CONTENTS. by J.S.S. Rao by Dr. M.L. Kothari. xv xvii. xxiii 1

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1 CONTENTS Foreword Foreword Preface Acknowledgements by J.S.S. Rao by Dr. M.L. Kothari 1 Introduction to Capacitors 1.1 History of Capacitor Development BasicPrinciples Electric Field Permittivity Capacitance Charging a Capacitor Current in a Capacitor Equivalent Circuit of Capacitor Dielectrics DielectricMaterials DielectricAbsorption General Construction of a Capacitor Codes for Valuesof Electronic Capacitors Capacitor Characteristics Capacitor Performance Requirements Applications in Industry Definitions,Ratings and ServiceConditions 19 2 Properties of Dielectrics 2.1 Capacitor Dielectrics DielectricConstant Equivalent SeriesResistance(ESR) Dissipation Factor, Loss Factor, Tan Delta of Capacitor Equivalent SeriesInductance (ESI)in Capacitors Common DielectricMaterials 29 3 Polypropyleneand PolyesterFilm 3.1 Major Plastic Filmsin Capacitors PolypropyleneFilm 40 xv xvii XIX xxiii

2 II!II Contents 3.3 Polyester Films (PET) Choice of PPIPET for a AC Applications Corona Discharge and Partial Discharge Comparison of PP and Polyester Film Capacitors Polyphenylene Sulphide (PPS) 48 4 Metallized Films 4.1 Metallized Films in Capacitors Metallized Electrode Self-Healing Plain and Heavy Edge Metallization Surface Resistivity of Metallized Films Segmented Films Wave-Cut Films Series Metallized (Multisection Metallized) Films Storage of Metallized Films MLP Capacitors Limitations of MPP Films Metallized vs. Non-Metallized Capacitors Dry vs. Impregnated Oil Filled MPP Capacitors 61 5 Types of Capacitors 5.1 Categories Based on Dielectrics Capacitor Classification Based on Their Usage Applications in the Electrical Industry 71 6 Power Factor Correction Capacitors 6.1 Power Factor in Supply Systems Benefits of Power Factor Correction Power Factor Correction Shunt Capacitors Series Reactors Series Capacitors Construction of KVAR Capacitors Economic Considerations of Power Factor Correction 95 7 Switching of Capacitors 7.1 Capacitor Switching Single Bank Switching Transient Multiple Capacitor Bank Switching Power Quality Concerns Utility Capacitor Bank Switching Other Adverse Factors for Switching Switchgear Requirements for Capacitor Installation

3 Contents 1mB 8 Harmonics in Power Systems 8.1 Harmonic Distortion Basics Origins of Harmonic Distortion DG Sets as Harmonic Source Harmonics Due to Electronic Sources Problems Caused by Harmonics Harmonic Content Harmonic Overloading of Capacitors The IEEE Standard Harmonic Mitigation Techniques Capacitor Stress Analysis Power Quality Management 9.1 Power Factor-A New Definition Power Factor Instruments APFC Panels Power Quality Managements Systems Static Var Compensator (SVC) Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom) Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Electrolytic Capacitors 10.1 Nature of Electrolytic Capacitor Types of Electrolytic Capacitors Basic of Electrolytic Capacitors Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitors Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors Polymer Tantalum Capacitor Niobium Oxide Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors 11.1 Backgrounds Classes of Ceramic Dielectrics Values and TC Codes Mica Capacitors 12.1 Introduction Mica Dielectric Types of Mica Dielectrics Construction of Mica Capacitors Colour Codes for Mica Capacitors (TC Codes) Ultracapacitors: The Future of Energy Storage 13.1 Electrochemical Capacitors Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC)

4 mil Contents 13.3 MateriaIs for Ultracapacitors SymmetricaIand AsymmetricaICapacitors Ultracapacitors vs. Batteries Applications Ultracapacitor Measurement Ultracapacitor Banks Life of Ultracapacitors Pseudocapacitors Present TechnologyStatus and Future Scenario Auto Ignition and CDI Capacitors 14.1 Auto Ignition Condenser CDI: An Introdction CDI Units and Circuits Electronic Grade Capacitors 15.1 Introduction Non-Inductive and Inductive Capacitors FilmIFoiland Metallized Film Capacitors Plastic Film Capacitors Glass Capacitors Vacuum Capacitors Variable Capacitors Capacitors for RFI Suppression 16.1 Need for Radio Frequency Interference Suppression(RFI) XY Capacitors Failure Mechanisms Application Design Considerations Feedthrough Capacitors Construction Features Application Notes and Installation Energy Storage and Pulse Capacitors 17.1 Energy Storage Applications Energy Storage Characteristics Weapons Systemsand SpaceTechnology Use in Explosives Pulse Capacitors Metallized Films Energy Storage Capacitors Application in Electronic Circuits 18.1 Introduction FilterlRectifierCapacitors

5 18.3 Tuning Capacitors Coupling/Decoupling (Blocking) Bypass Capacitor Sample and Hold Timing Circuits Signal Processing and Switched Capacitors Sensors Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Capacitors Noise Fílters and Snubbers 246 Contents l!mii 19 Capacitors for Power Electronics Role of Capacitors in Power Electronics Commutation Capacitors Snubber Capacitors DC Link Capacitor Capacitor Discharge Welding Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT) Manufacture of Paper/Plastic Film Capacitors Wound Non-Metallized Electrostatic Capacitors Metallized Film Capacitors Metallized Electrode Carrier (MKV) Capacitors Wound Metallized Capacitor Manufacturing Process Testing of Capacitors Selection Guide for Capacitors Introduction Consideration for Selecting a Capacitor Special Capacitors Packaging Capacitor Ratings Design Considerations Know Your Load Special Data For KVAR Capacitors Capacitor Failures and Their Mitigation Failures Due to Manufacturing Deficiencies Field FailureslPrecautions in Service Prevention of Failures Protection Against Overload and Failure at the End of UsefuI Service LIF 286 Appendices 292 References 310 Index 313

The Basic Capacitor. Water Tower / Capacitor Analogy. "Partnering With Our Clients for Combined Success"

The Basic Capacitor. Water Tower / Capacitor Analogy. Partnering With Our Clients for Combined Success CAPACITOR BASICS I How s Work The Basic A capacitor is an electrical device which serves to store up electrical energy for release at a predetermined time. In its most basic form, it is comprised of three