School of Electrical Engineering. EI2400 Applied Antenna Theory Lecture 9: Broadband antennas
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1 School of Electrical Egieerig EI2400 Applied Atea Theory Lecture 9: Broadbad ateas
2 Questio 1 What is the badwidth of a atea? It is the rage of frequecies withi which the performace of the atea with respect to some characteristic coforms to a specified stadard. KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 2
3 Questio 2 Could you defie performace? Iput impedace patter beamwidth polarizatio sidelobe level gai beam directio radiatio efficiecy KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 3
4 Operatio of the atea Normally by the reflectio coefficiet: - S 11 <-10dB. KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 4
5 Defiitio of badwidth Narrowbad ateas: - The badwidth is expressed as a percetage of the frequecy differece over the ceter frequecy of the badwidth. - Example: 5%. Broadbad ateas: - The badwidth is ormally expressed as the ratio of the upper-to-lower frequecies of acceptable operatio. - Example: 5:1 KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 5
6 Other termiology Oe decade is a factor of 10 differece betwee two umbers (a order of magitude differece) measured o a logarithmic scale. - Example of icrease oe decade: 20GHz 200GHz 2THz f decade log 10 f A octave is a doublig or halvig of a frequecy. - The term is derived from the Wester musical scale (a octave is a doublig i frequecy). - Example of icrease oe octave: 20GHz 40GHz 80GHz octave log 2 f f max mi max mi KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 6
7 Bicoical Extesio of a dipole. Coical shape. Impedace depeds o the agle of the coe Z i () Z i 120lcot /2 (º) KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 7
8 Bicoical: Limitatios Bicoical ateas have bee used i VHF ad UHF frequecies. However the solid or shell bicoical structure is impractical for some applicatios: - Elevated weight. - Complex geometry. Approximatios: - Triagular sheet. - Bow-tie. - Wire simulatio. Triagular sheet Bow-tie Wire simulatio KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 8
9 Discoe It is a implemetatio of the half of a bicoical atea. It is formed by the combiatio of a disk ad a coe. It is a moopolar cofiguratio of the bicoical atea. KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 9
10 Optios: Wire ateas 1.To icrease the size of the dipole. A. Bow-tie. B. Bicoical. 2.To itroduce more dipoles. A. Log-periodic atea KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 10
11 Yagi-uda: Yagi-Uda versus log-periodic - Typically all the elemets have the same size with the exceptio of two (reflector ad drive elemets). - Desiged to produce ad ed-fire radiatio. - Purpose: to icrease the directivity of the atea. - Badwidth: Limited. KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 11
12 Frequecy idepedet ateas It is a termiology which is comig from the 1950s. It refers to ateas i which there is a depedet with a agle which is producig a chage of the frequecy. Examples: - Bow-tie. - Bicoical. KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 12
13 Frequecy limitatios Lower frequecy: - Our atea ca t be ifiitely large. Higher frequecy: - Our atea has to be feed i a poit ad it ca t be ifiitely small. KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 13
14 Let s assume that we have two differet ateas which are scaled: Now we ca derive these equatios: Derivatio (I) KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 14 ) ( r F ) ( F K r ) F( C r ) ( ) ( F C K F K C ) ( ) ( C F C C F C ) ( ) ( F K F K ) ( ) ( C F C C F
15 Derivatio (II) We have that: K F( F( ) K ) C Ad we kow that: r F ( ) So: 1 K K C 1 r r Therefore the solutio is: r e a f ( ) a 1 K K C KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 15
16 Which ateas ca satisfy this formula? (I) Equiagular spirals: Spiral plate Spiral slot f ( ) A e 0 a 0 r a Ae KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 16
17 Log-periodic atea: Which ateas ca satisfy this formula? (II) KTH School of Electrical Egieerig R R 1 R r s s d d R R l l
18 Other UWB ateas Moopoles: - Small dimesios. - Compact ateas. - Radiatio patter which depeds of the frequecy. - Radiatio efficiecy very small. KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 18
19 Recofigurable ateas To be able to chage the frequecy of operatio: - Mechaically. - Electroically: switches varactor diodes MEMs elastomers Broadbad Recofigurable KTH School of Electrical Egieerig 19
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