10th week Lectures March Chapter 12
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1 Electric charge. 10th week Lectures March Chapter 12 Conductors and Insulators Coulomb law Electric field Electric Potential 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
2 Electric charge an atom has a central nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons Each element in the periodic table has a different combination of protons and neutrons. Hydrogen just has one proton and one electron. Electrons and protons carry electric charge and it is the force between the charges that hold the atom together. Charge comes in both negative (electrons) and positive (protons) and each carry one unit of charge. Normally objects have zero net charge but it is possible for an object to have charge which is a multiple of the unit charge either positive or negative. It is quite easy to separate electrons from atoms. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
3 Electromagnetism Almost every action in our everyday lives is due to the electromagnetic force caused by electric charges. Everything that is not due to gravity is electromagnetism. All transmission and use of electric power is due to the flow of electrons through wires. A camera flash is an example of separating positive and negative charge, which requires work. This work is then released as energy by letting the charges combine (lightning) If there is a separation of charge between two objects there will be a very strong attractive force which will transfer charge until the objects are neutral 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
4 Positive and negative Charge only occurs as a multiple of the unit charge on an electron or proton which is 1.6 x coulombs So any charge q is an integer multiple And N can be positive or negative q = N x 1.6 x coulombs Opposite charges attract Same sign charges repel 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
5 Coulomb s Law Coulomb s Law F = kq 1 q 2 /r 2 (k = 9 x 10 9 N.m 2 /C 2 ) F r F The force between two charges of one coulomb each separated by 1 meter is 9 x 10 9 Newtons (your weight ~ 1000N) The gravitational force between two 1 kg masses 1 meter apart is 6.67 x Newtons a difference of ~ F F To separate a negative charge from a positive charge requires work which is stored as potential energy. When the two charges are released this energy will be liberated as kinetic energy Held in place F ext 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
6 Everyday charge In order to separate electrons from atoms requires work and frictional forces are sufficient to do this. Simple actions like rubbing two objects together or walking across a carpet will often result in a transfer of charge. This transfer is caused by stripping electrons from the atom since every atom has a few electrons which are weakly bound. Electrons can also be more easily moved since (mass electron)/(mass proton) ~ 1/2000 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
7 Conductors and insulators There are two broad classes of substances related to electrical phenomena. Conductors electrons are free to move Insulators electrons are not free to move If we bring a charged object near a neutral object the electrons and the protons will feel the force and in a conductor the charges will separate. Water is a very good conductor so for example we usually only see static sparks in the winter when the air is very dry and objects can hold any excess charge that accumulates. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
8 5A-01 Static Electricity Demonstration that positive and negative charge exists What information does the electroscope provide? Rubbing the hard rubber rod with fur produces a negative charge on the rod Rubbing the glass with silk produces a positive charge on the glass If we bring a charged rod close to the electroscope it will repel opposite charge and the moving arm will be displaced. If we touch the electroscope with a charged rod then charge will be transferred THE ELECTROSCOPE CAN T DETERMINE THE SIGN OF THE CHARGE BUT IT DOES SHOW CHARGE EXISTS IN TWO KINDS + AND - 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
9 5A-03 Two-by-Four Electroscope Showing the strength of the electromagnetic force. How does the charged ebonite rod move the board? Rubbing the rod produces a surface charge. When it is brought close to the wood it attracts the opposite sign charge in the wood and there is an attractive force. This is the same effect as static cling THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE IS MUCH WEAKER THAN THE ELECTRICAL FORCE. THE RATIO OF THE TWO FORCES IS ~ /20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
10 5 A 04 Conductors and insulators The difference between conductors and insulators What happens to the balls? The apparatus with the dome produces electric charge. If the rods connecting the balls are conducting the balls become charged and repel eachother If the rods are insulators the balls remain uncharged All materials contain equal amounts of positive and negative charge. In conductors charge, generally electrons, is free to move. In insulators the charges on the constituent atoms or molecules is tightly bound and does not move. Dry air is a very good insulator but water is a very good conductor and damp air is also a good conductor. Even insulators can break down for example lightning. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
11 5 A 06 Static electric charge and induction Using an electroscope to see the effects of charge How do we see charge? When the rod is brought close it attracts negative charge meaning the pivot rod becomes positively charged. If the top plate is now touched negative charge flows out and the whole electroscope becomes positively charged. The movement of charge, usually electrons, is called a current and all electrical systems work using currents. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
12 Electric field Any distribution of charges will produce a force field. That is if a test charge q is placed anywhere it will feel a force. Electric field E = F/q 0 or F = q 0 E By definition the test charge is positive and both the electric field and the force are in the same direction The electric field at a point tells you what force a charge +q would feel both in magnitude and direction. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
13 Electric field Any distribution of charges will produce a force field. That is if a test charge q is placed anywhere it will feel a force. This force acts at a distance. Charges do not have to be in contact. Electric charges modify the space surrounding them Electric field E = F/q 0 or F = q 0 E This concept is called electric field just like Newton introduced the gravitational field. By definition the test charge is positive and both the electric field and the force are in the same direction The electric field at a point tells you what force a charge +q would feel both in magnitude and direction. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
14 Electric potential Let us produce a uniform electric field E Separate two conductors by insulating material like air. Let us charge the two conducting plates with uniformly distributed opposite charges +q and q. This device is called a capacitor. Just like a potential energy is associated with gravitational interaction or with a compressed spring, the test charge experiences an external force in the direction of the electric field. If we apply an external force to move the charge in the opposite direction, it increases the potential energy of the charge. This process is similar to what happens when we lift an object against the gravitational force. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
15 Electric potential Electric potential difference is the change in potential energy per positive charge. It is the work done or energy released in moving unit charge in an electric field. The change in electric potential is equal to the change in electrostatic energy per unit of positive charge The unit is ΔV = ΔPotential Energy/q (joules/coulomb = volt) In a battery charge is separated and potential energy is stored. When it is connected in a circuit, charge flows and the energy is released. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
16 Voltage In a uniform field the work done in moving a charge q a distance d W = qed = ΔPotential Energy and the voltage difference is ΔV = ΔPotential Energy/q = Ed So if a positive charge q is moved toward the positive plate the voltage increases. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
17 Basic Force Two point particles with electric charge feel a force and the force between two charges q 1 q 2 is F r F F = kq 1 q 2 /r 2 (k = 9 x 10 9 N.m 2 /C 2 ) F F 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
18 Work and Energy Objects with electric charge also have mass and everything we have done on work and energy is the same. In fact when I push an object across the floor the force is electromagnetic. F d F =ma W =Fd KE = 1/2mv 2 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
19 5A-10 Motion in an Electric Field The effects of transferring charge What is the movement of the balls? THE BALL IS ATTRACTED TO ONE TERMINAL THEN RECEIVES A CHARGE AND THEN IS REPELLED TO THE OTHER TERMINAL, WHERE IT PICKS UP THE OPPOSITE CHARGE AND IS REPELLED. 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
20 5A-23 Electric Wind The emittance of electrically charged particles from highly charged object What causes the arms to turn? The metal arms are charged by an electrostatic generator and the forces are greatest at the tips so charged particles are driven off by repulsion. Conservation of momentum makes the arms turn in the electric wind The wind can be indirectly seen by the extinguishing of a candle. Before lighting strikes there is charge build up and lightning rod conductors (invented by Benjamin Franklin) have sharp tips to attract the lightning. The sun also has large electric and magnetic fields and emits the solar wind 3/20/2017 Physics 214 Spring
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