EUFAR - EUropean Facility for Airborne Research. Radars. Francesco Cairo Istituto di Scienze dell Atmosfera e del Clima
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1 EUFAR - EUopean Failiy fo Aibone Reseah Radas Faneso Caio Isiuo di Sienze dell Aosfea e del Clia f.aio@isa.n.i TETRAD aining ouse 0-8 Sepebe 00 Hyèes Fane
2 RADAR RAdio Deeion And Ranging Aive eoe sensing insuen like LIDARs Fis eeoologial appliaions in 935 Fis pulsed RADAR duing WWII Fis Dopple appliaion in he 70 Fis polaiei appliaions in 976 Opeaive newoks esablished in he 80 To dee pesene posiion speed of objes ages by adio o o io o waves Fo eeoologial RADARs he age ae loud pailes and hydoeeos
3 Meeoologial RADARs W Band: MHz; VQ Band: MHz; Ka Band: MHz; K Band: MHz;.-.7 Ku Band: MHz;.7-.4
4 RADAR shee A pulsed bea is ansied ino he aosphee
5 Saeing fo a fa obje Elei field a disane E i A i i θ e i k ω e e i
6 Le s suppose ineaion wih a single saee and negle depolaizaion effes hen a he ada eeiving anenna: 80 s d k i e k A S E ω ω ϕ θ Le s assue he ansie phase and saees phase shif ae onsan.
7 Fo field o powe densiies Powe densiy ove a yle a a disane wih aenuaion aenuaion A he eeive deeo afe saeing l G P f P e l l G f P E P b d k π λ σ θ θ θ π η 80 4 b k S π σ 0 ϑ ϕ π η ϑ ϕ i f l PG A
8 Rada equivalen seion of a efleion sphee Rayleigh egion D<0λ σ - D 6 /λ 4 Opial egion σ D
9
10 fo any saees b D b l dv G P f P dv dd D D π π π λ η ϕ θ ϕ θ σ η σ Unde he assupion of single inoheen saeings If he ada esoluion lengh τ and he esoluion volue is sall and he anenna paen is Gaussian and syei 3 6 ln 4 l C l PG P η π τπθ η λ
11 A bi of jagon; RADAR efleiviy P CZ Z [ 6-3 ] is he Refleiviy Fao ofen expessed logaiially ZdBZ 0 log 0 Z Clohiaux e al. 995
12 visualizaion Slan pahs Plan PosiionIndiao given elevaion all aziuh Veial uains RangeHeighIindiao elevaion san fixed aziuh Daa ouesy L. Baldini
13 Veial oss seions Consan Aliude Plan Posiion Indiao
14 Rada Reeive Fo he anenna he e.. signal passes o a ixe and peaplifie ha Tansfo he high aie fequeny ω o al lowe one ω i Podue a signal volage popoional o he saeed field Fo a single saee: Inoheen deeion V i k ω i ωd s V e ω / d πv λ Coheen Dopple deeion: allow he deeinaion of he phase of he eeived signal; Fo phase vaiaion i is possible o infe he adial veloiy
15 Dopple Rada In wo I and Q deodulaos o ge id of he fequeny ω i he signal is uliplied by wo efeene volages a quae ou of phase oiginaed by a saple of he ansied signal hen low pass fileed o obain: sin sin os os s i s i s d s i s i s d T T V k V Q T T V k V I τ θ τ ω τ θ τ ω The I and Q volage apliudes ae a epesenaion of he saeed e.. field. Thei Vaiabiliy enable o podue powe spea. The isananeous powe a he anenna is popoional o : Q C I P
16 fo one o any saees e.. field fo one saee: e.. field fo any: Powe eeived: [ s d k i A e E ω ω k i s d e A E [ ω ω M j j T n n k i n A R P M P e A A A R E E R P M n s s n d d n 0 ] [ 0 0 li ω ω The fis e onains he infoaion on he oal oss seion. The seond e disappea ove long aveaging ove any pulses.
17 Fo one o any saees A he deodulaos oupu: s d s d k V Q k V I sin os ω ω Cloiaux e al. 00 Siulaion wih a fall speed depending on he diaee
18 Soe saisial popeies The eainde of k MODπ is unifoly disibued ove 0 π Cosines and sines ae ando vaiables undifoly disibued beween - and C. L. Th. Thei su ends o be gaussian disibued aound 0 p[ I ] e I / σ Q / σ πσ ; p[ Q ] e πσ
19 Soe saisial popeies I and I-L show a degee of oelaion if L is no oo lage I and Q ae no oelaed I and QL show a degee of oelaion if L is no oo lage Cloiaux e al. 00 The insuen noise is gaussian disibued bu is unoelaed
20 Soe saisial popeies 3 and I Q e p[ I Q ] p[ I ] p[ Q ] πσ / σ The powe pobabiliy densiy is exponenial wih peak pobabiliy 0 and ean value σ And fo aveages of powe saples: p[ P ] p[ P ] P P 0 P e / P 0 Fo P we eieve infoaions abou η hene he quaniy and loaion of loud pailes.
21 Dopple oens Use I and Q as he eal and oplex aay inpu fo a FFT bings he powe densiy speu SωS4πv/λ τ fixes he ax and in eievable veloiy. Τ fixes he in veloiy ineen
22 Dopple oens / / / / S v v S v v no v no n n n n σ Mean powe weighed adian speed Speal widh These quaniies ogehe wih he eeived powe zeo oen ae he ada obsevables deliveed by a Dopple syse.
23 Pulse Pai oelaion Pulse Pai auoovaiane ehnique: [ ] [ ] aan... * e i i e i e R R R R R I Q Q I R Q Q I I R V V R iq I V
24 Mean baksae-weighed adial veloiy: Speal widh: π λ T v 4 noise V S R S T v ln π λ σ
25 Clohiaux e al 995 Refleiviies and veial speeds
26 wha we have skippd Z- Peipiaion Inensiy; - Cloud Liquid/Ie wae onen The effe of aenuaion negligible in S band no so a shoe wavelenghs Geoefeeiabiliy vaiabiliy of efaive index wih heigh Polaiei easueens Soues of eos; iniu deeable signal Calibaion issues E e
27 To lean oe BingiV.. and V.Chandaseka 00: Polaiei Dopple Weahe Rada: Piniples and Appliaions. Cabidge Univesiy Pess 636 pp. Doviak D.S. and Zni D. Dopple ada and weahe obsevaions. Seond ediion Aadei Pess993. Clohiaux e al. Gound Based Reoe Sensing of Cloud Popeies using Milliee Wave Rada Edied by RashkeE. Radiaion and Wae in Cliae Syse ao ASI Seies Spinge-Velag996.
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