A short overview on strong interaction and quantum chromodynamics
|
|
|
- Evangeline Howard
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A short overview on strong interaction and quantum chromodynamics Christoph Klein Universität Siegen Doktorandenseminar Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
2 Outlook 1 History of strong interaction physics 2 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) Review of QED QCD - The theory Fundamental properties of QCD Hadrons and nuclear force 3 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
3 History of strong interaction physics Outlook 1 History of strong interaction physics 2 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) Review of QED QCD - The theory Fundamental properties of QCD Hadrons and nuclear force 3 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
4 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1911 Rutherford discovers atomic nucleus Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
5 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1911 Rutherford discovers atomic nucleus 1919 Rutherford discovers the proton as elementary constituent of the nucleus Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
6 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1911 Rutherford discovers atomic nucleus 1919 Rutherford discovers the proton as elementary constituent of the nucleus Because of Coulomb force between the protons, there has to be a strong nuclear interaction between them, that holds the nucleus together Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
7 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1911 Rutherford discovers atomic nucleus 1919 Rutherford discovers the proton as elementary constituent of the nucleus Because of Coulomb force between the protons, there has to be a strong nuclear interaction between them, that holds the nucleus together 1932 Chadwick discovers neutron Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
8 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1911 Rutherford discovers atomic nucleus 1919 Rutherford discovers the proton as elementary constituent of the nucleus Because of Coulomb force between the protons, there has to be a strong nuclear interaction between them, that holds the nucleus together 1932 Chadwick discovers neutron 1935 Yukawa postulates the π-meson as force-carrying particle of the strong nuclear interaction 1947 Lattes discovers the charged pion in cosmic rays Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
9 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1954 Yang and Mills introduce non-abelian gauge-theories Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
10 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1954 Yang and Mills introduce non-abelian gauge-theories 1964 Gell-Mann and Zweig postulate quarks Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
11 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1954 Yang and Mills introduce non-abelian gauge-theories 1964 Gell-Mann and Zweig postulate quarks 1969 Bjorken discovers in collider experiments, that protons consist of asymptotically free particles (partons: quarks and gluons) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
12 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1954 Yang and Mills introduce non-abelian gauge-theories 1964 Gell-Mann and Zweig postulate quarks 1969 Bjorken discovers in collider experiments, that protons consist of asymptotically free particles (partons: quarks and gluons) 1971 QCD is proposed by Fritzsch, Gell-Mann, t Hooft, et al as fundamental theory of strong interaction Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
13 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1954 Yang and Mills introduce non-abelian gauge-theories 1964 Gell-Mann and Zweig postulate quarks 1969 Bjorken discovers in collider experiments, that protons consist of asymptotically free particles (partons: quarks and gluons) 1971 QCD is proposed by Fritzsch, Gell-Mann, t Hooft, et al as fundamental theory of strong interaction 1974 Discovery of J/Ψ, the bound state of two charm quarks, good agreement with the new QCD theory Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
14 History of strong interaction physics History of strong interaction physics - some milestones 1954 Yang and Mills introduce non-abelian gauge-theories 1964 Gell-Mann and Zweig postulate quarks 1969 Bjorken discovers in collider experiments, that protons consist of asymptotically free particles (partons: quarks and gluons) 1971 QCD is proposed by Fritzsch, Gell-Mann, t Hooft, et al as fundamental theory of strong interaction 1974 Discovery of J/Ψ, the bound state of two charm quarks, good agreement with the new QCD theory 1979 The existence of the gluon is verified by a three-jet-event at PETRA (DESY) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
15 Outlook 1 History of strong interaction physics 2 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) Review of QED QCD - The theory Fundamental properties of QCD Hadrons and nuclear force 3 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
16 Review of QED Reminding QED Quantum electrodynamics (QED) Remember: QED is the fundamental quantum field theory of the electromagnetic interaction. Describes interaction of charged fermions ψ(x) (electrons, myons, quarks,...) mediated by the photon A µ (x). The fundamental structure of a quantum field theory is enconded in the Lagrangian density. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
17 Review of QED Reminding QED Lagrangian density of QED L QED (x) = ψ(x)(i µγ µ m)ψ(x) + e ψ(x)γ µ ψ(x)a µ(x) 1 4 Fµν(x)F µν (x) el.-mag. field-strenght-tensor: F µν(x) = µa ν(x) νa µ(x) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
18 Review of QED Reminding QED Lagrangian density of QED L QED (x) = ψ(x)(i µγ µ m)ψ(x) + e ψ(x)γ µ ψ(x)a µ(x) 1 4 Fµν(x)F µν (x) el.-mag. field-strenght-tensor: F µν(x) = µa ν(x) νa µ(x) fermion-propagator (electrons, quarks, etc.) fermion-photon-vertex i e γ µ photon-propagator g µν p 2 /p+m p 2 m 2 Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
19 Review of QED Reminding QED Calculate tree-level processes: e + µ e e γ γ e µ + e + e + or higher order corrections like: Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
20 QCD - The theory Why colors? Nucleons build of quarks: p: u u d >, n: u d d > Also e.g. ++ : u u u > Pauli-principle: no particles with same quantum numbers! Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
21 QCD - The theory Why colors? Nucleons build of quarks: p: u u d >, n: u d d > Also e.g. ++ : u u u > Pauli-principle: no particles with same quantum numbers! Also experimental evidendence: fits experimental data with N c = 3 σ(e + e Hadrons) σ(e + e µ + µ ) n X f N c q Q 2 q e + µ e + q γ γ e µ + e q Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
22 QCD - The theory Quarks and colors In QED: electron is described by one fermion field ψ(x) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
23 QCD - The theory Quarks and colors In QED: electron is described by one fermion field ψ(x) Quark is described by a 3-vector of fermion fields: ψ i (x) with three colors : red, green, blue (antiquarks have anti-red, anti-green, anti-blue) 0 ψ R (x) ψ G (x) ψ B (x) 1 A Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
24 QCD - The theory Quarks and colors In QED: electron is described by one fermion field ψ(x) Quark is described by a 3-vector of fermion fields: ψ i (x) with three colors : red, green, blue (antiquarks have anti-red, anti-green, anti-blue) 0 ψ R (x) ψ G (x) ψ B (x) No color observed in nature: Symmetry under SU(3) transformations U (3 3-matrices with U U = 1) 1 A Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
25 QCD - The theory The group SU(3) SU(3): 3 3-matrices with U U = 1 Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
26 QCD - The theory The group SU(3) SU(3): 3 3-matrices with U U = 1 SU(3) has 8 generators λ a, so that every U can be written as U = e i P θ a λ a a a = 1,..,8 with eight arbitrary parameters θ a. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
27 QCD - The theory The group SU(3) SU(3): 3 3-matrices with U U = 1 SU(3) has 8 generators λ a, so that every U can be written as U = e i P θ a λ a a a = 1,..,8 with eight arbitrary parameters θ a. Generators are not commutative (non-abelian group): [λ a,λ b ] = X f abc λ c a,b with the characteristic structure constant f abc (something like ɛ ijk ). Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
28 QCD - The theory Gauge theories QCD is the non-abelian SU(3)-gauge theory: Lagrangian has to be invariant under SU(3)-transformation of the quarks Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
29 QCD - The theory Gauge theories QCD is the non-abelian SU(3)-gauge theory: Lagrangian has to be invariant under SU(3)-transformation of the quarks Leads to introduction of eight new gauge fields, the gluons A a µ(x) (one for each generator) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
30 QCD - The theory Gauge theories QCD is the non-abelian SU(3)-gauge theory: Lagrangian has to be invariant under SU(3)-transformation of the quarks Leads to introduction of eight new gauge fields, the gluons A a µ(x) (one for each generator) Gluons carry colors like red-antigreen, blue-antired,... Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
31 QCD - The theory Gauge theories QCD is the non-abelian SU(3)-gauge theory: Lagrangian has to be invariant under SU(3)-transformation of the quarks Leads to introduction of eight new gauge fields, the gluons A a µ(x) (one for each generator) Gluons carry colors like red-antigreen, blue-antired,... Compare QED: U(1)-gauge theory: only 1 generator commutes with itself (abelian gauge theory) one gauge field, the photon A µ(x) Photon doesn t carry electric charge Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
32 QCD - The theory Lagrangian density of QCD L QCD (x) = ψ k (x)(i µγ µ m)ψ k (x) + g ψi s (x) (λa ) ik γ µ ψ k (x)a a 2 µ(x) 1 4 Ga µν(x)g a µν (x) gluon field-strenght-tensor: G a µν = µa a ν νa a µ + g sf abc A b µa c ν Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
33 QCD - The theory Lagrangian density of QCD L QCD (x) = ψ k (x)(i µγ µ m)ψ k (x) + g ψi s (x) (λa ) ik γ µ ψ k (x)a a 2 µ(x) 1 4 Ga µν(x)g a µν (x) gluon field-strenght-tensor: G a µν = µa a ν νa a µ + g sf abc A b µa c ν fermion-propagator (quarks) gluon-propagator fermion-gluon-vertex /p+m p 2 m 2 δij g µν δ ab p 2 i g s γ µ ( λa 2 )ij Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
34 QCD - The theory Lagrangian density of QCD L QCD (x) = ψ k (x)(i µγ µ m)ψ k (x) + g ψi s (x) (λa ) ik γ µ ψ k (x)a a 2 µ(x) 1 4 Ga µν(x)g a µν (x) gluon field-strenght-tensor: G a µν = µa a ν νa a µ + g sf abc A b µa c ν /p+m p 2 m 2 δij fermion-propagator (quarks) gluon-propagator g µν δ ab p 2 fermion-gluon-vertex i g s γ µ ( λa 2 )ij gluon-gluon-vertex g s Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
35 QCD - The theory Lagrangian density of QCD L QCD (x) = ψ k (x)(i µγ µ m)ψ k (x) + g ψi s (x) (λa ) ik γ µ ψ k (x)a a 2 µ(x) 1 4 Ga µν(x)g a µν (x) gluon field-strenght-tensor: G a µν = µa a ν νa a µ + g sf abc A b µa c ν /p+m p 2 m 2 δij fermion-propagator (quarks) gluon-propagator g µν δ ab p 2 fermion-gluon-vertex i g s γ µ ( λa 2 )ij gluon-gluon-vertex g s 4-gluon-vertex gs 2 Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
36 QCD - The theory Lagrangian density of QCD L QCD (x) = ψ k (x)(i µγ µ m)ψ k (x) + g ψi s (x) (λa ) ik γ µ ψ k (x)a a 2 µ(x) 1 4 Ga µν(x)g a µν (x) gluon field-strenght-tensor: G a µν = µa a ν νa a µ + g sf abc A b µa c ν /p+m p 2 m 2 δij fermion-propagator (quarks) gluon-propagator g µν δ ab p 2 fermion-gluon-vertex i g s γ µ ( λa 2 )ij gluon-gluon-vertex g s 4-gluon-vertex gs 2 (ghost-propagator and -vertex) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
37 Fundamental properties of QCD Renormalization in QED Main principle of renormalization: Calculate higher order perturbative contributions like in QED: Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
38 Fundamental properties of QCD Renormalization in QED Main principle of renormalization: Calculate higher order perturbative contributions like in QED: This can be split up into a finite and an infinite part (Regularization) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
39 Fundamental properties of QCD Renormalization in QED Main principle of renormalization: Calculate higher order perturbative contributions like in QED: This can be split up into a finite and an infinite part (Regularization) Finite part gives corrections to physical processes Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
40 Fundamental properties of QCD Renormalization in QED Main principle of renormalization: Calculate higher order perturbative contributions like in QED: This can be split up into a finite and an infinite part (Regularization) Finite part gives corrections to physical processes Infinite part is defined into the parameters of the theory, like the coupling constant g = e Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
41 Fundamental properties of QCD Renormalization in QED Main principle of renormalization: Calculate higher order perturbative contributions like in QED: This can be split up into a finite and an infinite part (Regularization) Finite part gives corrections to physical processes Infinite part is defined into the parameters of the theory, like the coupling constant g = e This makes the coupling constant dependent of the considered energy scale Q 2 in a physical process. Running coupling QED: α em(q 2 = 0) = e2 4π α em(m 2 Z ) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
42 Fundamental properties of QCD Running coupling constant QED higher order corrections: But now in QCD: Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
43 Fundamental properties of QCD Running coupling constant QED higher order corrections: But now in QCD: Now completely different behaviour of running coupling in QCD: Αs Confinement asympt. freedom 0.2 QCD α s(q 2 ) = 4π ( 11 3 Nc 2 n 3 f ) ln( Q2 ) Λ 2 QCD with the parameter Λ QCD MeV experimentally. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
44 Hadrons and nuclear force Hadrons and Use of perturbation theory At Q 2 Λ 2 QCD we have small α s and can do perturbative calculations. Here quarks behave like free particles asymptotic freedom. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
45 Hadrons and nuclear force Hadrons and Use of perturbation theory At Q 2 Λ 2 QCD we have small α s and can do perturbative calculations. Here quarks behave like free particles asymptotic freedom. At small Q 2 Λ 2 QCD perturbation theory cannot be used. non-perturbative regime Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
46 Hadrons and nuclear force Hadrons and Use of perturbation theory At Q 2 Λ 2 QCD we have small α s and can do perturbative calculations. Here quarks behave like free particles asymptotic freedom. At small Q 2 Λ 2 QCD perturbation theory cannot be used. non-perturbative regime Λ QCD corresponds to length scales of 1fm = m, the scale of e.g. the proton radius. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
47 Hadrons and nuclear force Hadrons and Use of perturbation theory At Q 2 Λ 2 QCD we have small α s and can do perturbative calculations. Here quarks behave like free particles asymptotic freedom. At small Q 2 Λ 2 QCD perturbation theory cannot be used. non-perturbative regime Λ QCD corresponds to length scales of 1fm = m, the scale of e.g. the proton radius. These energy scale is characteristic for interactions in hadrons, the bound states of quarks. There are to possible types: Mesons: quark-antiquark bound state (color-anticolor) Baryons: 3-quark bound state (one of each color) seen white from outside Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
48 Hadrons and nuclear force Hadrons and Use of perturbation theory At Q 2 Λ 2 QCD we have small α s and can do perturbative calculations. Here quarks behave like free particles asymptotic freedom. At small Q 2 Λ 2 QCD perturbation theory cannot be used. non-perturbative regime Λ QCD corresponds to length scales of 1fm = m, the scale of e.g. the proton radius. These energy scale is characteristic for interactions in hadrons, the bound states of quarks. There are to possible types: Mesons: quark-antiquark bound state (color-anticolor) Baryons: 3-quark bound state (one of each color) seen white from outside strong force between quarks gets linearly bigger, when they are seperated quarks cannot be seperated from each other strong interaction forms immedeately new quark-antiquark-pairs, which bind to hadrons confinement Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
49 Hadrons and nuclear force Perturbative QCD Perturbative QCD calculations are done in the high-energy regime: Application in hadron-production at high-energy collider experiments e + q e γ Used in description of the production of quarks which later become hadronic jets. Perturbative QCD & hadronization important for calculation of jet properties q Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
50 Hadrons and nuclear force Long-range interaction The long-range force between quarks is non-perturbative and we have little secure knowledge there. Acknowledged model: gluons build a flux-tube between the quarks: This is also supported by numerical lattice calculations. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
51 Hadrons and nuclear force Long-range interaction The long-range force between quarks is non-perturbative and we have little secure knowledge there. Acknowledged model: gluons build a flux-tube between the quarks: This is also supported by numerical lattice calculations. This leads to a confining, linear potential: V (r) 4 α s + k r experimentally: k 0.9 GeV 3 r fm Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
52 Hadrons and nuclear force Long-range interaction The long-range force between quarks is non-perturbative and we have little secure knowledge there. Acknowledged model: gluons build a flux-tube between the quarks: This is also supported by numerical lattice calculations. This leads to a confining, linear potential: V (r) 4 α s + k r experimentally: k 0.9 GeV 3 r fm Tubes break up when energy is high enough to build new hadrons On this (approximative) basis, hadronization into jets can be described quantitatively Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
53 Hadrons and nuclear force Yukawa-theory of nuclear interaction What is now the origin of the binding force between protons and neutrons in a nucleus? Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
54 Hadrons and nuclear force Yukawa-theory of nuclear interaction What is now the origin of the binding force between protons and neutrons in a nucleus? force-carriers are not gluons (nucleons would interchange color problems with confinement) Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
55 Hadrons and nuclear force Yukawa-theory of nuclear interaction What is now the origin of the binding force between protons and neutrons in a nucleus? force-carriers are not gluons (nucleons would interchange color problems with confinement) nuclear binding force is intermediated by color-neutral (white), virtual pions Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
56 Hadrons and nuclear force Yukawa-theory of nuclear interaction Pions are bosons and have zero spin (scalar particles). Nuclear interaction by pions can be described as effective theory, by using quantum field theory with a scalar intermediating particle: Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
57 Hadrons and nuclear force Yukawa-theory of nuclear interaction Pions are bosons and have zero spin (scalar particles). Nuclear interaction by pions can be described as effective theory, by using quantum field theory with a scalar intermediating particle: One can derive the potential between two nucleons, the Yukawa-potential: V Yuk (r) = g 2 e mπr r Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
58 Hadrons and nuclear force Yukawa-theory of nuclear interaction Pions are bosons and have zero spin (scalar particles). Nuclear interaction by pions can be described as effective theory, by using quantum field theory with a scalar intermediating particle: One can derive the potential between two nucleons, the Yukawa-potential: V Yuk (r) = g 2 e mπr r So nuclear interaction is a remnant of the strong QCD-force, that binds quarks to hadrons. (This is somehow analog to the el.-mag. van-der-waals force between two atoms.) 1 The potential is localized with a typical range of few fm, what explains the nuclear m π binding force Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
59 Nonperturbative Ascpects Outlook 1 History of strong interaction physics 2 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) Review of QED QCD - The theory Fundamental properties of QCD Hadrons and nuclear force 3 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
60 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Nonperturbative Ascpects Now let s consider some nonperturbative aspects of QCD Non-perturbative regime governs the long-distance -physics (radius of hadrons). Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
61 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Nonperturbative Ascpects Now let s consider some nonperturbative aspects of QCD Non-perturbative regime governs the long-distance -physics (radius of hadrons). Take e.g. proton and neutron: build of three quarks with masses few MeV, but m p, m n 940 MeV 99% of the nucleon masses comes from non-perturbative quark-gluon interactions Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
62 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Nonperturbative Ascpects Now let s consider some nonperturbative aspects of QCD Non-perturbative regime governs the long-distance -physics (radius of hadrons). Take e.g. proton and neutron: build of three quarks with masses few MeV, but m p, m n 940 MeV 99% of the nucleon masses comes from non-perturbative quark-gluon interactions Properties of hadrons can (still) not be calculated in a fundamental way from the theory. But there are some approximate methods. following slides Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
63 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Pion decay Consider the leptonic decay of the pion: ū π d W ν µ µ Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
64 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Pion decay Consider the leptonic decay of the pion: ū π d W ν µ µ The matrix element can be factorized into hadronic and leptonic part: M = G F 2 µ νµ dγµγ 5 u µγ µ (1 γ 5 )ν µ π = G F 2 0 dγµγ 5 u π µ νµ µγ µ (1 γ 5 )ν µ 0 Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
65 Nonperturbative Ascpects Some fundamental aspects Pion decay Consider the leptonic decay of the pion: ū π d W ν µ µ The matrix element can be factorized into hadronic and leptonic part: M = G F 2 µ νµ dγµγ 5 u µγ µ (1 γ 5 )ν µ π = G F 2 0 dγµγ 5 u π µ νµ µγ µ (1 γ 5 )ν µ 0 The hadronic part is not perturbatively calculable and parametrized by the pion decay constant f π, the simplest example of a non-perturbative quantity: 0 dγµγ 5 u π(q) = i f π q µ Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
66 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Used methods Today there are mainly two methods used for non-perturbative calculations: Lattice-QCD QCD Sum Rules Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
67 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Used methods Today there are mainly two methods used for non-perturbative calculations: Lattice-QCD QCD Sum Rules Lattice-QCD: The quark and gluon fields are approximated on a discrete space-time lattice. Using the Lagrangian of QCD there can be made numerical calculation of hadronic parameters and observables. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
68 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Used methods Today there are mainly two methods used for non-perturbative calculations: Lattice-QCD QCD Sum Rules Lattice-QCD: The quark and gluon fields are approximated on a discrete space-time lattice. Using the Lagrangian of QCD there can be made numerical calculation of hadronic parameters and observables. Needs very much computer power to calculate. (So could only be done since computers became fast enough.) Good results, but difficult and long work. Reliable error estimates are still a problem. Intensive work today and in the future. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
69 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods QCD Sum Rules My working field: QCD Sum Rules A longer practiced method (since 1979) than Lattice-QCD. Analytical calculation of non-perturbative parameters. Easiest example: Calculation of the B-Meson decay constant f B (analog to f π) m b 0 q i γ 5 b B(q) = m 2 B f B Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
70 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Scetch of the Calculation of f B Consider the 2-point correlator: 0 b(x)γ 5 q(x) q(0)γ 5 b(0) 0 Can be perturbatively calculated with higher orders in α s and estimates of non-perturbative contributions Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
71 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Scetch of the Calculation of f B Consider the 2-point correlator: 0 b(x)γ 5 q(x) q(0)γ 5 b(0) 0 Can be perturbatively calculated with higher orders in α s and estimates of non-perturbative contributions One can put in a full set of intermediate (hadronic) states: 1 = P h h h X h h h 0 b(x)γ5 q(x) h h def. q(0)γ5 b(0) 0 = fb Compare both expressions and do some mathematics and approximations... Sum Rule for f B Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
72 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Summary Summary: QCD is the fundamental theory of the strong interaction One of the two parts of the Standard Model (beside the Electroweak theory) Completely other structure like QED, asymptotic freedom and confinement. Non-perturbative effects make many difficulties. Nevertheless the theory is extremely successful. Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
73 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Summary Summary: QCD is the fundamental theory of the strong interaction One of the two parts of the Standard Model (beside the Electroweak theory) Completely other structure like QED, asymptotic freedom and confinement. Non-perturbative effects make many difficulties. Nevertheless the theory is extremely successful. If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking upon creation, I would have recommended something simpler. - King Alphonse X. of Castille and Léon ( ), on having the Ptolemaic system of epicycles explained to him Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
74 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Summary Summary: QCD is the fundamental theory of the strong interaction One of the two parts of the Standard Model (beside the Electroweak theory) Completely other structure like QED, asymptotic freedom and confinement. Non-perturbative effects make many difficulties. Nevertheless the theory is extremely successful. Unsolved problems: If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking upon creation, I would have recommended something simpler. - King Alphonse X. of Castille and Léon ( ), on having the Ptolemaic system of epicycles explained to him New quark matter: pentaquarks, glue-balls, quark-gluon-plasma,... Calculations in non-perturbative range Confinement in QCD still couldn t be strictly proved Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
75 Nonperturbative Ascpects Short summary of non-perturbative methods Summary Summary: QCD is the fundamental theory of the strong interaction One of the two parts of the Standard Model (beside the Electroweak theory) Completely other structure like QED, asymptotic freedom and confinement. Non-perturbative effects make many difficulties. Nevertheless the theory is extremely successful. Unsolved problems: If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking upon creation, I would have recommended something simpler. - King Alphonse X. of Castille and Léon ( ), on having the Ptolemaic system of epicycles explained to him New quark matter: pentaquarks, glue-balls, quark-gluon-plasma,... Calculations in non-perturbative range Confinement in QCD still couldn t be strictly proved Millenium-problem: Win 1 Mio. $! Christoph Klein (Universität Siegen) QCD and strong interaction Doktorandenseminar / 28
Introduction to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
Introduction to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) Jianwei Qiu Theory Center, Jefferson Lab May 29 June 15, 2018 Lecture One The plan for my four lectures q The Goal: To understand the strong interaction dynamics
Particle Physics. All science is either physics or stamp collecting and this from a 1908 Nobel laureate in Chemistry
Particle Physics JJ Thompson discovered electrons in 1897 Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911 and the proton in 1919 (idea of gold foil expt) All science is either physics or stamp collecting
Quantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin
Quantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin Outline The Four Fundamental Forces The Strong Force History of the Strong Force What These People Did Experimental Support 1 Fundamental Forces
Fundamental Particles and Forces
Fundamental Particles and Forces A Look at the Standard Model and Interesting Theories André Gras PHYS 3305 SMU 1 Overview Introduction to Fundamental Particles and Forces Brief History of Discovery The
The Gauge Principle Contents Quantum Electrodynamics SU(N) Gauge Theory Global Gauge Transformations Local Gauge Transformations Dynamics of Field Ten
Lecture 4 QCD as a Gauge Theory Adnan Bashir, IFM, UMSNH, Mexico August 2013 Hermosillo Sonora The Gauge Principle Contents Quantum Electrodynamics SU(N) Gauge Theory Global Gauge Transformations Local
Discovery of Pions and Kaons in Cosmic Rays in 1947
Discovery of Pions and Kaons in Cosmic Rays in 947 π + µ + e + (cosmic rays) Points to note: de/dx Bragg Peak Low de/dx for fast e + Constant range (~600µm) (i.e. -body decay) small angle scattering Strange
The Strong Interaction and LHC phenomenology
The Strong Interaction and LHC phenomenology Juan Rojo STFC Rutherford Fellow University of Oxford Theoretical Physics Graduate School course Lecture 2: The QCD Lagrangian, Symmetries and Feynman Rules
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 7
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 7 Frank Krauss IPPP Durham U Durham, Epiphany term 2009 Outline 1 Deep-inelastic scattering and the structure of protons 2 Elastic scattering Scattering on extended
Evidence for the Strong Interaction
Evidence for the Strong Interaction Scott Wilbur Scott Wilbur Evidence for the Strong Interaction 1 Overview Continuing search inside fundamental particles Scott Wilbur Evidence for the Strong Interaction
The Strong Interaction and LHC phenomenology
The Strong Interaction and LHC phenomenology Juan Rojo STFC Rutherford Fellow University of Oxford Theoretical Physics Graduate School course Introduction and motivation: QCD and modern high-energy physics
Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles
Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.00pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.00pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 10.00am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15
Lecture 8. September 21, General plan for construction of Standard Model theory. Choice of gauge symmetries for the Standard Model
Lecture 8 September 21, 2017 Today General plan for construction of Standard Model theory Properties of SU(n) transformations (review) Choice of gauge symmetries for the Standard Model Use of Lagrangian
Overview. The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions.
Overview The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions. Our understanding is about to take a giant leap.. the Large Hadron Collider
AN OVERVIEW OF QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PHYS575 FARRAH TAN 12/10/2015
AN OVERVIEW OF QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PHYS575 FARRAH TAN 12/10/2015 1 AGENDA SOME DEFINITIONS (QCD, FUNDAMENTAL FORCES) SOME HISTORY (THEORY, SLAC) GAUGE THEORY FLAVORS AND COLORS
The symmetries of QCD (and consequences)
The symmetries of QCD (and consequences) Sinéad M. Ryan Trinity College Dublin Quantum Universe Symposium, Groningen, March 2018 Understand nature in terms of fundamental building blocks The Rumsfeld
Essential Physics II. Lecture 14:
Essential Physics II E II Lecture 14: 18-01-16 Last lecture of EP2! Congratulations! This was a hard course. Be proud! Next week s exam Next Monday! All lecture slides on course website: http://astro3.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~tasker/teaching/ep2
An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics
An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics W. N. COTTINGHAM and D. A. GREENWOOD Ж CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Preface. page xiii Notation xv 1 The particle physicist's view of Nature
Lecture II. QCD and its basic symmetries. Renormalisation and the running coupling constant
Lecture II QCD and its basic symmetries Renormalisation and the running coupling constant Experimental evidence for QCD based on comparison with perturbative calculations The road to QCD: SU(3) quark model
1 Introduction. 1.1 The Standard Model of particle physics The fundamental particles
1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, it gives an overview of the fundamental particles and the relationship
Particle Physics Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes.
Particle Physics 12.3.1 Outline the concept of antiparticles and give examples 12.3.2 Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes. Every
Quark Model. Ling-Fong Li. (Institute) Note 8 1 / 26
Quark Model Ling-Fong Li (Institute) Note 8 1 / 6 QCD Quark Model Isospin symmetry To a good approximation, nuclear force is independent of the electric charge carried by the nucleons charge independence.
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
The SU(3) Group SU(3) and Mesons Contents Quarks and Anti-quarks SU(3) and Baryons Masses and Symmetry Breaking Gell-Mann Okubo Mass Formulae Quark-Mo
Lecture 2 Quark Model The Eight Fold Way Adnan Bashir, IFM, UMSNH, Mexico August 2014 Culiacán Sinaloa The SU(3) Group SU(3) and Mesons Contents Quarks and Anti-quarks SU(3) and Baryons Masses and Symmetry
This means that n or p form a doublet under isospin transformation. Isospin invariance simply means that. [T i, H s ] = 0
![This means that n or p form a doublet under isospin transformation. Isospin invariance simply means that. [T i, H s ] = 0](/thumbs/93/113369586.jpg "This means that n or p form a doublet under isospin transformation. Isospin invariance simply means that. [T i, H s ] = 0")
1 QCD 1.1 Quark Model 1. Isospin symmetry In early studies of nuclear reactions, it was found that, to a good approximation, nuclear force is independent of the electromagnetic charge carried by the nucleons
Fundamental Forces. David Morrissey. Key Concepts, March 15, 2013
Fundamental Forces David Morrissey Key Concepts, March 15, 2013 Not a fundamental force... Also not a fundamental force... What Do We Mean By Fundamental? Example: Electromagnetism (EM) electric forces
Kern- und Teilchenphysik II Lecture 1: QCD
Kern- und Teilchenphysik II Lecture 1: QCD (adapted from the Handout of Prof. Mark Thomson) Prof. Nico Serra Dr. Marcin Chrzaszcz Dr. Annapaola De Cosa (guest lecturer) www.physik.uzh.ch/de/lehre/phy213/fs2017.html
Derivation of Electro Weak Unification and Final Form of Standard Model with QCD and Gluons 1 W W W 3
Derivation of Electro Weak Unification and Final Form of Standard Model with QCD and Gluons 1 W 1 + 2 W 2 + 3 W 3 Substitute B = cos W A + sin W Z 0 Sum over first generation particles. up down Left handed
Quantum Chromodynamics at LHC
Quantum Chromodynamics at LHC Zouina Belghobsi LPTh, Université de Jijel EPAM-2011, TAZA 26 Mars 03 Avril Today s high energy colliders past, present and future proton/antiproton colliders Tevatron (1987
Quark Model History and current status
Quark Model History and current status Manon Bischoff Heavy-Ion Seminar 2013 October 31, 2013 Manon Bischoff Quark Model 1 Outline Introduction Motivation and historical development Group theory and the
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
A.A. Godizov. Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
arxiv:1410.886v1 [hep-ph] 0 Oct 2014 QCD and nuclear physics. How to explain the coincidence between the radius of the strong interaction of nucleons and the characteristic scale of neutron-neutron electrostatic
Physics 7730: Particle Physics
Physics 7730: Particle Physics! Instructor: Kevin Stenson (particle physics experimentalist)! Office: Duane F317 (Gamow tower)! Email: kevin.stenson@colorado.edu! Phone: 303-492-1106! Web page: http://www-hep.colorado.edu/~stenson/!
Introduction to Elementary Particles
David Criffiths Introduction to Elementary Particles Second, Revised Edition WILEY- VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Preface to the First Edition IX Preface to the Second Edition XI Formulas and Constants
Quantum Field Theory 2 nd Edition
Quantum Field Theory 2 nd Edition FRANZ MANDL and GRAHAM SHAW School of Physics & Astromony, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication Contents Preface
DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING
DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING Electron scattering off nucleons (Fig 7.1): 1) Elastic scattering: E = E (θ) 2) Inelastic scattering: No 1-to-1 relationship between E and θ Inelastic scattering: nucleon gets
Chapter 46. Particle Physics and Cosmology
Chapter 46 Particle Physics and Cosmology Atoms as Elementary Particles Atoms From the Greek for indivisible Were once thought to be the elementary particles Atom constituents Proton, neutron, and electron
Introduction. Read: Ch 1 of M&S
Introduction What questions does this field address? Want to know the basic law of nature. Can we unify all the forces with one equation or one theory? Read: Ch 1 of M&S K.K. Gan L1: Introduction 1 Particle
Beyond the Quark Model: Tetraquarks and. Pentaquarks
Beyond the Quark Model: Tetraquarks and Pentaquarks in completion of Drexel University s Physics 502 Final Tyler Rehak March 15, 2016 The Standard Model of particle physics is continually being tested
Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1
August 28, 2002 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1 There are four known forces: gravity, electricity and magnetism (E&M), the weak force, and the strong force. Each is responsible
2007 Section A of examination problems on Nuclei and Particles
2007 Section A of examination problems on Nuclei and Particles 1 Section A 2 PHYS3002W1 A1. A fossil containing 1 gramme of carbon has a radioactivity of 0.03 disintegrations per second. A living organism
Particle Physics. Tommy Ohlsson. Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Particle Physics Tommy Ohlsson Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden International Baccalaureate T. Ohlsson (KTH) Particle Physics 1/
Kern- und Teilchenphysik I Lecture 13:Quarks and QCD
Kern- und Teilchenphysik I Lecture 13:Quarks and QCD (adapted from the Handout of Prof. Mark Thomson) Prof. Nico Serra Dr. Patrick Owen, Dr. Silva Coutinho http://www.physik.uzh.ch/de/lehre/phy211/hs2016.html
YANG-MILLS THEORY. This theory will be invariant under the following U(1) phase transformations
YANG-MILLS THEORY TOMAS HÄLLGREN Abstract. We give a short introduction to classical Yang-Mills theory. Starting from Abelian symmetries we motivate the transformation laws, the covariant derivative and
What are the Low-Q and Large-x Boundaries of Collinear QCD Factorization Theorems?
What are the Low-Q and Large-x Boundaries of Collinear QCD Factorization Theorems? Presented by Eric Moffat Paper written in collaboration with Wally Melnitchouk, Ted Rogers, and Nobuo Sato arxiv:1702.03955
The Electro-Strong Interaction
The Electro-Strong Interaction Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Lattice
Introduction to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
Introduction to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) Jianwei Qiu August 16 19, 018 Four Lectures The 3 rd WHEPS, August 16-4, 018, Weihai, Shandong q The Goal: The plan for my four lectures To understand the strong
The Role Of Magnetic Monopoles In Quark Confinement (Field Decomposition Approach)
The Role Of Magnetic Monopoles In Quark Confinement (Field Decomposition Approach) IPM school and workshop on recent developments in Particle Physics (IPP11) 2011, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh Deldar, University
Lecture PowerPoint. Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the
The God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012
The God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV Why is the Higgs particle
g abφ b = g ab However, this is not true for a local, or space-time dependant, transformations + g ab
Yang-Mills theory Modern particle theories, such as the Standard model, are quantum Yang- Mills theories. In a quantum field theory, space-time fields with relativistic field equations are quantized and,
Contents. 3 Protons and Other Hadrons in Quark Model Probing the Parton Structure in the Proton 37. iii
Contents 1 Introduction to QCD and the Standard Model 1 1.1 Quarks............................................ 1 1.2 Gluons and Quantum Chromodynamics......................... 3 1.3 Force Between Quarks,
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES CLASSIFICATION! BOSONS! QUARKS! FERMIONS! Gauge Bosons! Fermions! Strange and Charm! Top and Bottom! Up and Down!
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES CLASSIFICATION! BOSONS! --Bosons are generally associated with radiation and are sometimes! characterized as force carrier particles.! Quarks! Fermions! Leptons! (protons, neutrons)!
Particle Physics. Dr Victoria Martin, Spring Semester 2012 Lecture 10: QCD at Colliders
Particle Physics Dr Victoria Martin, Spring Semester 2012 Lecture 10: QCD at Colliders! Renormalisation in QCD!Asymptotic Freedom and Confinement in QCD! Lepton and Hadron Colliders!R = (e + e!!hadrons)/(e
Particle physics today. Giulia Zanderighi (CERN & University of Oxford)
Particle physics today Giulia Zanderighi (CERN & University of Oxford) Particle Physics Particle Physics is fundamental research, as opposed to many applied sciences (medicine, biology, chemistry, nano-science,
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 6
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 6 Frank Krauss IPPP Durham U Durham, Epiphany term 2009 Outline 1 Fermi s theory, once more 2 From effective to full theory: Weak gauge bosons 3 Massive gauge bosons:
Subatomic Physics: Particle Physics Study Guide
Subatomic Physics: Particle Physics Study Guide This is a guide of what to revise for the exam. The other material we covered in the course may appear in uestions but it will always be provided if reuired.
NUCLEAR FORCES. Historical perspective
NUCLEAR FORCES Figure 1: The atomic nucleus made up from protons (yellow) and neutrons (blue) and held together by nuclear forces. Nuclear forces (also known as nuclear interactions or strong forces) are
The God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012
The God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV I The Higgs boson
Chapter 32 Lecture Notes
Chapter 32 Lecture Notes Physics 2424 - Strauss Formulas: mc 2 hc/2πd 1. INTRODUCTION What are the most fundamental particles and what are the most fundamental forces that make up the universe? For a brick
Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology
Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Luis A. Anchordoqui Department of Physics and Astronomy Lehman College, City University of New York Lesson IX April 12, 2016 arxiv:0706.1988 L. A. Anchordoqui (CUNY)
Particle Physics I Lecture Exam Question Sheet
Particle Physics I Lecture Exam Question Sheet Five out of these 16 questions will be given to you at the beginning of the exam. (1) (a) Which are the different fundamental interactions that exist in Nature?
Two Fundamental Principles of Nature s Interactions
Two Fundamental Principles of Nature s Interactions Tian Ma, Shouhong Wang Supported in part by NSF, ONR and Chinese NSF http://www.indiana.edu/ fluid I. Gravity and Principle of Interaction Dynamics PID)
Electron-positron pairs can be produced from a photon of energy > twice the rest energy of the electron.
Particle Physics Positron - discovered in 1932, same mass as electron, same charge but opposite sign, same spin but magnetic moment is parallel to angular momentum. Electron-positron pairs can be produced
Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture)
261352 Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture) Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen The Institute for Fundamental Study, Naresuan University 1 Informations Lecturer Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen
Lecture 10. September 28, 2017
Lecture 10 September 28, 2017 The Standard Model s QCD theory Comments on QED calculations Ø The general approach using Feynman diagrams Ø Example of a LO calculation Ø Higher order calculations and running
Hadronic Resonances in a Hadronic Picture. Daisuke Jido (Nuclear physics group)
Daisuke Jido (Nuclear physics group) Hadrons (particles interacting with strong interactions) are composite objects of quarks and gluons. It has been recently suggested that the structures of some hadrons
7. QCD. Particle and Nuclear Physics. Dr. Tina Potter. Dr. Tina Potter 7. QCD 1
7. QCD Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 7. QCD 1 In this section... The stron vertex Colour, luons and self-interactions QCD potential, confinement Hadronisation, jets Runnin
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO HERA PHYSICS
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO HERA PHYSICS aim: get to exercises as soon as possible cover: HERA accelarator and experiments DIS kinematics, how to compare theory and data:mc generators ==> next step: use them!
Weak interactions and vector bosons
Weak interactions and vector bosons What do we know now about weak interactions? Theory of weak interactions Fermi's theory of weak interactions V-A theory Current - current theory, current algebra W and
LARGE N c QCD AND THE SKYRME MODEL
LARGE N c QCD AND THE SKYRME MODEL Norberto Scoccola (CNEA Buenos Aires). Introduction: Hadrons. QCD as the theory of strong interactions. Asymptotic freedom and confinement. Non-perturbative QCD 1/N c
The Physics of Particles and Forces David Wilson
The Physics of Particles and Forces David Wilson Particle Physics Masterclass 21st March 2018 Overview David Wilson (TCD) Particles & Forces 2/30 Overview of Hadron Spectrum Collaboration (HadSpec) scattering
Introduction to High Energy Nuclear Collisions I (QCD at high gluon density) Jamal Jalilian-Marian Baruch College, City University of New York
Introduction to High Energy Nuclear Collisions I (QCD at high gluon density) Jamal Jalilian-Marian Baruch College, City University of New York Many thanks to my colleagues, A. Deshpande, F. Gelis, B. Surrow
Hadron Physics & Quantum Chromodynamics Adnan Bashir, IFM, UMSNH, Mexico August 2013 Hermosillo Sonora
Hadron Physics & Quantum Chromodynamics Adnan Bashir, IFM, UMSNH, Mexico August 2013 Hermosillo Sonora Hadron Physics & QCD Part 1: First Encounter With Hadrons: Introduction to Mesons & Baryons, The Quark
The history of QCD. Anniversary
CERN Courier October 0 The history of QCD Harald Fritzsch, one of the pioneers of quantum chromodynamics, recalls some of the background to the development of the theory 40 years ago. n Y P About 60 years
Particle Physics. Lecture 11: Mesons and Baryons
Particle Physics Lecture 11: Mesons and Baryons Measuring Jets Fragmentation Mesons and Baryons Isospin and hypercharge SU(3) flavour symmetry Heavy Quark states 1 From Tuesday: Summary In QCD, the coupling
9.2.E - Particle Physics. Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks
+ 9.2.E - Particle Physics Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks + Atomic Size n While an atom is tiny, the nucleus is ten thousand times smaller than the atom and the quarks and electrons are at least
Part 7: Hadrons: quarks and color
FYSH3, fall Tuomas Lappi tuomas.v.v.lappi@jyu.fi Office: FL49. No fixed reception hours. kl Part 7: Hadrons: quarks and color Introductory remarks In the previous section we looked at the properties of
CHAPTER 14 Particle Physics
CHAPTER 14 Particle Physics 14.1 Early Discoveries 14.2 The Fundamental Interactions 14.3 Classification of Particles 14.4 Conservation Laws and Symmetries 14.5 Quarks 14.6 The Families of Matter 14.7
Hand of Anna Röntgen. From Life magazine,6 April 1896
FROM ELECTRONS TO QUARKS The development of Particle Physics QUARKNET 2001, FSU Laura Reina Outline ffl What is Particle Physics? ffl The origins of Particle Physics: the atom (p,e ), radioactivity, and
The Research Overview and Historical Review of. Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Structure
The Research Overview and Historical Review of Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Structure Yibing Qiu yibing.qiu@hotmail.com With regard to the nuclear basic constituents and overall structure, and the nuclear
Anomaly. Kenichi KONISHI University of Pisa. College de France, 14 February 2006
Anomaly Kenichi KONISHI University of Pisa College de France, 14 February 2006 Abstract Symmetry and quantization U A (1) anomaly and π 0 decay Origin of anomalies Chiral and nonabelian anomaly Anomally
Symmetry Groups conservation law quantum numbers Gauge symmetries local bosons mediate the interaction Group Abelian Product of Groups simple
Symmetry Groups Symmetry plays an essential role in particle theory. If a theory is invariant under transformations by a symmetry group one obtains a conservation law and quantum numbers. For example,
Interactions and Fields
Interactions and Fields Quantum Picture of Interactions Yukawa Theory Boson Propagator Feynman Diagrams Electromagnetic Interactions Renormalization and Gauge Invariance Strong Interactions Weak and Electroweak
High Energy Physics. Lecture 9. Deep Inelastic Scattering Scaling Violation. HEP Lecture 9 1
High Energy Physics Lecture 9 Deep Inelastic Scattering Scaling Violation HEP Lecture 9 1 Deep Inelastic Scattering: The reaction equation of DIS is written e+ p e+ X where X is a system of outgoing hadrons
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8. Natural Units
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8 Natural Units There are 4 primary SI units: three kinematical (meter, second, kilogram) and one electrical (Ampere 1 ) It is common in the
Quantum Numbers. Elementary Particles Properties. F. Di Lodovico c 1 EPP, SPA6306. Queen Mary University of London. Quantum Numbers. F.
Elementary Properties 1 1 School of Physics and Astrophysics Queen Mary University of London EPP, SPA6306 Outline Most stable sub-atomic particles are the proton, neutron (nucleons) and electron. Study
Structure of Hadrons. gluons. gluons
gluons Gluons are the exchange particles which couple to the color charge. They carry simultaneously color and anticolor. What is the total number of gluons? According to SU 3, 3x3 color combinations form
The Strong Interaction
The Strong Interaction What is the quantum of the strong interaction? The range is finite, ~ 1 fm. Therefore, it must be a massive boson. Yukawa theory of the strong interaction Relativistic equation for
Particle Physics Lectures Outline
Subatomic Physics: Particle Physics Lectures Physics of the Large Hadron Collider (plus something about neutrino physics) 1 Particle Physics Lectures Outline 1 - Introduction The Standard Model of particle
Particle physics: what is the world made of?
Particle physics: what is the world made of? From our experience from chemistry has told us about: Name Mass (kg) Mass (atomic mass units) Decreasing mass Neutron Proton Electron Previous lecture on stellar
Physics at Hadron Colliders Partons and PDFs
Physics at Hadron Colliders Partons and PDFs Marina Cobal Thanks to D. Bettoni Università di Udine 1 2 How to probe the nucleon / quarks? Scatter high-energy lepton off a proton: Deep-Inelastic Scattering
Elementary particles and typical scales in high energy physics
Elementary particles and typical scales in high energy physics George Jorjadze Free University of Tbilisi Zielona Gora - 23.01.2017 GJ Elementary particles and typical scales in HEP Lecture 1 1/18 Contents
A first trip to the world of particle physics
A first trip to the world of particle physics Itinerary Massimo Passera Padova - 13/03/2013 1 Massimo Passera Padova - 13/03/2013 2 The 4 fundamental interactions! Electromagnetic! Weak! Strong! Gravitational
Overview of Elementary Particle Physics
Overview of Elementary Particle Physics Michael Gold Physics 330 May 3, 2006 Overview of Elementary Particle Physics Rutherford e p elastic elastic scattering e p inelastic scattering zeus Parton model
The Proton Radius Puzzle and the Electro-Strong Interaction
The Proton Radius Puzzle and the Electro-Strong Interaction The resolution of the Proton Radius Puzzle is the diffraction pattern, giving another wavelength in case of muonic hydrogen oscillation for the
Electroweak Physics. Krishna S. Kumar. University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Electroweak Physics Krishna S. Kumar University of Massachusetts, Amherst Acknowledgements: M. Grunewald, C. Horowitz, W. Marciano, C. Quigg, M. Ramsey-Musolf, www.particleadventure.org Electroweak Physics
Lecture 02. The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Part I The Particles
Lecture 02 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Part I The Particles The Standard Model Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces Separates particles into categories Bosons (force carriers) Photon,
The Standard Model of Particle Physics
The Standard Model of Particle Physics Jesse Chvojka University of Rochester PARTICLE Program Let s s look at what it is Description of fundamental particles quarks and leptons Three out of Four (Forces)
Books: - Martin, B.R. & Shaw, G Particle Physics (Wiley) (recommended) - Perkins, D.H. Introduction to High Energy Physics (CUP) (advanced)
PC 3 Foundations of Particle Physics Lecturer: Dr F. Loebinger Books: - Martin, B.R. & Shaw, G Particle Physics (Wiley) (recommended) - Perkins, D.H. Introduction to High Energy Physics (CUP) (advanced)
Standard Model of Particle Physics SS 2013
Lecture: Standard Model of Particle Physics Heidelberg SS 13 Registration: https://uebungen.physik.uni-heidelberg.de/v/378 Experimental Tests of QED Part 1 1 Overview PART I Cross Sections and QED tests