TR-20 (VOL.1) JUNE 1976 FALLOUT RADIATION SHIELDING - L Q ~,~ .; y R p. Cn. ,CEcn- DEFENSE AGENCY 4?4 1.,! YOP WASHINGTON, D.C. ,,I (:./.
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1 n P, W TR-20 (VOL.1) JUNE 1976 L FALLOUT RADATON SHELDNG - L Q.; y R p > ~,~ Cn.,CEcn- O T, 4uG1p CVL, 3. 1 li af 4?4 1.,! YOP DEFENSE PREPAREDNESS AGENCY a.i WASHNGTON, D.C.,, (:././
2 u PREFACE This manual revises and supersedes TR-20 (volume 1) dated June 1968, and changes 1, 21 and 3 thereto, as well as appendix C, which may be used. n this revision, some of the highly theoretical materials have been reduced to simple explanations in order to aid the analyst in developing a sense of qual itative interpretation unencumbered by rigorous mathematical expressions. The radiation shielding analysis methodology is developed in logical order, with many ilustrative problems designed to emphasize particular stages of development and methods for solution. Where appropriate, study questions and problems have been included. These have been designed to give the analyst a means for testing his knowledge. Although most students of shielding analysis have sufficient background in nuclear physics through formal courses of instruction, a brief, basic review of the subject matter is provided in appendix A of this manual. 1 P
3 . CONTENTS GENERAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 1-1 ntroduction Nuclear and Conventional Explosions Compared 1-3 Nuclear Processes Types of Nuclear Explosions Characteristics of Nuclear Explosions NUCLEAR RADATON AND FALLOUT ntroduction... Nuclear Radiation... nitial Radiation... Residual Radiation... Fallout... Measurement of Radioactivity... Dose and Dose Rate Calculations... Biological Effects of Gamma Radiation BASC CONCEPTS N FALLOUT RADATON SHELDNG lntroduct ion... Radiation Emergent From a Barrier... Barrier Effectiveness vs. Photon Energy... Mass Thickness... The Standard Standard Detector Response Evaluated Qualitatively Protected Detector Response Evaluated Qualitatively... Protection Factor... The Essence of Shelter Analysis... Sol id Angle Fraction FALLOUT SHELTER ANALYSS OF SMPLE BULDNGS 4-1 ntroduction Functional Notation and Charts Basic Structure Blockhouse With Variation in Exterior Wall Mass Thickness One-Story Blockhouse with interior Partitions Buried Structures ii
4 Basement Shelters Simple Multi-Story Buildings Wall Apertures Limited Fields Summary APPLCATON OF THE STANDARD METHOD TO COMPLEX BULDNGS ntroduction... Bu i d i ng Conversion... Overhead Contributions... Ground Contributions... Misce laneous Complex Conditions... Decontaminated Roofs... Detector Locations Adjacent to an Exterior Wall... Summary SLANTNG TECHNQUES FOR FALLOUT SHELTER 6-1 ntroduction "Slanting" A Concept of Design Analysis and "Slanted" Design tems for Consideration in "Slanting" HABlTABl LlTY REQUREMENTS FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS 7-1 ntroduction Environmenta Considerat ions Hazards Electrical Power APPENDX A. BASC NUCLEAR PHYSCS... A-1 APPENDX B. TABLE OF MASS THCKNESSES.... B-1 APPENDX C. DETALED METHOD ANALYSS CHARTS... C-1 APPENDX D. VENTLATON ANALYSS METHOD FOR COMPUT- NG EXSTNG SHELTER SPACE... D \.
5 L LUST RAT 0 N S 1-1 Pressure vs. Time at a Point Reflection of Blast Wave at Earth s Surface Overpressure vs. Time Region of Regular Reflection Outward Motion of Blast Wave Approximate Rate of Decay of Radioactivity from Fallout Radiation Emergent from a Barrier Gamma Energy Spectrum at Different Times After Fission Standard Unprotected Location Qualitative Dose Rate Angular Distribution (Unprotected Detector) Collimated Detector - Secant Effect Qualitative Dose Rate Angular Distribution (Protected Detector) Solid Angle Subtending Radiation Source Solid Angle Fractions i! 3-9 Solid Angle Fraction,w(W/L Z/L) The Basic Rectangular Building Radiation Paths to the Detector Actual vs. Model Overhead Contribution Overhead Contribution, Co(Xo,u ) The Thin-Walled Structure Geometry Factors-Scatter, GS(w) and Skyshine, Ga(w)
6 4-7 Geometry Factor-Direct, Gd(H,w) The Thick-Walled Structure Shape Factor E(e) Scatter Fraction Exterior Wall Barrier Factors Be(Xe, H) Effect of ncreasing Mass Thickness on Skyshine vs. Scatter Radiation Effect of nterior Partitions on Detector Response nterior Partition Attenuation Factors, Bi(Xi) and Bi (Xi) Effect of Partitions on Co Partition Barrier Effect on Co Effect of Structure Burial on Detector Response Structures for Problem Basement Detector Location Ceiling Attenuation Factor, Bc(Xc, w c) Effect of Detector Height on Direct Contribution Centrally Located Detector Floor Attenuation Factor Bf(Xf) Effect of Apertures on Detection Response Continuous Aperture Concept Aperture Contributions Ceiling Shine Mutual Shielding and Limited Field V,
7 4-29 Limited Fields. Skyshine Radiation and Back Scatter Limited Fields. Scatter Radiation Limited Field Barrier Factor Bs(Xe. 2 us) Limited Field Height Factor Limited Field Solid Angle Fraction Rib/Slab Mass Thickness Curve Wa -by-wa deal izat ion Azimuthal Sectors vs. Perimeter Ratios Complex Structure dealized for Cg Partially Shielded Wall dealized Limited Fields. Partially Shielded Walls dealized Limited Fields. Partially Shielded Walls dealized Limited Fields. Partially Shielded Walls i/ 5-9 Upward Sloping Ground Overhead Contributions Through Partitions of Different Mass... Thickness Set-Backs Passageways and Shafts. C(, ) Detector at Midpoint of a Wall Detector in Corner Location Psychrometric Chart with Effective Temperature Lines Zones of Equal Ventilation Rates in CFM Per Person vi
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