Essential Physics II. Lecture 14:
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1 Essential Physics II E II Lecture 14:
2 Last lecture of EP2! Congratulations! This was a hard course. Be proud!
3 Next week s exam Next Monday! All lecture slides on course website: Remember your calculator! Dictionary is OK! (Phone is not) SHOW ALL WORKING!
4 Next week s exam 10 multiple choice questions (A) (B) (C) (D) thermodynamics 5 electromagnetism 2 modern physics Homework 40 % Attendance / clickers 20 % Exam 40 % Pass > 60 % Total 100 %
5 Next week s exam This is a question. (A) (B) B = F Ilsin = F l 1 I sin (C) (D) = 0.31N/m (15A) sin(25 ) = 49mT If this is wrong... But parts of this are right... You will get marks! SHOW YOUR WORKING!
6 Modern Physics Particle Physics
7 What are we made from? In 1924, Physicists thought the Universe was made from: 4 elementary particles Proton Cannot be divided. Not made from smaller particles. Neutron Electron Positron Neutrino charge (q) = 0 Electron antiparticle Same mass Opposite charge Every elementary particle has an antiparticle
8 What are we made from? In 1924, Physicists thought the Universe was made from: Electromagnetic radiation 4 Forces Photon Gravity Electromagnetic N P Nuclear N P e radioactive decay Weak
9 What are we made from? In 1924, Physicists thought the Universe was made from: 2 questions: How is it connected? Photon Forces N P Particles N e P Is this everything?
10 Forces as particles Lecture 12: Interaction between EM field and matter: EM field Matter Quantum theory EM field made from photon particles. But photons can also explain the electromagnetic force. Quantum electrodynamics
11 Forces as particles How do photons create a force? A ball is thrown between two boats.
12 Forces as particles How do photons create a force? A ball is thrown between two boats. Conservation of momentum: As green man throws the ball, he moves to the right As blue man catches the ball, he moves to the left The boats feel a repulsive force m b v b m B v B m B v B m b v b Men fight for the ball Boats feel an attractive force
13 Forces as particles How do photons create a force? 2 electrons are repelled (Coulomb force) by exchanging a photon
14 Forces as particles How do photons create a force? 2 electrons are repelled (Coulomb force) by exchanging a photon The electron and positron are attracted (Coulomb force) by exchanging a photon Quantum description of Coulomb force. Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
15 Forces as particles How about other forces? Gravity N P Nuclear N P e radioactive decay Weak Are all forces transmitted by particles?
16 Forces as particles How about other forces? The nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together in an atom s nucleus Without the nuclear force, the protons would be repelled by the Coulomb force. In 1935, Physicist Hideki Yukawa ( ) predicted the particle for the nuclear force. he called it a meson m e <m meson <m p Greek word for intermediate because he predicted the mass to be between the proton and electron: But does this particle exist?
17 Forces as particles Hunting particles: How do you look for a particle? Cosmic radiation: High energy particles from space. 1930s: only source of high energy particles (Now, we can use particle accelerators: ) American Physicist Carl Anderson? found particle with mass 207m e 1m e 207m e 2000m e This particle is named the muon. 2 types of muon were found: µ µ + Could this muon = the meson? (antiparticle)
18 Forces as particles µ meson µ The muon s mass ' predicted meson mass But the muon only interacted weakly with the nucleons (protons and neutrons) Cannot transmit nuclear force. The muon is not the meson. In 1947, Yukawa s meson was discovered (also in cosmic radiation). 1m e 270m e 2000m e This meson was named a pion 3 types of pions: + 0 positive negative neutral The name meson now means a particle with particular properties. A pion is a type of meson. Can we put all particles into groups?
19 Forces as particles Quiz Put these particles in order of mass (lightest to heaviest): (A) electron, pion, muon, proton (B) pion, electron, muon, proton (C) electron, muon, proton, pion (D) electron, muon, pion, proton (E) pion, electron, proton, muon
20 Classifying Particles By 1980, over 100 particles had been discovered. Could they be sorted into different particle types? Type 1: Leptons whatever lepton e electron e electron neutrino anti-particles µ muon µ muon neutrino tau tau neutrino Spin: 1 2 Leptons don t feel the nuclear force Wait! What is spin?
21 Spin Every particle has intrinsic properties: e.g. mass (m) Always the same Does not change charge spin (q) (s) Quantum mechanical property (not used in classical mechanics) Particles can have spin: 1 2 Fermions leptons are fermions 1 Bosons
22 Classifying Particles Type I1: Hadrons Force! Mesons spin: 1 includes... Bosons Force! pions + 0 eta rho K kaon... and others Hadrons DO feel the nuclear force 2 types of hadrons Baryons spin: includes Fermions (much higher mass than leptons) proton neutron lambda sigma... and others
23 Classifying Particles Type I1I: Gauge Bosons: Force carriers bosons Electromagnetic (QED) Photon (γ) Spin 1 N P Nuclear (strong) force Gluon (g) Spin 1 N P Weak force W and Z bosons Spin 1 e W + W Z Gravity????? Spin 1 WAIT! Isn t the carrier for a nuclear force a pion?! +
24 Classifying Particles Quiz Which is TRUE? (A) Mesons are bosons, baryons are fermions Fermions Bosons spin spin (B) Mesons are fermions, baryons are bosons (C) Mesons are fermions, baryons are fermions (D) Mesons are bosons, baryons are bosons
25 Classifying Particles Leptons Hadrons Mesons Gauge bosons electron muon tau electron neutrino anti-particles muon neutrino tau neutrino pions eta Baryons + 0 rho K kaon... and others photon gluon W + W Z W bosons Z boson Many many particles! proton sigma neutron lambda... and others Are these really elementary?
26 Quarks Are hadrons really elementary? No! They are made from quarks neutron proton
27 Quarks In 1964, physicists Murray Gell-Mann & George Zweig predicted quarks. They thought hadrons were made from 3 quarks: up quark Quarks carry fractional charge! u d s e 1 3 e 1 3 e spin 1 2 spin 1 2 spin 1 2 down quark strange quark Baryons 3 quarks : spin (1) 1 2 Mesons quark + anti-quark: u d s spin 1 anti-particles neutron (u, d, d) q =0 u d s proton (u,u,d) pion (u, anti-down) q =1
28 Quarks The real nuclear force Pions transmit the nuclear force, but they are made from quarks The real force is the strong force: Holds quarks together. transmitted by the gluon 3 more quarks were later found: 1974, the charm quark was discovered c 1977, the bottom quark was discovered b 1995, the top quark was discovered t
29 Quarks Quiz Which contains quarks? e.g. (A) Baryons proton neutron lambda sigma (B) Leptons e µ electron muon tau (C) Gauge Bosons e electron neutrino µ muon neutrino tau neutrino Photon Gluon W/Z bosons W + W Z
30 The Standard Model The discovery of quarks makes sorting particles much simpler! Gauge bosons Quarks u up d down c charm s strange t top b bottom photon Z Z boson These particles are called The Standard Model Leptons e electron neutrino e electron µ muon neutrino µ muon tau neutrino tau W W boson g gluon (+ anti-particles) H Higgs boson Gives particles mass Discovered July 2012
31 Are we done? In 2012, the Higgs boson was discovered. This was the LAST particle predicted by the Standard Model. H Higgs boson So... does this explain all Particle Physics? Professor Naoyuki Haba (Hokkaido University) No! The Standard Model leaves questions...
32 Are we done? Problem 1: 3 groups of particles: 3 generations mass increase Quarks u up d down c charm s strange t top b bottom Difference between generations is mass Why 3? Why not 4? Leptons e electron neutrino e electron µ muon neutrino µ muon tau neutrino tau or 2? The Standard Model cannot explain this.
33 Are we done? Problem 2: Gauge bosons photon Z Z boson W W boson g gluon G? Graviton? Electromagnetic force Weak force Strong force What about gravity? Is there a graviton? Einstein s theory of General Relativity Amazingly accurate for gravity But uses bending of space-time Not quantum!???
34 Are we done? Problem 3: What is dark matter? Only ~4% of the Universe is made from atoms ~ 75% is energy ~ 21% is... something else?? The Standard Model has no possible particle for dark matter!
35 The Standard Model Quiz What do you need to build a simple Universe? (A) protons, neutrons, electrons (B) protons, electrons, muons (C) electrons, pions, Higgs (D) pions, mesons, muons
36 The Standard Model Quiz At the start of the 20th Century (~1930s), where did physicists find new particles? (A) particle accelerators (B) from the sun (northern lights) (C) cosmic rays (D) deep underground
37 The Standard Model Quiz What properties did physicist use to classify (sort) the particle zoo? (A) mass, size, colour, charge (B) charge, shape, spin, density (C) lifetime, charge, colour, density (D) mass, charge, spin, lifetime
38 The Standard Model Quiz How was the particle zoo simplified (less elementary particles)? (A) Electrons actually not particles (B) Many particles were found to be the same (C) Quarks predicted (D) Many particles actually molecules
39 The Standard Model Quiz What is the force carrier for the electromagnetic force? (A) meson (B) photon (C) gluon (D) W and Z bosons
40 The Standard Model Quiz What is the elementary force carrier for the strong force? (A) meson (B) pion (C) gluon (D) W and Z bosons
41 The Standard Model Quiz What was the Holy Grail of particle physics? (A) Dark matter (B) The graviton (C) The gluon (D) The Higgs boson
42 Good luck!
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