Water The reference for liquid food.

Transcription

1 Water The reference for liquid food

2 History Anton Paar, master locksmith, starts a one-man business Margarethe Platzer: The first female master locksmith in Styria Physica/Stuttgart becomes a 100 % sister company of Anton Paar GmbH Dr. Friedrich Santner joins U. Santner as managing director from Manufacture of gages and precision appliances First scientific instrument: Kratky X-ray small angle scattering camera Anton Paar KG; U. Santner joins the company after studying at the Technical University, Graz Formation of two new subsidiaries Anton Paar Benelux BVBA and Anton Paar France SAS Ulrich Santner becomes chairman of the newly formed Board of Directors. Friedrich Santner continues as managing director First digital density meter (oscillating U-tube principle) presented at the ACHEMA exhibition Change to a limited liability company 2004 The Santner Foundation becomes the new owner of the Anton Paar GmbH. Formation of a new subsidary: Anton Paar Mexico S.A. 2

3 Profile Established: 1922 Ownership: Santner Foundation Management: Managing director: Dr. Friedrich Santner Chairman of the Board: Ulrich Santner Employees: Net turnover (2004) Export rate: > 90 % > 450 in Austria > 600 worldwide 60 million EURO Increase in turnover: % Sales network: R&D expenditure: > 100 sales representatives worldwide 10 sales companies and partnerships 1 sales office in Buenos Aires for support of regional representatives > 20 % of the turnover Quality management: ISO 9001:2000 3

4 Company structure Anton Paar Limited Hertford Anton Paar Benelux BVBA Sint-Martens-Latem Anton Paar France SAS Courtabeouf Anton Paar Germany GmbH Ostfildern/Stuttgart Anton Paar USA Inc. VA, Ashland Anton Paar Hungary Kft. Veszprem Anton Paar GmbH Graz Anton Paar Mexico SA Mexico City Metrohm Siam Ltd. Bangkok Anton Paar Others Anton Paar Rep Office Latin America, Buenos Aires MEP Instruments PTY Ltd. Sydney, NSW 4

5 Anton Paar product portfolio Density and Concentration Measurement of Liquids and Gases Sample Preparation & Microwave Synthesis Rheometry & Viscometry X-ray Structure Analysis Colloid Science Microhardness Testing Subcontracting 5

6 Where we use water as a reference point Density Sound velocity Refractive index Alcohol determination Carbon dioxide in beverages 6

7 Density determination - Formula formula: ρ = Masse Volumen units [g/cm 3 ] = [1000 kg/m 3 ] examples: (at 20 C) air: g/cm 3 water: g/cm 3 mercury: g/cm 3 steel: 8.0 g/cm 3 brass: 8.4 g/cm 3 7

8 Density determination - Methods hydrostatic balance 8

9 Density determination - Methods pycnometer: kgkg areometer (hydrometer): oscillating u-tube: P t 9

10 Oscillating U-tube - Principle U-tube filled with air: U-tube filled with water: P P t t low density high frequency high density low frequency the characteristic frequency of an oscillating U-tube depends on the density of the sample in the U-tube 10

11 Mass - Spring - Model c f = 1 2π M c + ρ V P = 2π M + ρ V c ρ = P 2 4π c 2 V M V ρ = A x P 2 -B A B ρ, V M f... Frequency c... Spring constant M... Mass ρ... Density P... Oscillation period V... Volume 11

12 Adjustment with air and water ρ [g/cm 3 ] Water Air Density standards at 20 C: Oscillation period 2 Air = g/cm 3 Water = g/cm 3 12

13 Origin of oscillating U-tube method oscillation excitation sample volume frequency counter counter mass 13

14 Oscillating U-tube Density Sensor Oscillating U-tube Pt 100 probe Reference oscillator Optical pick-ups Piezo-electric actuator 14

15 Anomaly of water - Density [g/cm³] Density - anomaly of pure water [ C]

16 Sound velocity - principle Length ~ 5mm Sound velocity measuring cell Transmitter Receiver Sample Electronics Period of the sound velocity cell 16

17 Anomaly of water Sound velocity sound velocity - anomaly of pure water 1560 [m/s] [ C]

18 Measuring cells Density & Sound velocity Insulation Density cell Piezo Peltier thermostat Sound velocity cell 18

19 Application for sulfuric acid Density measurement Sound velocity measurement Density measurement Sound velocity measurement 1600 Density [g/cm 3 ] Sound velocity [m/s] % H 2 SO 4 Concentration [%] % Oleum Density Sound velocity 19

20 Application for sugar inversion Sucrose (Saccharose) Glucose Fructose 20

21 Application for sugar inversion Sucrose Sucrose inverted m... measuring point i... increase of sound velocitiy d... densitiy number s... sound velocity number 21

22 Refractive index - principle Snellius 1615: sin α sin β = nd 22

23 Anomaly of water Refractive index [nd] refractive index - "anomaly" of pure water [ C]

24 Application in the brewing process Extract Extract Alcohol Extrakt Alcohol 24 time Density

25 Infrared - principle Intensity Io Sample Intensity I Polychromator & Detector IR source I < Io due to absorption 25

26 NIR Spectra of Ethanol and Water 100 water absorption coefficient (cm -1 ) ethanol wavelength (nm) 26

27 Baseline Evaluation Method A (λ 2 ) A A (λ 3 ) Absorbance A (λ 1 ) A BL (λ 2 ) λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 Wavelength 27

28 Some methods for CO 2 determination Multiple Volume Expansion Method Gravimetric method Pressure and temperature measurement Opto-chemical sensors Titrimetric Method Infra Red Techniques O C O Gas sensing electrodes Gas Chromatography 28

29 Multiple Volume Expansion Method What happens in the measuring chamber? Measuring Chamber Stirrer Piston moves downward for volume expansion 29

30 Multiple Volume Expansion Method What happens in the measuring chamber? Head Space Measuring Chamber Stirrer Piston moves downward for volume expansion 30

31 How does the Multiple Volume Expansion Method work? The measuring chamber is completely filled with sample and sealed The volume of the measuring chamber is expanded Pressure and temperature equilibrium are generated Equilibrium pressure and temperature are measured The measuring chamber volume is further expanded, equilibrium is generated and pressure and temperature are measured again The two pressures/temperatures are used for CO 2 determination and dissolved air compensation 31

32 Fundamental gas laws in beverage CO 2 measurement cco 2 = ξco 2 * pco 2 Henry s law (1803) p tot = pco 2 + pair + ph 2 O Dalton s law (1801) m = (p*m*v)/(r*t*z) "Real" gas law c concentration ξ. absorption/solubility p pressure m mass M molar mass V volume R gas constant Z compressibility factor T temperature 32

33 CO 2 absorption coefficient/solubility CO 2 solubility ξ is influenced by temperature sugar alcohol acids & flavours dissolved air etc. CO 2 solubility in beverages is up to 20% lower than it is in pure water! 33

34 Multiple Volume Expansion Method If there is only CO 2 dissolved in the beverage: Multiple Volume Expansion Method Arbitrary Pressure Units % Volume Expansion CO2 pressure 34

35 The solubility of CO 2 in beverages is high! In the beginning After the first volume expansion step: 110% After the second volume expansion step: 130% Dissolved CO 2 35

36 Multiple Volume Expansion Method If there is CO 2 and other gases (air) dissolved in the beverage: Multiple Volume Expansion Method Arbitrary Pressure Units % Volume Expansion CO2 pressure Air pressure 36

37 The solubilities of CO 2 and air are different! In the beginning After the first volume expansion step: 110% After the second volume expansion step: 130% Dissolved air Dissolved CO 2 37

38 3. Multiple Volume Expansion Method Multiple Volume Expansion Method Multiple Volume Expansion Method Arbitrary Pressure Units CO2 pressure Air pressure CO2 & air % Volume Expansion In the presence of air the determined CO 2 content is too high! 38

39 Thanks to the ubiquity of water we have an easy and available reference liquid everywhere and thank you very much for your attention 39