By David & Debbie Hibbert

Transcription

1 By David & Debbie Hibbert Electricity Distribution

2 G AS- F I R E D P O W E R S T A T I O N Electricity Distribution - David & Debbie Hibbert - Electricity is an invisible energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (electrons and protons). These form an electrical current or static charge. An electrical current is produced when electrons move along a conductor such as an electrical wire. Electrons can move back and forth (AC - Alternating Current) or in one single direction (DC - Direct Current). Both AC or DC can kill humans. Cover Photograph Debbie Hibbert 2018

3 DANGER! Electricity is invisible to detect and can kill. Never interfere with electrical devices or wiring. Only an Electrician is qualified to work with electricity.

4 Basic Electricity Distribution

5 BASIC DISTRIBUTION The production of electricity is called Generation. The transfer of electricity is called Distribution. The supply of electricity to customers is called Supply.

6 BASIC DISTRIBUTION Electricity is generated in one location and is distributed to paying customers in another location via high voltage (HV) transmission lines and low voltage (LV) distribution lines (power lines). Customers include homes, businesses and Governments who use electricity for things such as street lighting.

7 BASIC ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION GENERATION DISTRIBUTION SUPPLY ELECTRICITY GENERATION HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION TRANSMISSION LINES across longer distances LOW VOLTAGE SUBSTATION DISTRIBUTION LINES across shorter distances SUPPLY To homes, businesses and street lights ELECTRICITY GENERATION Distribution lines carry lower voltage electricity to homes, businesses and to street lights. Smaller step-down transformers step down the electricity voltage to useable levels such as 240 volt. Step-down transformers are often found on electricity distribution poles or near power lines in large metal boxes. Transformers step up electricity voltage for transmission over long distances. These are found at substations located at power stations Step-up Transformer Transmission lines carry high-voltage (HV) electricity over long distances. Electricity travels further and faster when it has been transformed into High Voltage. Step-down Transformer Transformers step down electricity voltage to lower levels and forwards it into neighbourhoods. These are found at substations located in your neighbourhood. Homes, businesses and all levels of Government pay electricity retailers for the electricity they consume. A customer's consumption is usually measured by an electricity meter which is read remotely or by a meter reader. Illustration Cop yright David Hibb ert 2018

8 Power Generation

9 GENERATION Electricity can be generated in mechanical and chemical based systems, and is also produced naturally in nature

10 E L E C T R I C I T Y GENERAT I O N Mechanical Turbines are spun which rotate generators and alternators to generate useable electricity: Chemical Chemicals create a reaction that produces useable electricity: In Nature Nature produces electricity in small amounts or in unusable forms: Coal (Burning coal > steam > turbines) Gas (Natural Gas > steam > turbines) Hydroelectric (Water movement > turbines) Wind (Wind power > turbines) Waves (Wave power > turbines) Nuclear (Nuclear Fission > steam > turbines) Geothermal (Heat from the earth >steam > turbines) Photoelectric (Solar energy from sunlight) Batteries (Car and truck batteries) (Small batteries for electronic devices) Fuel Cells (Converts Hydrogen and Oxygen into water, producing electricity as a by-product) Battery Storage (Electricity can be stored for long periods) Lightning (large static discharge) Static electricity Heat differential Piezoelectric crystals & ceramics Glowing insects Human body's nervous system and heart's pacemaker

11 M O R E W E L L O P E N C U T S U P P L I E S B R O W N C O A L F O R E L E C T R I C I T Y G E N E R A T I O N C O A L Coal is dug from large open-cut mines for use in coal fired Power Stations A fire started at this open-cut mine on 9 February 2014 and burnt for 45 days.

12 M O R E W E L L L OY Y ANG B B R O W N R O W N C O A L T H E R M A L P O W E R S T A T I O N C O A L Burning coal produces heat. This is used to make steam that turns large electricity generating turbines

13 M O R E W E L L H A Z E L W O O D B R O W N C O A L P O W E R S T A T I O N C O A L There are different kinds of coal powered power stations, however they all use steam to make electricity When operational, it was the world's least efficient carbon power station, finally closing on 31 March 2017

14 M O R E W E L L E N E R G Y B R O W N C O A L B R I X P O W E R S T A T I O N C O A L There are different kinds of coal powered power stations, however they all use steam to make electricity This Power Station closed in August 2014

15 N E W P O R T G AS F I R E D P O W E R S T A T I O N G A S This Power Station is powered by natural gas and can be easily turned on and off depending on demand

16 H YDRO P O W E R S T A T I O N N E A R C R A D L E M O U N T A I N H Y D R O Hydro Power Stations use the pressure of falling water to turn large turbines which generate electricity

17 T O O R A W I N D F ARM W I N D Wind Farms use wind to turn large turbines which generate electricity

18 B R O K E N H I L L S O L A R P O W E R S T A T I O N S O L A R Solar Farms produce electricity from the energy of the sun

19 B R I D G E W A T E R S O L A R P O W E R S T A T I O N S O L A R Solar Farms produce electricity from the energy of the sun

20 P O R T A U G U S T A S O L A R P O W E R S T A T I O N S O L A R Solar Farms produce electricity from the energy of the sun

21 High Voltage (HV) Substation Transforming newly generated electricity into a Higher Voltage using Step -up transformers, so it can be transferred to customers

22 Substations are found at all power stations and are used to prepare high voltage electricity so it can be sent over great distances S U B S T A T I O N AT A H YDRO P O W E R S T A T I O N

23 Transmission Lines Transmission Lines Distributing High Voltage (HV) Electricity across Great Distances

24 E L E C T R I C I T Y IS T R A N S F E R R E D F R O M O N E S P O T TO A N O T H E R U S I N G C A B L E

25 C A B L E S ARE S U S P E N D E D ON T R A N S M I S S I O N L I N E S AND P O L E S

26 O V E R M O U N T A I N S

27 T O M O U N T A I N T O P S

28 O V E R H I L L S

29 T H R O U G H F A R M I N G D I S T R I C T S

30 T H R O U G H F I E L D S

31 I N T O C I T I E S

32 I N T O C I T I E S

33 T H R O U G H C I T Y S U B U R B S

34 O N T O I S L A N D S

35 T H R O U G H T H E O U T B A C K

36 T O P R I M A R Y A N D S E C O N D A R Y I N D U S T R Y

37 T H R O U G H F OG

38 I N S U M M E R

39 I N W I N T E R

40 Step-down Transformers Stepping down High Voltage (HV) Electricity to Low Voltage (LV) for Customers

41 S TEP- D O W N T R A N S F O R M E R P R O D U C I N G A L O W E R V O L T A G E

42 S TEP- D O W N T R A N S F O R M E R S C O M E IN D I F F E R E N T S T Y L E S

43 S TEP- D O W N T R A N S F O R M E R P R O D U C I N G A L O W E R V O L T A G E

44 Distribution Lines Distribution Lines Distributing Low Voltage Electricity to Paying Customers

45 M E D I U M V O L T A G E D I S T R I B U T I O N L I N E S

46 L OW V O L T A G E ( V O L T ) D I S T R I B U T I O N I S T R I B U T I O N L I N E S

47 DID YOU KNOW A single bird sitting on a power cable will not be electrocuted. But if that bird forms a circuit by touching another bird sitting on another power cables, electricity will flow through the first bird and into the second bird, killing them both.

48 L OW V O L T A G E D I S T R I B U T I O N L I N E

49 DID YOU KNOW Each Victorian Distribution Pole has a number which is unique to that pole. These numbers are shared between electricity distribution companies and are able to be used in an emergency to accurately locate that pole on a map. This means that emergency services can arrange for power company employees to be sent to the correct location.

50 Supply Supplying Electricity to Specific Paying Customers

51 H O U S E H O L D C O N N E C T I O N P O I N T - S I N G L E P H A S E P O W E R ( V O L T )

52 B U S I N E S S C O N N E C T I O N P O I N T - T H R E E P H A S E P O W E R ( P R O V I D I N G UP TO V O L T O L T )

53 A P O L L O B AY S T R E E T L I G H T I N G

54 DID YOU KNOW The distribution of electricity is only possible due to insulators, which do not allow electricity to pass through them. Insulators stop the electricity from moving from the wires, down the pole and into the ground.

55 I N S U L A T O R S

56 ELECTRICITY FACTS The flow of electrons along a conductor is called a current. A conductor is any material that allows electricity to pass through it. An insulator is any material that restricts the flow of electricity through it. An electric charge is measured in Amps and can be measured with Amp-meters. The pressure (potential) of an electric charge is measured in Volts and can be measured using a Volt-meter. A static charge is the build-up of electricity on a stationary surface such as a jumper, and can range to more than 3000 volts. Lightning can be over three million volts and travel at the speed of light. Electric eels produce electric shocks greater than 500 volts. Benjamin Franklin did not discover electricity as many suppose, but he did prove that electricity could produce lighting. The first battery was created by Alessandro Volta over 200 years ago and the first power station (power plant) was established in the American city of New York in 1882 by Thomas Edison. Thomas is credited with over 1000 other inventions, including electrical devices such as switches, fuses and meters for measuring electricity use. In 2017 billionaire Elon Musk (Tesla) made history by installing the worlds largest lithium-ion battery backup system (for mains power) ever built at that time. It was constructed in South Australia with an operating (holding) capacity of 100 megawatts. Elon promised he would install it in 100 days or it would be free and he did. Electricity will always try to find a path to the ground. This will include through people if they get in the way. Most people who die from electrocution when they touch a wire or a metal object that is electrified. The human heart only needs a minute amount of electric current to stop it beating.

57 'epic' epic - (adjective) Surpassing the usual or ordinary epic - (noun) Illustrated by electronic pictures T h e f r e e A r t w o r k z ' e P i c P h o t o G r o u p ' e M a g a z i n e Special thanks to Allan Layton and Kathie Maynes epic Photographers: David & Debbie Hibbert An Artworkz esplash Publication First published 27 May 2018