icluded i the questiaire. The list, which is preseted i Table, icluded t ly the uiversity curses ad semiars, educatial pprtuities fr busiess etwrkig (cmmuicati with busiess meetigs, cmpetitis ad s.), as well as prvidig resurces i the frm f techlgical resurces ad fiacial assistace. Firstly, studets were asked t respd, whether the Uiversity ffered them similar ifrastructural pprtuities, secdly, whether they wated t participate i such activity, r t, ad, thirdly, whether they were satisfied with the existig prpsals. The aswers t thse questis are preseted i percetage terms i Table. Table. Availability f ifrastructure fr etrepreeurship develpmet i Russia uiversities D yu have such prpsal at yur uiversity? Yes N / I d t kw () () I I eed it wuld like Etrepreeurship i.. geeral Family firms.... Fiacig.. etrepreeurial vetures Techlgy.... etrepreeurship Scial etrepreeurship.... Etrepreeurial..

51 marketig Ivati ad idea.... geerati Busiess plaig.... Wrkshps/etwrkig.. with experieced etrepreeurs Ctact platfrms with ptetial ivestrs.... Busiess pla ctests / wrkshps Metrig ad cachig prgrams fr etrepreeurs Ctact pit fr etrepreeurial issues Techlgy ad research resurces (library, web) Seed fudig / fiacial supprt frm Uiversity It is wrth tig that the mst represeted species f ifrastructure supprt are the "techlgy ad research resurces (library, web)," -. f the respdets, as well as the presece i mst uiversities, the survey participats curses i etrepreeurship i geeral () ad busiess plaig (., respectively). Als f curse there are fferigs f etrepreeurial marketig (), ad amg the etwrk f areas busiess pla ctests (. f respdets). Otherwise, the fferigs idicated the presece f less tha half f the respdets. Amg the lwest rates i the curse "Family Busiess" -. f the respdets, the curses "Techlgy etrepreeurship" ad "Scial etrepreeurship" is als lw:. ad. aswered affirmatively abut their availability, respectively. Amg the pprtuities fr buildig etwrks the lwest idex was i metrig ad cachig prgrams fr etrepreeurs -. f the respdets idicated that such prgrams exist, als shuld aswer that, traditially, uiversities d t ffer fiacial supprt, althugh. f

52 survey participats ted that it was still there. Of thse wh did t atted ad did t participate i the prgrams, the majrity wished that they had participated ad had the pprtuity t be ivlved i their implemetati. The typical feature was that studets, f curse, wated fiacial supprt frm the uiversity -. f respdets, ad what was uexpected, they wated traiig i ivati ad idea geerati (.), althugh earlier it had bee ted that the presece f busiess ideas was t a barrier t the establishmet f the cmpay. High rates were als give t items "Wrkshps/etwrkig with experieced etrepreeurs" - ad "Ctact platfrms with ptetial ivestrs" -. f survey participats. Thus, the preset Russia uiversities traiig ffers idividual elemets f busiess studies, but ly the mst basic es, withut i depths, but, the ctrary, weak ifrastructural supprt - availability f sites fr cstructi f etwrkig, cmmuicati, exchage f help, ad there is cmpet assciated with fudraisig / fudig. It is als ecessary t aalyze the degree f satisfacti with the prpsals, which are preset at the uiversities f Russia. Fig. shws the results f the aalysis f satisfacti with the prpsals i the field f busiess, previusly referred t i Table. Distictively whe cmparig the results f iteratial studies ad Russia part f it there was a sigificat excess i rates f satisfacti ffered by the uiversity curses ad pprtuities fr etrepreeurship amg Russia studets. The fllwig fact seems especially strage i light f the aalysis f data i Table, i.e. seeig curses scial etrepreeurship, family busiess ad a cachig prgram, despite the fact that they are least represeted i Russia uiversities. The lwest satisfacti assciated with such prpsals as the availability f veues fr meetigs with etrepreeurs - the etwrk ifrastructure supprt aspect f etrepreeurship, as well as directly with curses etrepreeurship ad ivati. O a glbal stage,

53 mst studets were satisfied with the prvisi f uiversity techlgical resurces, as well as with curses ivati (cmpared with Russia) ad etrepreeurial marketig. Of the lwest satisfacti was a rgaizati f sites fr meetigs with etrepreeurs, the same with Russia studets, ad the aspect f fiacial supprt frm the uiversity. We ca see the distributi f ffers frm uiversities i all cutries i Appedix. Iteratial Sample Russia Seed fudig / fiacial supprt frm Techlgy ad research resurces Ctact pit fr etrepreeurial issues Metrig ad cachig prgrams fr Busiess pla ctests / wrkshps Ctact platfrms with ptetial ivestrs Wrkshps/etwrkig with experieced Busiess plaig Ivati ad idea geerati Etrepreeurial marketig Scial etrepreeurship Techlgy etrepreeurship Fiacig etrepreeurial Family firms Etrepreeurship i geeral,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Level f satisfacti by schls fferigs i etrepreeurship area ( abslutely usatisfied, fully satisfied)

54 The secd item f aalysis was t aalyze the results f satisfacti that studets have achieved as a result f visitig the hst uiversity spsred activities i the field f etrepreeurship. They are preseted i Fig.. Thikig abut ay classes r traiig i etrepreeurship that yu have had, were they maily impartig kwledge () r culd yu wrk w etrepreeurial ideas ()? Iteratial sample Russia,, At my Uiversity I fud may etrepreeurial-mided classmates.,, There is a favrable climate ad premises fr becmig a etrepreeur at my Uiversity.,, ehaced my ability t idetify a pprtuity.,, ehaced my ability t develp etwrks.,, ehaced my practical maagemet skills i rder t start a busiess.,, icreased my uderstadig f the actis smee has t take i rder t start a busiess.,, icreased my uderstadig f the attitudes, values ad mtivatis f etrepreeurs.,,,,,,,,,,,,, Percet Figure. Outcmes f attedig curses i the dmai f etrepreeurship amg Russia ad iteratial studets ( Curses I atteded, =strgly disagree, =strgly agree) The first thig e eed t cmmet is just ather excess i Russia results ver the results f the glbal average. The largest value f results shw i Fig. - is a figure "There is a favrable climate ad premises fr becmig a etrepreeur at my Uiversity" -. ut f, "At my Uiversity I fud may etrepreeurial-mided classmates -., ad

55 "icreased my uderstadig f the attitudes, values ad mtivatis f etrepreeurs" -. pits. The latter figure is als the highest f the glbal, fllwed by "ehaced my ability t idetify a pprtuity" ad "ehaced my ability t idetify a pprtuity." The lwest values amg Russia studets were represeted i the result i terms f "ehaced my practical maagemet skills i rder t start a busiess" (.), ad i the wrld - "There is a favrable climate ad premises fr becmig a etrepreeur at my Uiversity". pits, i ctrast t Russia. Atteti shuld be als paid t the first item i Figure : Thikig abut ay classes r traiig i etrepreeurship that yu have had, were they maily impartig kwledge () r culd yu wrk w etrepreeurial ideas ()?. Fr this idicatr, Russia was cfidetly ahead f glbal sigificace, s Russia had mre freedm ver the study f their w ideas, rather tha the glbal average (. ad., respectively).. Discussi Amg the advaces i the study results e shuld highlight the mst distictive results ad cmmet them. Especially because sme f them are ctrary t wrld treds ad represet a uique Russia pheme. I the begiig it is wrth tig that, i geeral, describig the etrepreeurial itetis ad attitudes amg Russia studets, it is pssible t declare with the respsibility that they are t i ay way iferir, ad eve i sme ways eve superir t their freig cuterparts. Hwever, i additi t this psitive develpmet, it is ecessary t address a imprtat shrtcmig f the Russia ecmy grwig - imperfect istitutis, busiess supprt ifrastructure i geeral. Thus, Russia has t develped assistace prgrams t etrepreeurs, but i recet years has created a platfrm fr their cmmuicatis amg themselves ad with the gvermet. Supprt is eeded especially by yug etrepreeurs, f which

56 studets make a tagible part. The develpmet f cmmuicati ifrastructure betwee busiess ad the state must becme a pririty fr the Russia gvermet. Less imprtat, but rather, the mai part f this develpmet shuld be a system f etrepreeurship educati that develps the etrepreeurial itetis f studets, prvidig them with quality educatial services, as well as varius istitutial ad resurce supprt. Nw we eed t csider the facts that distiguish Russia frm ther cutries.. Let us tur t the prfile f the sample: i Russia the majrity f thse surveyed d their ecmic ad maagemet studies (.), are twice the glbal rate. Pssible reass fr this lie i the fact that Russia fr the first time participated i the prject Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey, thus, participati i the study made a impact uiversities, which have ctacts with the Natial Prject Crdiatr - Ceter fr Etrepreeurship f the Graduate Schl f Maagemet, St.Petersburg State Uiversity. Give the busiess ad maagemet prfile f the Graduate Schl f Maagemet, it is wrth tig that the parter uiversities als have a busiess prfile. Hwever, may f them are departmets f larger uiversities, where the questiaire was set ut t studets i all faculties f pririty (the ability t ctrl) i ecmics. The average age f respdets als differed: ad years fr Russia ad the iteratial sample, respectively. This differece is geerated by the fudametal priciples f the educati system i Russia ad i may cutries arud the wrld. Our studets cme t cllege at the age f - years, whereas i may cutries, this threshld is - years.. Career aspiratis f studets. It is t strage that right after studies, yug prfessials fr the mst part wat t be emplyees. Havig received the ecessary theretical kwledge, studets wat t check them ut i practice, t gai practical experiece. years after graduati, may (glbal

57 sample had the same tred) chage their prefereces i the directi f peig their w busiess, ad i Russia this tred is eve higher tha the wrld average. This ca be explaied by several reass. Firstly, after gaiig experiece, may yug peple dream f idepedece i chsig their place f wrk, but the best way t be idepedet is t wrk fr themselves - create their w busiesses. Secdly, busiess i Russia is a prestigius, respected, ad apprved f scial activity, which gives, i additi, scial security ad mre material beefits. Thirdly, the material gai is see abve all i the establishmet f e s w busiess, tha i beig hired. It is wrth tig, that the high percetage f graduates have t decided up career path after years f graduati f respdets. Apparetly, such graduates accut fr a high level f ucertaity i the mder wrld ad ca t yet tell what their career path wuld be like, withi years frm the date f the survey ad graduati.. There is a umber f iterestig features amg the mtives uderlyig the chice f career path. They are rather imprtat fr the theme "Build a busiess childre ca iherit amg the fuders ad successrs f family busiesses. This ca be explaied by the iteti t build a successful, stable busiess that brigs icme that lasts a lg time. O the ther had, "ctiue the family traditi" is quite imprtat fr the successrs, because such a mtive is the basis f ctiuity. It is wrth tig, that the fllwig themes are imprtat fr the fuders f ew busiesses "Be ivative at the frefrt f techlgy" ad "Develp a idea fr a prduct." They are very sigificat, sice the thery that etrepreeurs are ivatrs ad suppliers f ew ivative prducts t market had bee cfirmed. It may als be due t the fact that if a prduct the Russia market is ut-f-date, there is a risk t t make mey, s emplyers ted t be ivative. The fuders csider imprtat the theme f "Grw ad lear as a pers" because busiess is a very imprtat step i e s w develpmet. Fially, the least

58 imprtat reass fr emplyees are the fllwig: "Fllwig the scial missi" ad "Fllwig the evirmetal missi," which is iterestig, because they csciusly d t have mtives that lie just beyd the buds f icme ad ivati, as risk-averse have ad seek t maitai a steady icme, as well as the fact that they expect their emplyer t be scially respsible ad care fr the evirmet. Sice fr the fuders these tw mtives appear brighter tha all the thers, it might be suggested that etrepreeurs beefit frm carig abut the evirmet ad sciety i gaiig the ecessary legitimacy. They are likely t facilitate istitutial pressure. I additi, thse mtives ca maifest themselves, due t the fact, that fr busiesses it is easier t prvide mre effective care fr the evirmet ad sciety, tha t eter it crrupt schemes ad t vercme ther distrtis f the istitutial evirmet. A iterestig fact is als that emplyees are abslutely eutral t the idea f ivative prducts, techlgies ad d t aspire t be like the perss wh they admire. What their status as emplyees prves, is that thse thigs are t eugh fr them, the mtives f career advacemet ad persal grwth are ther tha thse f etrepreeurs.. A aalysis f etrepreeurial itetis shwed that the itetis f the Russia studets were cmpletely idetical with the same idicatrs wrldwide, but the glbal e s were twice as big, as the Russia es, whe it came t the first ccrete steps fr startig a busiess. The idicatrs "I have made a explicit decisi t fud a cmpay" ad "I have a ccrete time pla whe t d the differet steps fr fudig" are higher tha the wrld figures. But the the situati is eve. All are likely t have bee iflueced by the fact, that the etrepreeurial career is preferable fr may studets sice its prestigius, ad they lk fr ideas f fudig a busiess, make plas fr hw it ca/will wrk, but further barriers arisig the path f a etrepreeur (fiacial, istitutial, lack f experiece) make mst f the

59 studets abad their etrepreeurial dream ad gai experiece by becmig emplyees. This is cfirmed by Fig., at which pit the idicatr "Thught f first busiess ideas" i Russia is higher tha the glbal average by almst, but the idicatr "Lked fr ptetial parters (e.g., fellw studets)," is higher ly by., but the all the idicatrs are aliged, that ca prve that that after the implemetati f the acti ptetial etrepreeurs i Russia are t supprted i the implemetati f ther steps.. Csiderig the idustry prefereces, e ca say, that Russia is differet frm the wrld, ad that the wrld average ptetial etrepreeurs prefer t base their busiess i prfessial fields: csultig, architecture, etc. Whereas i Russia, busiess is based i such idustries, where there is eed fr big start ivestig (advertisig), as well as i related hbby ad pastime sectrs (htel ad restaurat busiess: bars, clubs). This is idirectly cfirmed by Table, i which mst f the ideas i Russia cme frm spare time hbbies, as well as learig frm the uiversity.. I terms f seekig fudig fr e s w busiess i Russia it is mst cmm t fud busiess frm "w fuds", which is primarily due t the uavailability f credit i Russia, as well as the reluctace t brrw mey frm fiacial istitutis fr fear f failure the start. It is wrth tig, that accrdig t the surce "Capital (debt ad equity) frm frieds ad family," Russia is ahead f the glbal sample. This ca be explaied by the fact that Russia is iheret t a large cmmuity, ad persal icmes i Russia are lwer, average, tha i ther cutries. All that des t always allw a ptetial etrepreeur t pe a cmpay just e s w mey. Due t the reluctace t brrw frm baks ad uavailability f fiacial supprt frm the ivestrs f ay kid, a ptetial emplyer asks fr mey frm family ad frieds.. Studets are relatively active etrepreeurs, amg them Russia is dmiated by me (.), which is csistet with theries abut wme's

60 etrepreeurship ad the rle take by the majrity f wme i mder sciety a mther, a husewife, a emplyee. Hwever, it shuld be ted that active busiessme i Russia uder the age f their freig clleagues, mst f them yuger tha years (), whereas the wrld average active etrepreeurs is ver years (). This is due primarily t feature selecti: i Russia etrepreeurs are yuger, average, tha their peers i the wrld, due t the specifics f the Russia higher educati ad attitudes, scial rms. I may cutries graduates wrk after fiishig high schl, ad ly a few years after leavig schl they g t uiversity. I Russia, the uiversity educati is received immediately after schl, the same yug peple i Russia fte prefer t g t Uiversity, rather tha t g t the army. The crss-secti aalysis f active etrepreeurs amg studets i terms f the area f their learig, reveals that ecmic ad admiistrative scieces dmiate, i secd place there are techical scieces. As ted abve, this is due, primarily, t the characteristics f the sample.. Let us tur t the aalysis f the impact f the busiess, t be active etrepreeurs i Russia ad the wrld average. A surprisig fact is that i Russia, the cmpay tured ut t be larger tha the glbal sample, as i the umber f staff ad i terms f sales. Presumably, this may be due t the fact that Russia firms perate i traditial sectrs (caterig, trade, advertisig), whereas the wrld average ppular idustries are thse, i which firms themselves are smaller ad may csist f e pers. Accrdigly, the perfrmace idicatrs f firms will vary. Hwever, if the Russia firms grw thrugh extesive recruitmet, there wuld be a icrease i the umber f trasactis. Freig firms are grwig rapidly - their expectatis f a icrease i sales ver five years exceeds the expectatis f Russia etrepreeurs i times.. Aalysis i the field f family busiess has shw that ly a small percetage f studets have parets, wh w busiesses, ad it wuld fte

61 be a wer's father. I additi, f thse whse parets w the busiess, ly are ready t succeed, ad is already a family busiess successr. It is wrth tig that, despite the small prprti f respdets amg the successrs, they are still higher, tha the wrld average. This may explai the fact that i Russia ctrl f the family busiess is passed t e else, but childre. Peple are distrustful f salaried maagers, s here the mtivati is likely mtivated by the desire f parets, the wers, rather tha by the successr-studets.. Descriptive characteristics ad perfrmace characteristics f Russia ad iteratial busiess frm the stadpit f iheritace are differet. Firstly, the family busiess i the wrld is lder tha the Russia average by - years. It is easy t explai the refrms that have take place i the cutry i the early s, as well as the crisis year, whe may lst their jbs, ad the ly way ut fr them was t becme etrepreeurs. Hwever, the aalysis shws that Russia firms have develped extesively: they have mre emplyees (. times) tha i freig cmpaies, but sales f the latter exceeds the vlume f Russia i the tes ad hudreds f times. Likely that the average Russia firms i the sample met the criteria f Small Busiess: staff ad milli sales per year. Small busiess i Russia is rarely iteratial ad rarely exteds beyd the regi, whereas i Eurpe the iteratial busiess develped quite strgly. Furthermre, a additial years f develpmet have allwed busiesses t reach a higher stage f develpmet, ad t t frget the gravity f iteratial busiess i iche sectrs where there may have weak cmpetitive pressures.. The idex f etrepreeurial pwers shws hw strg are the etrepreeurial itetis f studets i e cutry r ather. It estimates the umber f peple wh are ptetial r active etrepreeurs, the ttal umber f respdets i the atial sample, as well as the actis they have take i regards with their itetis t egage i busiess. Ufrtuately,

62 Russia raks, stayig behid cutries with -etrepreeurial culture, as well as with lwer levels f ecmic develpmet. Frm the perspective f a lw idex f etrepreeurial pwer it may be said that i Russia busiess setimets are quite strg ad have the precditis fr etrepreeurship amg studets, because there are prerequisites fr that. Hwever, the lw level f istitutis, ifrastructure supprt iflueces that yug peple face barriers ad leave the etrepreeurial path f career develpmet, r d t wat t deal with them as a studet r after graduati.. There is a eed t csider i detail, what kid f barriers stad i the way f etrepreeurship. I geeral, the barriers ca be divided it three grups: istitutial factrs, fiacial factrs ad idividual factrs. The aalysis shwed that all three grups f factrs are imprtat fr the Russia respdets, hwever, idividual factrs related t persal skills ad abilities are used i techlgy busiess, they are less imprtat tha fiacial ad istitutial factrs. There is a eed t address primary issues, such as access t capital thrugh icreasig access t credit, develpmet f ivestmet prgrams, lwer iterest rates fr certai categries f yug etrepreeurs, etc. It shuld be ted that there are istitutial prblems f tw kids: busiess supprt ifrastructure ad istitutial prblems with gvermetal system. This primarily refers t the pssibility f studets ad future etrepreeurs t meet with existig busiesses ad establish etwrks f ctacts, mutual assistace, exchage f experiece - such iitiatives are t ehace etrepreeurial activity ad greater survival f busiess. Relative t the secd issue f istitutial level, here we are talkig primarily abut slvig the structural prblems f crrupti, high taxes, clsure f sme idustries, ad ther legal isecurity. Frm the perspective f family busiess successi, it is the mst pressig prblem - the reluctace f childre t iherit ad maage the busiess f

63 their parets. Perhaps this is due t the desire t create smethig differet, the there is the desire t self-realizati (here the high imprtace f the barrier "lack f iterest i the prducts ad services" is wrth tig), r a reluctace t d busiess, ad just live happily, receivig rets, r lack the ecessary skills, which is als a sigificat barrier.. Fially, it is ecessary t aalyze the educatial ad ther fferigs that exist i higher schls, which participated i this study, i.e. attedace f studets, if there is fferig, whether studets are willig t g, ad whether they are satisfied with the results. Frequecy aalysis shwed that t all uiversities ffer a ifrastructure fr etrepreeurship educati. There are uiversities, that ffer curses busiess plaig, marketig, ad eve etrepreeurship, but curses i the family busiess, techlgical etrepreeurship ad scial etrepreeurship are uderrepreseted. Regardig the varius activities etwrkig ad cmmuicati skills, the least is the ffer f platfrms ad the pprtuities t meet with ivestrs ad cachig prgrams. Fiacial supprt is, f curse, als i demad. Of curse, as expected, frm thse wh did t atted thse activities, mst f them wuld like t atted. The last but t the least demad is just practical assistace, as well as etwrk ifrastructure: the studets wat t get mre practical skills, cmmuicate with ptetial ivestrs. The fllwig is csistet with earlier data, i.e. there are sigificat barriers t access t capital, as well as the lack f practical skills at firm maagemet. What e shuld pay special atteti t i buildig supprt fr ptetial ad active etrepreeurs ad etrepreeurship educati systems i Russia, is the pprtuities fr studets t get real busiess experiece f busiess ad be able t cmmuicate ad receive feedback their prjects, have a pprtuity thrugh sme mechaisms, cmpetiti ad ther, t btai fiacig favrable terms.. Regardig the satisfacti with the curse, the result is surprisig, amely, Russia studets are quite satisfied with every evet frm the list

64 preseted i the survey, which is far mre tha the average fr the iteratial sample. There culd be tw explaatis fr this: either Russia studets are satisfied with what is preseted the subject f etrepreeurship i Russia ad are ready t perceive psitive thigs ffered by uiversities i terms f busiess studies, ad they are less critical i their assessmets, tha the iteratial sample, because they have thig t cmpare t, r the situati is such, that studets d t actually try t critically assess the situati, as susceptible t the idea that i Russia the situati i practice tured ut differetly tha i thery, therefre, they are t willig t take seriusly the prpsals i the area f etrepreeurship. Bth reass are quite frighteig, as affected by the lw quality f the curses i etrepreeurship, lack f istitutial measures t imprve the situati f small busiesses i public plicy, as well as weak ifrastructure, traiig ad assistace t etrepreeurs i Russia.. Hwever, i terms f learig utcmes, explrig the varius activities i the field f etrepreeurship, it is imprtat t te that the Russia studets were mre likely tha the average fr the sample reached ad expaded their abilities. Perhaps this is a imprtat idicatr, that it is ecessary t develp etrepreeurship studies i mder Russia ad brig them t a ew level, givig studets the pprtuity t imprve i thse areas, where they lack expertise, prvide ew kwledge ad supprt fr etrepreeurs. It is eve mre imprtat fr Russia studets t wrk ut their w ideas i the classrm, rather tha get ready slutis: they d t thik that the slutis wuld wrk, s they are t ready t use ready-made ideas fr busiess.. Cclusi T cclude, it is imprtat t te ce agai the sigificace f the Glbal Uiversity Etrepreeurial Spirit Studets Survey (GUESSS) i the

65 study ad develpmet f etrepreeurship i the wrld, as well as a separate cutry. Cditis may vary, but the results make it pssible t take measures t imprve the situati with traiig ad develpmet f etrepreeurial itetis amg studets. We wuld like t thak the uiversities, which participated i the research prject, fr their help i attractig studets, wh directly respded t the questiaire. Speakig abut the study ad its fidigs, the fllwig shuld be ted: the scale ad breadth f issues cvered, the aalysis f the respses, which prvided a full picture f etrepreeurial itetis amg studets. Russia atial results simultaeusly prduced a umber f sigificat challeges i teachig etrepreeurship, i the develpmet ad spread f etrepreeurial itetis i Russia. This is attributed primarily t pr quality f the curses ffered, weak istitutial supprt ad pr ifrastructure develpmet, ad traiig assistace t busiess, as a istituti. Hwever, at the same time it is a very imprtat fact, that Russia studets are very etrepreeurial-mided peple, wh have a wealth f etrepreeurial ptetial, prduce ideas, wrth implemetig, are egaged i busiess themselves, ad their impact the cmpay exceeds their iteratial cuterparts, ad if prperly supprted by state, the idex level f etrepreeurial pwers i Russia wuld be abve the curret value. Accrdigly, it is ecessary t develp etrepreeurial educati, remve barriers t dig busiess ad the iteti t create it, create a imprved ifrastructure f etrepreeurship educati, t which, i fact, this study was devted.

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69 Appedix. Gegraphical distributi f prject participats amg uiversities i Russia