Phase Change Diagram. Rank Solids, liquids and gases from weakest attractive forces to strongest:

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1 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 1 of 13 Chemistry Unit 11 Kinetic Theory Unit Quiz: Test Objectives Be able to define pressure and memorize the basic pressure units. Be able to convert to/from: atms, kpa, Pa, mm Hg, torrs. Differentiate between the three states of matter. Be able to identify and name the changes of state. Be able to read a phase diagram and identify the triple point, phases and phases changes Be able to describe surface tension Understand the concept of atmospheric pressure and its effect on boiling point. Understand the properties of water due to hydrogen bonding. Be able to label a boiling point/freezing point graph Be able to do a heat of fusion and heat of vaporization problem. Be able to describe in detail properties of solids, liquids and gases Be able to complete specific heat problems. Understand how to measure temperature and heat (including units) Vocabulary Sublimation Vapor Melting Condensation Evaporation Triple point Surface tension Kinetic Theory Kelvin Absolute Zero Fluids ideal gas volatile molar heat of vaporization Molar heat of fusion heat exothermic endothermic Joule Specific heat temperature Viscosity Phase Change Diagram Rank Solids, liquids and gases from weakest attractive forces to strongest: Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. For vapor to form, the molecules of the liquid must overcome the forces of attraction between them.. If the atmospheric pressure is lower the boiling point will be lower; if the atmospheric pressure is higher the boiling point will be higher. **** **** Boiling point is Boiling point is

2 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 2 of 13 VAPOR PRESSURE GRAPHS Use the graph to answer the following questions. 1. What is the vapor pressure of CHCl 3 at 50 C? 2. What is the boiling point of H 2O when theexternal pressure is 30 kpa? 3. What is the normal boiling point of CCl 4? Which substance has the weakest IMF? Kinetic theory of Matter class notes: Fill in the following assumptions of the kinetic theory: A. Gases are made up of tiny particles that are apart. B. Collisions between particles are elastic meaning no energy is lost or gained overall. C. Gases are in constant motion - they possess energy energy of motion D. There are forces of attraction between gas particles. E. The average kinetic energy of the particles depends on the of the gas. Higher temp = KE

3 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 3 of 13 PHASE DIAGRAM EXPLANATION (water) Much of the information we have discussed can be shown in a phase diagram, which shows how the states of matter in a system are affected by changes in temperature and pressure. Below is a phase diagram for water. Each area represents all of the conditions under which water in that phase can exist. Together we will label the phases of matter. Point A is called the triple point because all three states are in equilibrium at this temperature and pressure (0.01 C and atm). Point C represents the critical point; above this point, there is no vapor pressure curve. Only the gaseous state exists at pressures and temperatures above this point. G is the normal melting point, at 1 atm (standard(normal) atmospheric pressure where the state changes from solid to liquid. F, the normal boiling point, is that temperature at which the liquid-vapor equilibrium curve is cut by the pressure line of 1atm.

4 Answer the following Q s for the diagram on the right: 1. What is the normal melting point? Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 4 of What is the normal condensing point? 3. What is the normal freezing point? 4. What is the normal boiling point? 5. What is the temperature and pressure at the triple point?

5 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 5 of 13

6 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 6 of 13 Heating and cooling curves represent how Temperature (or energy) affects the states of matter; we will fill in the heating curve graph that is below together!

7 Practice Sheet Heating and Cooling curves! Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 7 of 13 For each of the above label the states of matter, the BPt, MPt cond Pt. and Frz pt. For Graph A cooling of a gas 1.What is the freezing point temp? 2.Where is Kinetic energy changing? For Graph B water heating The boiling point temp? Potential energy? 1.What is the melting point temp? The boiling point temp? 2.Where is Kinetic energy changing? Potential energy? 3.Why is the temperature staying constant between points 2 and 3 even though heat is being added to the water? Energy and specific heat notes Temperature: Units for temperature: Conversions: 0 C = 5/9 ( 0 F -32) K = 0 C In packet You will not use 0 F in this class. Scale comparisons: Water K 0 C 0 F also known as absolute zero, no movement Heat: Heat/Energy (T). Unit = J (joule) or cal (calorie) 1 calorie (cal) = J Food calories are actually kilocalories 1 food calorie = 1000 chemical calories Calorimeter: device used to measure energy changes see picture on pg 519 (a thermometer measures temperature changes not energy!)

8 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 8 of 13 Law of conservation of Energy: Heat lost in a calorimeter is equal to the heat gained by the water in the calorimeter. q lost = (-q gain) Therefore you can use a calorimeter to calculate the heat or the specific heat for a substance burned in a calorimeter. specific heat: C or Cp : because the sizes of the degree divisions on both scales are equal. **Specific heat is usually measured under constant pressure conditions the subscript p (Cp) is used as a reminder. Specific heat is a constant for a substance. ***** *** Specific heat for liquid water is 4.18 J/g 0 C (given in packet!) Formula for specific heat: Equation can be rearranged to Example copy work! A 4.0 g sample of glass was heated from 0 0 C to 41 0 C, and was found to absorb 32 J of heat. What is the specific heat of the glass? Example 2: How much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of a 55 g sample of aluminum from C to C? The specific heat for Al is J/g-C

9 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 9 of 13 You try: How much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of a 25 g sample of water from 32 0 C to 55 0 C (use your packet to find the specific heat of liquid water) Example 3 A gram piece of metal is heated to C. It is then added to a calorimeter containing 150g of water at 23.5 C. The final temperature of the water and metal is C. What is the specific heat of this metal? What s the ID of the metal? You try: A 180 gram piece of metal is heated to 65 0 C. It is then added to a calorimeter containing 100 g of water at 25 0 C. The final temperature of the water and metal is 42 0 C. What is the specific heat of this metal? To calculate the heat required for changes of state Use this when temperature stays constant q = mh v for boiling/condensing and q = mh f for freezing/melting for water: H v = 2,260 J/g and H f = 334J/g (all of this is in the packet!) Example: Calculate the amount of heat required to melt 55 g of ice (at 0 0 C) You try: Calculate the amount of heat required to boil 42 g of water (at C) To help with calculations remember the heating curve changes in temp (kinetic energy changes ) = use specific heat ( no phase change) changes in phase (change in potential energy ) = use molar heat (no temp change )

10 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 10 of 13 Practice Heat and It s measurement: Problems: 1. How many joules of heat are given off when 5.0g of water cools from 75 0 C to 25 0 C? (specific heat of water is in the packet look it up!) 2. How many joules does it take to melt 35 g of ice at 0 0 C? 3. How much heat energy is given off when 85 g of steam condenses? 4. How many joules of heat are necessary to raise the temperature of 25 g of water from 10 0 C to 60 0 C? 5.What mass of a substance (with a specific heat of J/g-K) will absorb 45 J as it is heated from 293 K to 313 K? 6.When 80.0 grams of a certain metal at 90.0 C was mixed with grams of water at 30.0 C, the final equilibrium temperature of the mixture was 36.0 C. What is the specific heat of the metal? Heating Curve/Calorimetry 1) What is happening to the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the sample during section 2? 2) As a substance goes through section (2), what happens to the distance between the particles? 3) What is the name of the process happening during section (4)? 4) What would be the name of the process happening during section (4) if time were going the other way? 5) What is the melting point of this substance? 6) At what temperature would this sample finish boiling? 7) When this substance is melting, the temperature of the ice-water mixture remains constant because: a. Heat is not being absorbed c. Heat is being converted to potential energy b The ice is colder that the water d. Heat is being converted to kinetic energy

11 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 11 of 13 8) When a given quantity of water is heated at a constant rate, the phase change from liquid to gas takes longer than the phase change from solid to liquid because a. The heat of vaporization is greater than the heat of fusion b. The heat of fusion is greater than the heat of vaporization c. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is greater in steam than in water d. Ice absorbs energy more rapidly than water does 9) The temp. when a substance in the liquid state freezes is the same as the temp at which the substance a. Melts b. Sublimes c Boils d.condenses 10) If 150 grams of water is heated from 20 o C to 30 o C, the number of joules of heat energy absorbed is: 11) If a 2.0 g sample of water at 5.0 o C absorbs 21.8 J of heat energy, the temperature of the sample will be raised by? 12) How much heat is required to boil 4.5 g of water (at 100 C)? 13) A sample of water is heated from 10. o C to 15 o C by the addition of 130 joules of heat. What is the mass of the water? 14) How much energy is released as 30.0 grams of water (at 0 o C) is frozen? 15) A 2.70 gram piece of metal is heated to 98.7 C. It is then added to a beaker containing 150 ml (=150 g) of water at 23.5 C. The final temperature of the water and metal is 25.2 C. What is the specific heat of this metal Review Kinetic Theory Convert the following atm to mm Hg kpa to torr KPa to atm 4. How would the boiling point of water be different in Death Valley (below sea level)? Why? 5. How much energy would be required for each of the following? A. melting 45 g of ice B. boiling 45.0 g of water 6. a 250 g sample of metal is heated to 55 0 C. It is then added to a calorimeter holding 100 g of water at 30 0 C. The final temperature of the water and metal is 43 0 C. What is the specific heat of the metal

12 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 12 of 13 Specific heat lab Background: One physical property of a pure substance is the amount of heat energy it will absorb per unit mass. This property is called specific heat. We will use a calorimeter in lab to measure specific heat. Our calorimeter will be a simple one made out of a styrofoam cup. To calculate specific heat you will use two formulas: Heat gained by the water = (heat lost by the metal) = mass of water x T x specific heat of water (4.18 J/g-C) Specific heat of metal = heat gained by the water Mass of metal x T Objective: To use lab data to calculate the specific heat for a metal. To determine your percent error in calculating specific heat. Equipment: Large beaker styrofoam cup thermometer test tube metals Procedure: 1. Fill a large beaker about half full of tap water. 2. Place the beaker on a hot plate and heat to boiling. 3. Measure the mass of an empty and dry test tube and record. 4. Add the sample metal pieces until the test tube is half full. Record the mass of the test tube and metal and record the identity of the metal. 5. Place the test tube gently into the beaker of water and continue heating the water to the boiling point use the gold test tube tongs. 6. Obtain a styrofoam cup (used as a calorimeter) & measure mass carefully. Record. 7. Fill the cup about half full with water and record the temperature of the water and the new mass of the cup (do not get water on the balance!) 8. Allow the water in the beaker to boil for several minutes (It will be assumed that the temperature of the metal is the same as the boiling water C) 9. Remove the test tube from the boiling water and dump the metal into the styrofoam cup try to get as little water into the cup as possible. 10. Stir the water in the cup slowly and carefully and then record the highest temperature reached. 11. Recover the metal by carefully pouring the water off (decanting) and then spreading the solid on a paper towel. Do not allow any metal to get in the sink Data Table: Include units! A. Mass of empty test tube B. Mass of test tube & metal C. Mass of metal (B-A) D. Mass of cup E. Mass of cup and water: F. Mass of water (E-D) G. Temperature of water in cup H. Highest temperature of water and hot metal in cup I. Change in water temperature ( T) caused by hot metal = (H-G)

13 Unit 11 Kinetic molecular theory packet Page 13 of 13 Names: Pd: Calculations: Include units on final answers! 1. Find the heat transferred from the hot metal to the water in the calorimeter. q = m x C x Δ T C = 4.18 J/g- 0 C m = mass of water in calorimeter (line F) Δ T = change of temp of water (line I) q = 2. Find the specific heat of your metal by using the specific heat formula. q = m x C x Δ T q = answer found above m = mass of metal (line C) ΔT = temp change of metal (100 0 C line H) C = 3. Match the C, specific heat, you calculated in #2 to the closest metal from your reference packet. True value for ( metal name) s Specific heat is ( C in RefPckt) (Write the name of your metal above) (specific heat w/ units) 4. Find your percent error (show work!) 5. Out of aluminum, copper, zinc and nickel which would be the best: A. Heat conductor: Why? % error: B. Insulator: Why? 5)Test review questions A. How much heat is required to raise the temp of 50 g of water from 22 0 C to 88 0 C? B. What is the specific heat of 25 g of a metal that releases 120 J of heat when cooled from 75 0 C to 30 0 C?