A Study of the Collaborative Degree between Economic Growth and Carbon Reduction Targets under International Comparative Perspective

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1 Iteratioal Coferece o Circuits ad Systems (CAS 25) A Study of the Collaborative Degree betwee Ecoomic Growth ad Carbo Reductio Targets uder Iteratioal Comparative Perspective Liag Qu, Cog Che, Wuli Zhag School of Busiess Admiistratio, Zheag Gogshag Uiversity, Hag Zhou, 38, Chia Abstract This paper figures out the collaborative betwee ecoomic growth ad carbo reductio targets of Chia, Idia, the Netherlads, the Uited Kigdom, the Uited States ad Japa with relevat eergy cosumptio data, carbo emissios data ad related ecoomic developmet data from 98 to 2 by costructig ecoomic growth ad carbo reductio targets complex systems collaborative model. Based o iteratioal comparative research framework, this research made the iteratioal compariso from a lie through the poit perspective. Ad the result is show i the coclusio part. Keywords-carbo reductio; ecoomic growth; collaborative ; iteratioal compariso. I. INTRODUCTION Durig the Warsaw Coferece o climate chage i 23, the ethusiasm of developed coutries o carbo reductio was geerally reduced. Sice the iteral divisio ad the debt crisis, the Europea Uio put forward the first commitmet period of the appraisal report util 26. The U.S. Cogress is disuited to stop the climate chage legislatio. Caada excused that uable to pay the emissio fie ad out of the Kyoto Protocol. Besides, Japa abadoed a 25% reductio target due to the uclear accidet. Furthermore, the rapid ecoomic developmet i Brazil, Idia ad Chia ad other emergig markets has dramatically chaged their reductio ability, potetial ad ecoomic stregth i the iteral egotiatig parties. The developed coutries gradually trasferred their focus from the climate chage diplomacy to developig coutries. Although the urgecy of climate chage has bee well recogized by the world, the key problems such as carbo emissio, reductio resposibility divisio, labor divisio ad climate chage assistace fudig have ot reached a worldwide cosesus yet. All of the coutries are ot certai that whether the coflict exists betwee developig low carbo ecoomy ad acceleratig ecoomic growth is becomig the importat reaso that hider the global cosesus. Based o the perspective of iteratioal compariso, this paper tries to costruct the collaborative model of ecoomic growth ad carbo emissio reductio targets composite system, ad estimate the of syergy of six coutries by collectig the eergy cosumptio data, carbo emissios data ad ecoomic developmet data from 98 to 2 issued by the world bak of Chia, Idia, Hollad, the UK ad Japa, America. The clear the gap of low carbo ecoomy betwee chia ad some maor developed coutries by comparig, ad explore the causes of the gap ad put forward a realistic way to arrow the gap. This paper maily icludes: () Poitig out the deficiecies of the existig iteratioal comparative research framework, ad improvig the aalytical framework of the iteratioal comparative study o low-carbo ecoomy costructio. (2) Costructig the collaborative model of ecoomic growth ad carbo emissio reductio targets composite system. (3) Clarifyig the gaps betwee differet coutries ad explore its causes ad fially puttig forward the realistic way to arrow the gap based o the coordiatio of the empirical results. II. CONSTRUCTION OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH METHODS BASED ON THE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE This paper aims to put forward a system opiio based o iteratioal comparative research, which reveals the geeral historical developmet through multi compariso, as well as realizes the growth differece i differet coutries, by iteratioal compariso. So that we ca calculate the time of arrowig the gap ad coclude relatively comprehesive ad systematic iteratioal compariso results by aalyzig the typical year s evet ad summarizig the mechaism behid producig ad arrowig the atioal gap. Therefore, this paper divided the iteratioal comparative research framework of ecoomic growth ad carbo reductio target composite system collaborative ito three parts, which makes the compariso from a lie through the poit perspective: () Posig problems. Based o aalysis ad compariso i a log-term series, this paper aims to summarize a geeral rule, put forward questios, ad clarify the reality gap. (2) Aalyzig the problem. Summarize the growth potetial ad esure the possible time that could arrow the gap. (3) Solvig the problem. Reveal the iteral factors of ecoomic ad social developmet of all coutries based o the aalysis of years that is crucial for the research. III. MODEL, INDEX AND DATA A. Subsystem order model For subsystem F i, i [, ], let order parameter be the e = ( e, e 2,..., e ) i its developmet process, which, β e α, i =,2, L,, α, β is the 25. The authors - Published by Atlatis Press 5

2 upper limit ad lower limit of the order parameter e. Accordig to the order parameter priciple ad slavig priciple of Syergetics, three efficiecy coefficiets, positive efficiecy coefficiet, egative efficiecy coefficiet ad moderate efficiecy coefficiet exist i subsystem. If the cotributio to the order parameter of the system order icreases alog with the order parameter variable, we ca call it positive efficiecy coefficiet, which ca be writte as follows: e β ( ) = () U e α β Where, the positive efficiecy coefficiet U ( e ) [,]. Whe the subsystem order parameter variable is the maximum value of α, the subsystem cotributes to the order of the system for a maximum of. Whe the order parameter variable comes to the miimum value, the cotributio to the order of the system would be the miimum value of. If the cotributio to the order parameter of the system order decreases with the icrease of the order parameter variable, we ca call it egative efficiecy coefficiet, which ca be writte as follows: α e U ( e ) = (2) α β Where, the egative efficiecy coefficiet U ( e ) [,]. Whe the subsystem order parameter variable is the maximum value ofα, the subsystem cotributes to the order of the system for a miimum of. Whe the order parameter variable comes to the miimum value, the cotributio to the order of the system would be the maximum value of. If the order parameter variable takes a value betwee α ad β, the cotributio of subsystem to the system order would be the maximum, which ca be called the moderate efficiecy coefficiet. The expressio ca be writte as follows: α e U ( e ) = (3) α γ Or α e U ( e ) = (4) γ β Where, β γ α, U ( e ) [,]. Whe the subsystem order parameter variable takes a value of γ, the cotributio value to the system order would be the maximum of. O the basis of efficacy coefficiet, we ca calculate the cotributio value of subsystem to the order target system. Liear weightig method ad the geometric mea method would be the geeral method to help to calculate the cotributio value. As the result, the subsystem order ca be expressed by word I as follows: I ( e ) = ω U ( e ) (5) i = i Or i I ( e ) i= U( e ) = (6) Where, ωi is the weight coefficiet of the idex, ω =, [, = ] i i I. I is for the subsystem order, the larger the value, the higher the order of the subsystem. This paper calculates the subsystem order with the liear weightig method. B. Complex system collaborative model Assume i the give iitial time of t, the order of carbo reductio targets subsystem F is I ( e ), the order of ecoomic growth target subsystem F2 is I 2 ( e 2 ) ; I aother momet t 2 i the process of developmet ad evolutio i the composite system, assume that the order of subsystem F is I ( e ) ad the order of subsystem F2 is I 2 ( e 2 ). The formula below represets the cooperative of ecoomic growth target of composite system. C = sig ( ) I ( e ) I ( e ) I 2 ( e 2 ) I 2 ( e 2 ) (7) Where,, I ( e ) I ( e ), I 2 ( e 2 ) I 2 ( e 2 ) sig ( ) =, others The formula idicates that the carbo reductio goals ad ecoomic growth target composite system ca be calculated by based o the dyamic aalysis of time series. C [, ], ad it idicates that the greater the value, the higher of the cooperative. C. Idex selectio ad data collectio This paper chooses the eergy itesity, the proportio of o-fossil eergy, the growth rate of per capital carbo dioxide emissios to measure the order of carbo emissio reductio system; besides, this paper selects the GDP growth, per capital GDP growth ad the proportio of the third idustry. This research collects the data of ecoomic growth, carbo emissios ad eergy cosumptio from 98 to 2 of Idia, Chia, UK, the Netherlads, US ad Japa through the World Bak website. Firstly, we preprocess the data due to the differet uits of measuremet data. For forward effectiveess idex, the data should be ormalized with the formula oe, for egative effectiveess idex, the data should be ormalized by the formula two. For carbo reductio subsystem, the eergy itesity ad the growth rate of per capital carbo dioxide emissios are egative effectiveess idex, ad the proportio of o-fossil eergy is forward effectiveess idex; but the three idicators above are all positive effectiveess coefficiet for ecoomic growth subsystem. After ormalizatio treatmet, this paper applies the CRITIC obective weightig method for empowermet evaluatio of each idicator. The weight of evaluatio idex is determied by two factors: stadard deviatio ad correlatio, which are the basic cotet of CRITIC. 6

3 Stadard deviatio reflects the variability of evaluatio idex. The higher the of variatio is, the greater the stadard deviatio is. The correlatio coefficiet idicates that the ifluece of oe variable to other variable. More specific iformatio is show as follows: C = ( ri ) i = σ, =,, (8) Where, r i is the correlatio coefficiet betwee the evaluatio idex i ad. σ represets the stadard deviatio of the idex. C idicates all the iformatio of idex. The more importat idex is, the larger the value is. So the weight of idex is as the followig formula: ω = TABLE I. THE RESULTS OF EACH INDEX WEIGHT OF EACH COUNTRY c c, =,, (9) We ca get all the idex coefficiet of all the coutries measured this time accordig to the formula (9). The results are show i the table as follows. Besides, subsystem order ad subsystem coordiatio ca be derived from the formula (5), which is calculated with the weight of each idex ad efficiecy coefficiet. Furthermore, the collaborative of composite system ca be draw from the formula (7). UK NLD US JPN CHN IND GDP Growth Per Capital GDP Growth Tertiary Idustry Proportio Eergy itesity Per Capital CO2 Growth The proportio of o-fossil eergy IV. EMPIRICAL RESULT We ca get the order of ecoomic subsystem (referred to as ecoomic order ), the order of carbo emissio reductio system (referred to as carbo order ), ecoomic subsystem coordiatio (referred to as the ecoomic collaborative ), carbo emissio reductio subsystem coordiatio (referred to as carbo collaborative ) ad composite system coordiatio (referred to as complex collaborative )of six coutries based o the models ad data from the previous chapter. The followig Table 2 shows the result of Chia i 2 years. Years complex collaborative TABLE II. THE RESULT OF CHINA FROM 98-2 Ecoomic collaborative Carbo collaborative Ecoomic order Carbo order A. Overall compariso based o time series This sectio maily compares six coutries betwee the system order ad collaborative. Order represets the coordiated of all the elemets amog the system. The more reasoable the iteral structure of system is, the higher the order is. This paper calculates the order of both ecoomic growth subsystem ad carbo emissio reductio subsystem, as well as the related mea of collaborative system of six coutries from 98-2 as table 3 ad table 4 below. 7

4 TABLE III. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF SUBSYSTEM ORDER DEGREE OF SIX COUNTRIES Ecoomic growth order Carbo reductio order Mea SD Mea SD NLD UK US JPN IND CHN TABLE IV. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE COORDINATED DEGREE OF SIX COUNTRIES Collaborative of Ecoomic growth Collaborative of carbo reductio Collaborative of composite system Mea SD Mea SD Mea SD NLD UK US JPN IDN CHN Accordig to the table 3, Hollad ad UK have the highest mea value of ecoomic order from 98-2, ad followed by Chia ad the US, while Idia ad Japa have the lowest mea value. Although there is o sigificat differece, the ecoomic order of developed coutries is higher tha developig coutries i geeral. From the ecoomic growth subsystem collaborative aspect, Idia ad Chia have the highest mea value of ecoomic collaborative from 982-2, ad followed by UK ad Hollad, while US ad Japa have the lowest mea value. Uder the backgroud of global ecoomic itegratio, Chia ad Idia ad such developig coutries become the workshop of the world, with the rapid developmet of ecoomy, eve the ecoomic collaborative is higher tha other developed coutries. From the carbo reductio subsystem collaborative aspect, Idia ad Chia have the highest mea value of carbo collaborative from 982-2, ad followed by UK ad Japa, while US ad Hollad have the lowest mea value. The carbo emissio potetial is high of Idia ad Chia although the carbo is low. As for UK, Hollad, Japa ad US ad such developed coutries, which are proficiet at carbo reductio techology, get small potetial of techical emissio reductio. From the complex system collaborative aspect, the collaborative mea of ecoomic growth ad carbo reductio complex system for six coutries from 982 to 2 are egative. Specifically, UK ad Hollad hold the highest complex collaborative as they focus o the costructio of low-carbo ecoomy a log time ago. Differet from the Europea coutries, US ad Japa get the low complex collaborative which is caused by the ecoomic stagatio. O the other had, complex collaborative of Chia ad Idia are higher tha US ad Japa, but lower tha UK ad Hollad, which is because they get the weak ecoomic foudatio ad lag developed coutries i low carbo ecoomy developmet. B. Compariso based o differet stages It ca help to fid the differece i the growth stage based o the three stage aalysis, which ca clear the reasos for gaps ad the potetial of low- carbo ecoomy developmet. This research divides the paper ito three parts: , ad Besides, author calculates the collaborative mea value of each stage, which is show as follows: 8

5 TABLE V. MEAN COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE STAGES Ecoomic collaborative Carbo collaborative Complex collaborative Stage Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage Stage 2 Stage 3 NLD UK US JPN IND CHN Accordig to the table 5, the ecoomic collaborative s of three developed coutries have greatly decreased from stage to stage 3 expect Japa; Idia grows rapidly, ad Chia shows a tred of declie after up. Besides, the carbo collaborative s of developed coutries are geerally higher tha Chia ad Idia i stage ; however, the carbo collaborative s of Chia ad Idia i stage 2 have catch up with developed coutries quickly, eve higher tha developed coutries i stage 3. I additio, collaborative s i Chia ad Idia are sigificatly lower tha that i Hollad, UK ad Japa i stage. US get the lowest collaborative as they are affected by the ecoomic developmet ad other factors. However, the collaborative s i Chia ad Idia are still lower tha those i developed coutries with arrowig gap i stage 2. Furthermore, the collaborative s i Chia ad Idia are sigificatly higher tha developed coutries i stage 3. Figure 2. Carbo collaborative compare i three stages Figure 3. Complex collaborative compare i three stages Figure. Ecoomic collaborative compare i three stages C. Compariso based o key year This research selects year 992, year 22 ad 28 as the crucial years for aalysis. As the collaborative is calculated by compariso with the previous year s value based o the time series, therefore, uder the backgroud of crucial years, it would be more covicig of order aalysis rather tha collaborative aalysis. The order of relevat years is show below: TABLE VI. ECONOMIC ORDER DEGREE AND CARBON ORDER DEGREE OF EACH COUNTRY IN CRUCIAL YEARS Ecoomic order Carbo order Hollad UK US Japa Idia Chia V. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK This research makes the coclusio as follows: From the perspective of subsystem order, the developed coutries are better tha Chia ad Idia; from the perspective of subsystem collaborative, Chia ad Idia doe better tha developed coutries; from the perspective of complex system collaborative, UK ad the Netherlads doe better tha Idia ad Chia, ad these four coutries are followed by Japa ad the Uited States. Accordig to the stages divisio research, as time passed by, 9

6 the collaborative of ecoomic growth ad carbo emissios of Chia ad Idia rapidly overtakes the Uited States, Japa, Britai ad the Netherlads. With rapid ecoomic growth, Chia ad Idia have made tremedous cotributios to global carbo reductio. REFERENCES [] Qiao Zhe. Coflict betwee developig low-carbo ecoomy ad speedig ecoomic growth?. Joural of Soochow Uiversity, (4),pp.92-97, 22. [2] Tu Zhegge, Strategic Measures to Reduce Chia s Carbo Emissios: Based o Idex Decompositio Aalysis of Carbo Emissios i Eight Idustries. Joural of Social Scieces i Chia, (3),pp.78-96, 22. [3] Li Boqiag, Su Chuagwag. How ca Chia Achieve Its Carbo Emissio Reductio Target while Sustaiig Ecoomic Growth?. Joural of Social Scieces i Chia, (),pp.64-77,2. [4] Che Wu, Li Yu-feg. Curret situatio of Chia s low-carbo ecoomy ad eergy developmet strategy. Joural of Chia Miig Magazie,9 (2),pp.4-8,2. [5] Che Wu, Chag Ya. A Iteratioal Compariso Study o Low-carbo Developmet i Chia: A Perspective o the Edowmet of Resources. Joural of Chia Populatio, Resources ad Eviromet,2(2),pp ,2. [6] Che Wu, Chag Ya, Li Yufeg. A Iteratioal Compariso o Carbo Footprit of Chia. Joural of Forum o Sciece ad Techology i Chia,(3),pp.38-44, 23. [7] Che Wei, Zhu daa. The Efficiecy of CO2 Emissios i Chia is Low---A Perspective of Wellbeig for Iteratioal Compariso. Joural of Research o Ecoomics ad Maagemet, (),pp.56-63,2. [8] Fu Jiafeg, Zheg Lichag. Chia s Low-Carbo Ecoomic Developmet: A Iter-Provicial ad Iteratioal compariso. Joural of Resource Sciece, 33(4),pp.57-6,2. [9] Yua Fuhua. The Potetial Ecoomic Growth of Chia with Restrait of Low Carbo Ecoomy.Joural of Ecoomic Research Joural, (8),pp.79-89,2. [] Xu Guagyue, Sog Deyog. A empirical Study of the Evirometal Kuzets Curve for Chia s Emissios---Based o Provicial Pael Data, Joural of Chia Idustrial Ecoomics, (5),pp , 2. 2