MODELLING OF IMPACTS FROM METEOROID STREAMS
|
|
- Brent Benson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MODELLING OF IMPACTS FROM METEOROID STREAMS TEST OF ESABASE/DEBRIS FINAL REPORT Work performed under Consultancy No. 149/98/BIELER Torsten Bieler Welkenrather Str Aachen Germany Tel: Mail:
2 Table of Contents 1. General Information Overview of Activities Application General Description of STREAM.PRO General Description of AKC.PRO Application Stream Parameter Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) Mass Dependent Stream Flux Penetration Stream Flux First Test of ESABASE/DEBRIS Tool Deficiencies in the ESABASE/DEBRIS Tool Deficiencies in the ESABASE/DEBRIS Tool-Documentation Suggestions for future enhancements and applications...29 REFERENCES...29 ANNEX A-1 Modelling the Meteoroid Environment A-2 Thin Plate Damage Equation explanation within the ESABASE/DEBRIS Technical Description A-3 Grün Model explanation within the ESABASE/DEBRIS Final Report (Release 2) A-4 STREAM.PRO file A-5 AKC.PRO file A-6 stream_default.dat file A-7 stream_change.dat file A-8 Useful reference data 1
3 1. General Information The consultancy, with the number 149/98/BIELER, was carried out within the period from Several visits to ESA/ESTEC, TOS-EMA were undertaken during that period. The contact point was Mr. G. Drolshagen (TOS-EMA) 2. Overview of Activities Several aspects of the new ESABASE/DEBRIS tool (received by ESTEC in 1998) were tested. Some deficiencies were discovered and reported to Mr. G. Drolshagen TOS-EMA. After an initial assessment of the ESABASE/DEBRIS tool, it was agreed with Mr. Drolshagen that reference values for validation of the tool would be required. Another tool, to produce such reference values for meteoroid streams would be developed and be the main task of the consultancy. For this purpose two, PV-WAVE based, programmes (STREAM.PRO and AKC.PRO) were developed. These programmes are described below. Some reference calculations for normal stream flux activities and an assumed Leonid-Meteoroid-Storm were performed. 2
4 3. Application 3.1 General Description of STREAM.PRO The STREAM.PRO- program calculates, 1) The Penetration Stream Flux, for a single plate with given thickness With the input parameters, target thickness and impact angle. 2) The cumulative Meteoroid Stream Flux, depending on the minimum mass With the input parameter, meteoroid mass. 3) The Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) Output is a PostScript file and/or a screen-plot, where the plot range can be defined. The stream model parameters, which are needed as input, are contained in a data file. You can use either the stream_default.dat or, eg. for storm simulations, the stream_change.dat, with user specified changes. To change stream parameters in stream_change.dat, the AKC.PRO -program yields the required parameters α, k and b, which can then be used in the stream_change.dat file. These values are calculated as described in [4, which is reproduced in Annex 1]. The AKC.PRO program description can be found in chapter 3.2 below. An example is presented at the end of this description. Input Parameters for STREAM.PRO: STREAM.PRO runs under PV-WAVE. The following files are needed in one directory-folder: STREAM.PRO STREAM_DEFAULT.DAT STREAM_CHANGE.DAT Note: To avoid printout irritations, first be sure, that all PV-WAVE graphic windows are closed. To close a graphic window under PV-WAVE, you can use the command wdelete. After this you can start the program, by typing:.run stream.pro [A] First select output option: 0 for screen only, 1 for screen and PostScript file. For option 1, a PostScript file, will be stored on the disc under WAVE.PS. [B] Next choose which calculation should be performed. Input 1 for penetration stream flux, 2 for stream flux depending on a given mass or 3 for the Zenithal Hourly Rate. [C] Then choose which data file should be used. 0 for stream_default.dat or 1 for stream_change.dat [D] Next you are asked if you want to define the solar-longitude-plot-range. 1 to define it or 0 and a whole year will be displayed 3
5 [E] After you have chosen to define the plot range, input the lower (min. 0) and the upper bound (max. 360). Either as single values or divided by a comma. [F] The next required input is how many calculation steps per solar-longitude-degree should be made. Because of the currently used values for the solar-longitudes of each stream, a maximum of 10 steps is sufficient. A higher number of steps only increase the computing time. From now on the input depends on what you have decided to calculate. I) Penetration Stream Flux Input parameters are the target thickness in cm and the impact angle in degrees, where 0 means perpendicular. Output is the flux in [penetrations/m 2 /s] versus the solar longitude in [degrees]. The ESABASE Thin Plate single wall ballistic limit equation (as described in Annex 2) is used. It yields the minimum diameter and the critical mass causing a penetration. For the target a 2.719g/cm 3 and for the particles a 1.0g/cm 3 density is assumed. If the user wants to change these parameters, he has to edit the source file STREAM.PRO. Then the yearly stream flux is computed. It is assumed that particles from all streams impact with the same, user defined, angle. II) Mass-Dependent Stream Flux Input parameter is the minimum meteoroid mass in kg. Output is the flux in [particles/m 2 /s] versus the solar longitude in [degrees]. The stream flux, for mass equal and larger then the given one is computed. For I) as well as for II) as reference the cumulative flux of particles with the given mass or larger as obtained by the Grün Model ([3] and Annex 3) is given. III) Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) The ZHR is calculated as explained in Annex 1. Output is the ZHR versus the solar longitude in [degrees]. Plot: Depending on whether you have chosen only a screen plot or not, the PostScript file and/or the screen plot is generated. Note: Problems possibly occur on the screen plot while creating the PS-file. The screen plot differs also a little from the PostScript file. 4
6 Example: An example of an annual penetration stream flux plot, for a single plate with 0.2cm thickness, an particle impact angle of 30 degrees, normal meteoroid stream flux activity and 10 calculation steps per solar longitude degree is given in the following. After you started PV-Wave on your computer, type in.run stream.pro. [A] Because a PostScript file and a screen plot is wanted, the input is 1 [B] To calculate the penetration stream flux, input 1 [C] Input 0 for normal meteoroid stream flux activity (stream_default.dat) [D] Input 0 for a whole 360 degrees solar cycle plot [E] A solar longitude range input is not required here [F] Input 10 to fix the number of 10 calculation steps per degree Then you are asked for the target thickness in cm, therefore the input is 0.2. At last you have to type in the particle impact angle in degrees, while 0 means a perpendicular impact. Input 30. A screen plot will appear on your screen and the PostScript file WAVE.PS, which is shown below is generated. Figure 1: The 'WAVE.PS' Meteoroid Stream Flux plot for the example 5
7 3.2 General Description of AKC.PRO Program AKC.PRO derives meteoroid stream parameters for user defined visual meteor stream intensities and duration. It computes the following meteoroid stream values, which are necessary to calculate quantitative fluxes for meteor showers or storms. 1) α the cumulative mass distribution index 2) k the constant in the cumulative flux equation 3) b the profile description index These values are derived as described in Annex 1 to the description of the program STREAM.PRO and can then be incorporated in the stream_change.dat file for further usage within the STREAM.PRO program. An example for AKC.PRO is presented at the end of this description. Input Parameter: The input parameters are the meteoroid stream velocity v in km/s, the meteor distribution index (see Table 1) χ, the maximum Zenithal Hourly Rate ZHR max, the meteor magnitude used for fitting (see Annex 1) m and the stream duration, given as the full width at half maximum in days AKC.PRO runs under PV-WAVE. Input.run akc.pro to start the program. [A] At first you are asked for the individual meteoroid stream velocity in km/s. [B] Then you have to type in the meteor distribution index χ (typical range ). [C] Further input the maximum Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR). [D] Next it is asked for the meteor visual magnitude m, to be used for model calibration, which usually can be assumed as 0.5. [E] The last input is the full width at half maximum (FWHM), which reflects the stream or storm duration, in days. Standard values of these stream parameters can be found in Table 1. α, k and b are calculated as described in Annex 1. Also the description of these parameters is given in Annex 1. Results: At the end α, k and b are displayed on the screen. These values can now be used in the stream_change.dat file to calculate the fluxes for the user defined meteor shower or storm with the STREAM.PRO program. 6
8 Example: In this example, new values for a Leonid meteor storm with a new ZHR max of 1000 are calculated. The meteor visual magnitude m is assumed as 0.5. The velocity 71 km/s and the meteor distribution index χ=3.4 as found in table 1 is used. The duration (FWHM) should be day (3 hours). Therefore the program yields: α= k= e-18 b= Comment: α and k are only influenced by v, χ and ZHR max, while b also depends on FWHM. 3.3 Application In this chapter tool applications are presented. Results for normal stream flux activities as well as enhanced activities including a Leonid meteoroid storm model are given. A meteor storm is just an intense meteor outburst with Zenithal Hourly Rates above Presented are examples of the different meteoroid stream flux values that can be calculated by the new tool. These values are: Zenithal Hourly Rate Mass Dependent Stream flux Penetration Stream Flux Stream Parameter The Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) is the hourly rate of meteors seen by a standard observer under optimum conditions for each stream, as described in [2]. It is given in Annex 1, that the major streams are well represented by a set of exponential curves: ZHR=ZHR max 10 -b* λ λ max (1) λ is the solar longitude (shown in Figure 2) λ max is when the shower or storm maximum occurs ZHR max and b are given in Table 1 These values were found by observations specified in [2]. Further the cumulative particle flux in [particles/m 2 /s] with mass greater or equal m in [kg] can be described by F(m)=k m -α (2) 7
9 m is the minimum meteoroid mass in [kg] k is a constant α is the mass distribution index (For F(m) max k and α are presented in Table 1) The cumulative flux for any solar longitude is given as F(m)= F(m) max 10 -b* λ λ max (3) For an assumed Leonid meteoroid storm the parameters α, k and b have to be recalculated. This can be done with the new AKC.PRO tool. Needed are the stream velocity, the ZHR max, the meteor distribution index χ, the meteor visual magnitude (which can usually be assumed as 0.5) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM), defining the storm duration. The formulas used in Annex 1 are given below. α=2.3 log(χ) (4) χ, the meteor distribution index with a typical range between 2.4 and 3.5 is given in Table 1. The value 2.3 reflects the relationship between meteoroid mass and meteor visual magnitude. This relationship is also described in Annex 1. k=n(0)/m -α m=0.5 (5) N(0) is the cumulative flux for zero magnitude meteors. N(0) depends on ZHR max and the probabilities to observe meteors at certain magnitudes (see Annex 1 for full explanation). M m=0.5 describes the meteoroid mass for the given magnitude of 0.5. b= -(log(0.5)/t) (6) t=(fwhm/(360/365)/2) (7) t represents the storm duration. Calculated with a given FWHM in [days]. b describes the meteoroid stream slopes of the log-lin activity profiles. Most streams have symmetrical profiles and the slopes are described by a single value of b. Further information see Annex 1. Because b is changing with the storm duration it has to be calculated here. The new parameters α, k and b can now be changed in the stream_change.dat for further use. 8
10 A= Aphelion AE= Autumnal Equinox S*= Intersection Ecliptic/Equatorplane SS= Summer Solstice VE= Vernal Equinox WS= Winter Solstice λ = Solar Longitude P= Perihelion λ SS Equator S* VE Earth P WS Sun A AE Figure 2: Schematic, geometrical Solar Longitude Description (the Earth orbit eccentricity is largely enhanced in this figure) For some useful references data concerning the annual earth orbit the see Annex 8. Name λ max [degrees] RA max [degrees] ZHR max v [km/s] α k b χ Bootids E gvelids E acrucids E ahydrusids E acarinids E dvelids E acentaurids E ocentaurids E thcentaurid E dleonids E Virginids E gnormids E dpavonids E Lyrids E mvirginids E eaquarids E bcoronaau E ascorpiids E oscorpiids E da.arietids E gsagitarids E tcetids E thophiuchid E taquarids E nphoenicids E
11 ocynids E Capricornid E daquaridsn E PiscesAus E daquaridss E laquaridss E Perseids E kcygnids E peridanids E gdoradids E Aurigids E kaquarids E egeminids E Orionids E LeoMinorids E Taurids E deridanids E zpuppids E Leonids E Puppids/Vel E Phoenicids E Monocerotid E Geminids E shydrusids E Ursids E Table 1: Main Meteoroid Stream Parameters used in the new tools Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) As explained before, the Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) is a main parameter for meteoroid stream flux calculations. Typical values are displayed in Table 1. For normal stream activities the STREAM.PRO tool provides the result in Figure 3. It is a summation of the contributions from the 50 given meteoroid streams with a background reference value of 10, which is the same in all ZHR plots. For an assumed Leonid storm with the changed storm parameters ZHR max =1000 b=4.88, α=1.22, k=1.44*10-18, and FWHM=0.125 (3 hours), the STREAM.PRO program delivers Figure 4. The increased ZHR max peak at a solar longitude of degrees can easily be seen. Figure 5 gives a close up for the solar longitude range between 200 and 280 degrees. If one compare Figure 3 and Figure 4, it can be seen, that the storm model considers only the storm rate but does not use the common stream activity as well. 10
12 Figure 3: Zenithal Hourly Rate summation for the 50 given meteoroid streams with normal activities for a whole year and a background reference value of 10. Figure 4: Zenithal Hourly Rate summation for the 50 given meteoroid streams, for a whole year with an assumed Leonid storm (ZHR max =1000) and a background reference value of
13 With a defined solar longitude range between 200 and 280 degrees, the sharp peek for the Leonid storm is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5: Zenithal Hourly Rate summation with an assumed Leonid storm (ZHR max =1000), a solar longitude plot range between 200 and 280 degrees and a background reference value of Mass Dependent Stream Flux As shown in Equation (2) the flux depends on the particle mass. For a given particle density and the assumption of spherical shape, the particle diameter is related to mass by: d=(6 m/(π ρ)) 1/3 (8) In Table 2 the flux in (particles/m 2 /s) is presented for given masses in [kg], together with the relevant stream parameters and at the end of table 1 the minimum particle diameter in [cm]. Grün Model reference values are also presented. 12
14 Name ref. α k V ZHRmax F(1E-10kg) F(1E-8kg) F(1E-6kg) F(1E-4kg) F(1E-2kg) [km/s] m -2 s -1 m -2 s -1 m -2 s -1 m -2 s -1 m -2 s -1 Bootids E E E E E E-15 gvelids E E E E E E-17 acrucids E E E E E E-17 ahydrusids E E E E E E-17 acarinids E E E E E E-16 dvelids E E E E E E-17 acentaurids E E E E E E-16 ocentaurids E E E E E E-17 thcentaurid E E E E E E-17 dleonids E E E E E E-16 Virginids E E E E E E-16 gnormids E E E E E E-16 dpavonids E E E E E E-17 Lyrids E E E E E E-16 mvirginids E E E E E E-16 eaquarids E E E E E E-16 bcorona Au E E E E E E-17 ascorpiids E E E E E E-16 oscorpiids E E E E E-15 da.arietids E E E E E E-15 gsagitarids E E E E E E-16 tcetids E E E E E E-17 thophiuchid E E E E E E-16 taquarids E E E E E E-17 nphoenicids E E E E E E-17 ocygnids E E E E E E-16 Capricornid E E E E E E-15 daquarids N E E E E E E-18 Pisces Aus E E E E E E-17 daquarids S E E E E E E-17 laquarids S E E E E E E-17 Perseids E E E E E E-16 kcygnids E E E E E E-15 peridanids E E E E E E-16 gdoradids E E E E E E-16 Aurigids E E E E E E-17 kaquarids E E E E E E-15 egeminids E E E E E E-18 Orionids E E E E E E-17 LeoMinorids E E E E E E-17 Taurids E E E E E E-15 deridanids E E E E E E-17 zpuppids E E E E E E-17 Leonids E E E E E E-18 Puppids/Vel E E E E E E-16 Phoenicids E E E E E E-15 Monocerotid E E E E E E-17 Geminids E E E E E E-15 shydrusids E E E E E E-18 Ursids E E E E E E-16 Diameter in cm: d=(6*m/(π ρ))^(1/3) ; ρ=1(g/cm 3 ) =>d[cm] : ; ρ=2(g/cm 3 ) =>d[cm] : Grün-Model: Flux in (particle/m 2 /yr) : 9.54E E E E E-09 Flux in (particle/m 2 /s) : 3.03E E E E E-16 Table 2: Mass Dependent Stream Flux for several minimum masses and diameters. Grün Model values for reference and the needed equation values are also included. Figure 6 shows qualitative each stream flux for masses equal or larger then 10-8 kg during the year. Sequencing Figures 7-11 present the summation for the meteoroid stream fluxes in [particles/m 2 /s] with different minimum particle masses. In each plot a Grün Model straight line gives the corresponding fluxes from the Grün Model as reference. 13
15 Figure 6: All Meteoroid Stream Flux from Table 1, qualitative, with a minimum particle mass of 10-8 kg for a whole year and with linear scales. Figure 7: Annual Meteoroid Stream Flux with particle masses equal or larger than kg and a Grün reference line 14
16 Figure 8: Annual Meteoroid Stream Flux with particle masses equal or larger than 10-8 kg and a Grün reference line Figure 9: Annual Meteoroid Stream Flux with particle masses equal or larger than 10-6 kg and a Grün reference line 15
17 Figure 10: Annual Meteoroid Stream Flux with particle masses equal or larger than 10-4 kg and a Grün reference line Figure 11: Annual Meteoroid Stream Flux with particle masses equal or larger than 10-2 kg and a Grün reference line 16
18 Figure 12 shows the Meteoroid Stream Flux within a solar longitude plot range between 200 and 280 degrees. The minimum particle mass in this case was 10-6 kg. Figure 13 in contrast to Figure 12, gives the Meteoroid Stream Flux including a Leonid storm with the changed storm parameters b=4.88, α=1.22, k=1.44*10-18, ZHR max =1000 and FWHM=0.125 (a 3 hour storm duration). The minimum particle mass is again 10-6 kg Figure 14 is an overlapping plot, where the additional flux from the storm is clearly visible (at Solar Longitude 235.1). Figure 12: Meteoroid Stream Flux for particle masses equal or larger than 10-6 kg in a solar longitude range of 200 and 280 degrees, a Grün reference line and normal stream activity. 17
19 Figure 13: Meteoroid Stream Flux for masses equal or larger than 10-6 kg in a solar longitude range of 200 and 280 degrees and a Leonid storm with a ZHR max value of 1000 a FWHM=0.125 (3 hours), b=4.88, α=1.22 and k= A Grün reference line is given as well. Figure 14: Meteoroid Stream Flux for masses equal or larger than 10-6 kg in a solar longitude range between 200 and 280 degrees. Overlapping the Leonid storm and the normal stream flux curves. The additional storm flux contribution is shown at solar longitude
20 Note: The stream flux contributions are believed to be for masses between 10-4 kg and kg. For masses above 10-4 kg and below kg, a cut-off for the stream fluxes has to be considered Penetration Stream Flux Penetration Stream fluxes depend on the given target thickness and the impact angle, where 0 degrees means a perpendicular impact. Both parameters are taken into account in the ESABASE Thin Plate damage equation, which is shown below in Equation 9. This equation, which is described in Annex 2, yields the critical diameter for penetration. d=(t t /(0.45 ρ v cos(α) )) (9) A density of ρ=1.0g/cm 3 is assumed. d: Lowest, impacting particle diameter [cm] v: Stream velocity in [km/s] t t : Threshold thickness for penetration [cm] α: Impact Angle [degrees] With equation 8 the minimum particle mass is obtained from the diameter. Equation 2 is used to compute the penetration stream flux. Figure show the Penetration Stream Flux (summed over all streams) for different target thicknesses (t t =0.2, 0.1 and 0.01 cm), impact angles (α=0 and 45), for normal stream activity as well as for a assumed Leonid storm with the parameters b=4.88, α=1.22, k= , ZHR max =1000 and FWHM=0.125 (a 3 hour storm duration). It is also postulated that particles from all streams impact with the same, user defined, angle. 19
21 Figure 15: Annual Penetration Stream Flux for a given 0.2 cm target thickness and an 0 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. Figure 16: Annual Penetration Stream Flux for a given 0.2 cm target thickness and an 45 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 20
22 Figure 17: Annual Penetration Stream Flux, including a Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM of 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.2cm target thickness and an 0 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. Figure 18: Annual Penetration Stream Flux, including a Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM of 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.2cm target thickness and an 45 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 21
23 Figure 19: Annual Penetration Stream Flux for a given 0.1 cm target thickness and an 0 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. Figure 20: Annual Penetration Stream Flux for a given 0.1cm target thickness and an 45 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 22
24 Figure 21: Annual Penetration Stream Flux, including a Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM of 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.1cm target thickness and an 0 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. Figure 22: Annual Penetration Stream Flux, including a Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM of 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.1cm target thickness and an 45 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 23
25 Figure 23: Annual Penetration Stream Flux for a given 0.01cm target thickness and an 0 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. Figure 24: Annual Penetration Stream Flux for a given 0.01cm target thickness and an 45 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 24
26 Figure 25: Annual Penetration Stream Flux, including a Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM of 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.01cm target thickness and an 0 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. Figure 26: Annual Penetration Stream Flux, including a Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM of 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.01cm target thickness and an 45 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 25
27 For an assumed Leonid stream or storm with λ max=235 o and RA=154 o the impact angle for a sun-pointed solar arrays is 81 o. An schematic explanation is given in Figure 27. No consideration of the angle between the ecliptic or the equator plane and the stream is made. Figure 28 and Figure 29 give the Penetration Stream Flux (summed over all streams) for 0.1 cm target thickness and an 81 o impact angle. Figure 28 represents normal stream activity and Figure 29 includes the Leonid storm with the same values as used before: b=4.88, α=1.22, k= , ZHR max =1000 and FWHM=0.125 (a 3 hour storm duration). A closer look for that storm gives Figure 30 within a solar longitude plot range between 200 and 280 degrees. λ Sun Earth (t=0) RA Earth (t>0) Leonids Figure 27: Schematic description for Leonid Stream or Storm direction, in the Earth- Sun system with λ max=235 o and RA=154 o. 26
28 Figure 28: Annual Penetration Stream Flux for a given 0.1cm target thickness and an 81 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. Figure 29: Annual Penetration Stream Flux, including a Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM of 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.1cm target thickness and an 81 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 27
29 Figure 30: Annual Penetration Stream Flux in a solar longitude range between 200 and 280 degrees. A Leonid Storm with a ZHR max of 1000 and a FWHM for 3 hours is assumed. All for a given 0.1cm target thickness and an 81 o impact angle. Also a Grün Model reference line is given. 4. First Test of ESABASE/DEBRIS Tool 4.1 Deficiencies in the ESABASE/DEBRIS Tool 1) If the ESABASE DEBRIS Tool calculates with the meteoroid model mode, an upper mass limit error message appears. This problem was solved with an implemented cut off. 2) Within the.dmi file the particle size and mass limit had the wrong unit of measurement. For the given diameter it was corrected into cm and the mass into g. 4.2 Deficiencies in the ESABASE/DEBRIS Tool-Documentation Document Page Mistake Correction TD 8 brackets around 1+p g 2 (t,p)=1+p*(t-1988) TD 28 no opening bracket before c1*m F(m)=c0{(c1*m TD 32 unperformed oscorpiids in table EDM 18 no opening bracket before c1*m F(m)=c0{(c1*m 28
30 EDM stands for: ESABASE/DEBRIS release2, Final Report, Enhanced Debris/Micrometeoroid Environment Models and 3D Software Tools TD stands for: ESABASE/DEBRIS Release2, Technical Description 5. Suggestions for future enhancements and applications For further investigations, the following suggestion should be considered: 1. Multiple Wall Ballistic Limit Equation could be used for Penetration Stream Flux calculations. 2. With the plots, the highest value for certain solar longitude ranges could be given. 3. The physical relevance for the storm model could be investigated. 4. A model for a sun pointed surface should be developed, which considers each stream direction. 5. One could implement AKC.PRO in STRESM.PRO REFERENCES [1] HTS ESABASE/DEBRIS Release2, Technical Description, Aug [2] Jenniskens P. Meteor Stream Activity I, The annual streams, J. Astronomy and Astrophysics 287, ), 1994 [3] Grün E., Zook H.A., Fechtig H., Giese R.H. Collisional Balance of the Meteorotic Complex, ICARUS 62, pp , 1985 [4] McBride Neil Modelling the Meteoroid Environment, Version 3, 1998, ESA contract 11540/NL/JG/95 29
METEORS. Astronomical Calendar 2018
1 These descriptions of the annual meteor showers are fuller than in the TIMETABLE OF EVENTS but still bare; I expect to amplify them later. Shower can be an optimistic term. You may see a few shooting
More informationFundamentals of meteor science
WGN, the Journal of the IMO 34:3 (2006) 71 Fundamentals of meteor science Visual Sporadic Meteor Rates Jürgen Rendtel 1 Activity from the antihelion region can be regarded as a series of ecliptical showers
More informationModeling Meteors. Summer School of Science. Project report. Chloe Udressy Marcell Dorian Kovacs Nensi Komljenovic. Project leader: Dusan Pavlovic
Modeling Meteors Summer School of Science Project report Chloe Udressy Marcell Dorian Kovacs Nensi Komljenovic Project leader: Dusan Pavlovic 2017. 07. 29-08. 07. Contents 1 Abstract 2 2 Introduction 2
More informationobserver s page How to observe Meteors Tim Cooper (Director, Comet and Meteor Section)
observer s page How to observe Meteors Tim Cooper (Director, Comet and Meteor Section) Observing meteors is an ideal way to start observing. You don t need any fancy instrumentation; just your eyes, some
More informationCelestial Events for 2018 Hōkūlani Imaginarium Windward Community College Joseph Ciotti
Celestial Events for 2018 Hōkūlani Imaginarium Windward Community College Joseph Ciotti all times HST Month Day Time Celestial Event 2018 Jan 1 11:54 am Moon at (closest to earth) 1 4:24 pm Full Moon Super
More informationAstronomical Events 2019 (edited somewhat) from:
Astronomical Events 2019 (edited somewhat) from: http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/astrocal/astrocal2019gmt.html January Note: Time column is UT, subtract 5 hours for local EST, 4 hours for DST Jan 1 to
More informationEarth-Sun Relationships. The Reasons for the Seasons
Earth-Sun Relationships The Reasons for the Seasons Solar Radiation The earth intercepts less than one two-billionth of the energy given off by the sun. However, the radiation is sufficient to provide
More informationWGN, the Journal of the IMO 34:3 (2006) 77
WGN, the Journal of the IMO 34:3 (2006) 77 Ongoing meteor work A new Working List of meteor showers Rainer Arlt 1 and Jürgen Rendtel 2 After the last revision of the working list of visual meteor showers
More informationAstronomical Events for 2018 (compiled from Astropixels.com and RASC Observer s Handbook)
Astronomical Events for 2018 (compiled from Astropixels.com and RASC Observer s Handbook) Date EST Event (h:m) JANUARY Jan 01 Mon 15:00 Mercury at Greatest Elongation 22.7 W 01 Mon 16:54 Moon at Perigee:
More informationAstronomy 3. Earth Movements Seasons The Moon Eclipses Tides Planets Asteroids, Meteors, Comets
Astronomy 3 Earth Movements Seasons The Moon Eclipses Tides Planets Asteroids, Meteors, Comets Earth s Movements Orbit- the path in which an object travels around another object in space Revolution the
More informationEarth s Orbit. Sun Earth Relationships Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D. ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology
1 ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology Sun Earth Relationships Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D. Spring (sun aims directly at equator) Winter (northern hemisphere 23.5 tilts away from sun) 2 Solar radiation
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORBITAL MECHANICS - MODEL & SIMULATION SOFTWARE (OM-MSS) Earth, Sun, Moon & Satellites Motion in Orbit - Model & Simulation Software
Return to Website INTRODUCTION TO ORBITAL MECHANICS - MODEL & SIMULATION SOFTWARE (OM-MSS) Earth, Sun, Moon & Satellites Motion in Orbit - Model & Simulation Software RC Chakraborty (Retd), Former Director,
More informationAbstract. 2.1 Random Meteors. Chapter 2. Sporadic Meteors
Chapter 2 Abstract It turns out that some sporadic meteors are not so random after all. There are groups of nonshower meteors that encounter Earth on a daily basis, adding a few meteors per hour to the
More informationLecture #03. January 20, 2010, Wednesday
Lecture #03 January 20, 2010, Wednesday Causes of Earth s Seasons Earth-Sun geometry Day length Solar angle (beam spread) Atmospheric beam depletion Shape and Size of the Earth North Pole E Geoid: not
More informationPerformance of D-criteria in isolating meteor showers from the sporadic background in an optical data set
doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2610 Performance of D-criteria in isolating meteor showers from the sporadic background in an optical data set Althea V. Moorhead NASA Meteoroid Environment Office, Marshall Space
More informationMeteors and showers a millennium ago
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 343, 1095 1100 (2003) Meteors and showers a millennium ago Sang-Hyeon Ahn Korea Institute for Advanced Study, 207-43 Cheongyangri-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-722, Korea Accepted
More informationAstron 104 Laboratory #5 The Orbit of Mars
Name: Date: Section: Astron 104 Laboratory #5 The Orbit of Mars Section 1.3 Note: Use a pencil with a sharp point! Mark your data as accurately as possible. This table contains measurements by Tycho Brahe.
More informationConfirmation of the Northern Delta Aquariids (NDA, IAU #26) and the Northern June Aquilids (NZC, IAU #164)
WGN, the Journal of the IMO XX:X (200X) 1 Confirmation of the Northern Delta Aquariids (NDA, IAU #26) and the Northern June Aquilids (NZC, IAU #164) David Holman 1 and Peter Jenniskens 2 This paper resolves
More informationMST radar observations of the Leonid meteor storm during
Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics Vol 40 April 2011, pp 67-71 MST radar observations of the Leonid meteor storm during 1996-2007 N Rakesh Chandra 1,$,*, G Yellaiah 2 & S Vijaya Bhaskara Rao 3 1 Nishitha
More informationExercise 7.0 THE CHANGING DIURNAL CIRCLES OF THE SUN
Exercise 7.0 THE CHANGING DIURNAL CIRCLES OF THE SUN I. The Apparent Annual Motion of the Sun A star always rises and sets at the same place on the horizon and, hence, it is above the horizon for the same
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Astro Quiz 2 (ch2) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Star A has an apparent visual magnitude of 13.4 and star B has
More informationA2 Principi di Astrofisica. Coordinate Celesti
A2 Principi di Astrofisica Coordinate Celesti ESO La Silla Tel. 3.6m Celestial Sphere Our lack of depth perception when we look into space creates the illusion that Earth is surrounded by a celestial sphere.
More informationCOMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANGLES DESCRIBING THE SUN S APPARENT MOVEMENT IN THE SKY
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANGLES DESCRIBING THE SUN S APPARENT MOVEMENT IN THE SKY B. BUTUC 1 Gh. MOLDOVEAN 1 Abstract: The paper presents software developed for the determination of the Sun-Earth geometry.
More informationVisual observations of Geminid meteor shower 2004
Bull. Astr. Soc. India (26) 34, 225 233 Visual observations of Geminid meteor shower 24 K. Chenna Reddy, D. V. Phani Kumar, G. Yellaiah Department of Astronomy, Osmania University, Hyderabad 57, India
More informationSATELLITE IMPACT PROBABILITIES: ANNUAL SHOWERS AND THE 1965 AND 1966 LEONID STORMS
Acta Astronautica Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 281±292, 1999 # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain PII: S0094-5765(99)00022-3 0094-5765/99/$ - see front matter + 0.00 SATELLITE
More informationESA s activities related to the meteoroid environment
ESA s activities related to the meteoroid environment G. Drolshagen, D. Koschny ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Engineering flux models In-situ impacts Fireball database as part of SSA Sep 2010,
More informationorbits Moon, Planets Spacecrafts Calculating the and by Dr. Shiu-Sing TONG
A Science Enrichment Programme for Secondary 3-4 Students : Teaching and Learning Resources the and Spacecrafts orbits Moon, Planets Calculating the 171 of by Dr. Shiu-Sing TONG 172 Calculating the orbits
More informationJovian Planet Properties
The Outer Planets Jovian Planet Properties Jovian Planet Properties Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovians: are much larger & more massive are composed mostly of Hydrogen, Helium, & Hydrogen
More informationSolar Insolation and Earth Radiation Budget Measurements
Week 13: November 19-23 Solar Insolation and Earth Radiation Budget Measurements Topics: 1. Daily solar insolation calculations 2. Orbital variations effect on insolation 3. Total solar irradiance measurements
More informationSeasons and Ecliptic Simulator
Overview: In this lesson, students access an online simulator to aid in understanding the relationship between seasons and Earth s tilt and the day/night cycle caused by Earth s rotation. Objectives: The
More information10/17/2012. Observing the Sky. Lecture 8. Chapter 2 Opener
Observing the Sky Lecture 8 Chapter 2 Opener 1 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 2 Figure 2.6 Figure 2.4 Annotated 3 The Celestial Sphere The celestial sphere is the vast hollow sphere on which the stars appear fixed.
More informationCraters and Airbursts
Craters and Airbursts Most asteroids and comets fragments explode in the air as fireballs or airbursts; only the largest ones make craters. Evidence indicates that the YDB impact into the Canadian ice
More informationDay, Night & the Seasons. Lecture 2 1/21/2014
Day, Night & the Seasons Lecture 2 1/21/2014 Logistics The following students see me after class: A. Gonzalez, Chen Anyone who was not here on first day see me after class Pin Numbers - if you have not
More informationMeteor Shower Flux Densities and the Zenith Exponent
International Meteor Conference, La Palma, Spain, September 20-23, 23 2012 Meteor Shower Flux Densities and the Zenith Exponent Sirko Molau, AKM, Germany Geert Barentsen, University of Hertfordshire, U.K.
More informationMASS INDEX AND MASS OF THE GEMINID METEOROID STREAM AS FOUND WITH RADAR, OPTICAL, AND LUNAR IMPACT DATA
MASS INDEX AND MASS OF THE GEMINID METEOROID STREAM AS FOUND WITH RADAR, OPTICAL, AND LUNAR IMPACT DATA June 6, 2016 Rhiannon Blaauw NASA Meteoroid Environments Office/ APL Jacobs ESSSA Outline In 2015,
More informationTHE SEASONS PART I: THE EARTH S ORBIT & THE SEASONS
THE SEASONS To observers on earth, it appears that the earth stands still and everything else moves around it. Thus, in trying to imagine how the universe works, it made good sense to people in ancient
More informationarxiv:astro-ph/ v2 2 May 2003
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 000 000 (0000) Printed 31 May 2018 (MN LATEX style file v1.4) Meteors And Showers A Millennium Ago Sang-Hyeon Ahn Korea Institute for Advanced Study, 207-43 Cheongyangri-dong,
More information2003 EH 1 IS THE QUADRANTID SHOWER PARENT COMET
The Astronomical Journal, 127:3018 3022, 2004 May # 2004. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. 2003 EH 1 IS THE QUADRANTID SHOWER PARENT COMET P. Jenniskens SETI Institute,
More informationTHE SEASONS PART I: THE EARTH S ORBIT & THE SEASONS
THE SEASONS To observers on earth, it appears that the earth stands still and everything else moves around it. Thus, in trying to imagine how the universe works, it made good sense to people in ancient
More informationLEONID 1998 TRACKING CAMPAIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LEONID 1998 TRACKING CAMPAIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary of ESA/ESOC Contract No. 13121/98/D/IM ESA/ESOC Technical Supervisor: R. Jehn The work described in this report was done
More informationThe activity of the 2004 Geminid meteor shower from global visual observations
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 1 6 (25) Printed 4 January 26 (MN LATEX style file v2.2) The activity of the 24 Geminid meteor shower from global visual observations R. Arlt 1 and J. Rendtel 1,2 1 International
More informationAstronomical coordinate systems. ASTR320 Monday January 22, 2018
Astronomical coordinate systems ASTR320 Monday January 22, 2018 Special public talk this week: Mike Brown, Pluto Killer Wednesday at 7:30pm in MPHY204 Other news Munnerlyn lab is hiring student engineers
More information1. In Activity 1-1, part 3, how do you think graph a will differ from graph b? 3. Draw your graph for Prediction 2-1 below:
PRE-LAB PREPARATION SHEET FOR LAB 1: INTRODUCTION TO MOTION (Due at the beginning of Lab 1) Directions: Read over Lab 1 and then answer the following questions about the procedures. 1. In Activity 1-1,
More informationObserving Meteor Showers
Observing Meteor Showers The Solar System is a dynamic arrangement of planets, dwarf planets and small solar-system bodies in orbit around the Sun. However, solid bodies much smaller than asteroids and
More informationUsing the Dark Times Calendars
Using the Dark Times Calendars Purpose My main reason for creating the Dark Times Calendars was to show, in advance, the best times for deep space astronomical observing. If I want to plan a family vacation
More informationSKYCAL - Sky Events Calendar
SKYCAL - Sky Events Calendar Your web browser must have Javascript turned on. The following browsers have been successfully tested: Macintosh - Firefox 3.0 (Safari NOT supported) Windows - Firefox 3.0,
More informationMotions of the Earth
Motions of the Earth Our goals for learning: What are the main motions of the Earth in space? How do we see these motions on the ground? How does it affect our lives? How does the orientation of Earth's
More informationContents of the Solar System
The Solar System Contents of the Solar System Sun Planets 9 known (now: 8) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars ( Terrestrials ) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune ( Jovians ) Pluto (a Kuiper Belt object?) Natural
More informationLOCATING CELESTIAL OBJECTS: COORDINATES AND TIME. a. understand the basic concepts needed for any astronomical coordinate system.
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 LOCATING CELESTIAL OBJECTS: COORDINATES AND TIME Goals After mastery of this unit, you should: a. understand the basic concepts needed for any astronomical coordinate system. b. understand
More informationChapter 0 2/19/2014. Lecture Outline. 0.1 The Obvious View. Charting the Heavens. 0.1 The Obvious View. 0.1 The Obvious View. Units of Chapter 0
Lecture Outline Chapter 0 Charting the Heavens Earth is average we don t occupy any special place in the universe Universe: Totality of all space, time, matter, and energy Astronomy: Study of the universe
More information6/17. Universe from Smallest to Largest:
6/17 Universe from Smallest to Largest: 1. Quarks and Leptons fundamental building blocks of the universe size about 0 (?) importance: quarks combine together to form neutrons and protons. One of the leptons
More informationTHE HANDBOOK BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION 2019
THE HANDBOOK OF THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION 2019 2018 October ISSN 0068 130 X CONTENTS PREFACE................................................................... 2 HIGHLIGHTS FOR 2019.......................................................
More informationDay, Night & the Seasons. Lecture 2 1/15/2013
Day, Night & the Seasons Lecture 2 1/15/2013 Logistics The following students see me after class: Dahms, Doyle, Kavalle, Jennings, Melton, Polsky, Soriano, Augustinovich, Briggs Anyone who was not here
More informationDIN EN : (E)
DIN EN 16603-10-04:2015-05 (E) Space engineering - Space environment; English version EN 16603-10-04:2015 Foreword... 12 Introduction... 13 1 Scope... 14 2 Normative references... 15 3 Terms, definitions
More informationAstronomy. The Seasons
Astronomy The Seasons The seasons are caused by the inclination of the Earth s axis: when a hemisphere is tipped toward the Sun, the Sun is more directly above it. At the Summer Solstice the tilt is most
More informationMeteoroid flux determination using image intensified video camera data from the CILBO double station
Proceedings of the IMC, Giron, 2014 1 Meteoroid flux determination using image intensified video camera data from the CILBO double station Theresa Ott 1, Esther Drolshagen 1, Detlef Koschny 2, Gerhard
More informationMeteor stream activity
Astron. Astrophys. 330, 739 752 (1998) ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS Meteor stream activity VI. A survey of annual meteor activity by means of forward meteor scattering I. Yrjölä 1 and P. Jenniskens 2 1 Jukolantie
More informationWhat causes Earth to have seasons?
Seasons What causes Earth to have seasons? The distance to Earth does NOT cause seasons seasons are caused by : 1. the tilt of the earth on its axis (23.5 degrees) 2.revolution of earth around the sun
More informationThe formats of the IAU MDC meteor data
The formats of the IAU MDC meteor data L. Neslušan Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-059 60 Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia V. Porubčan Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
More informationCelestial Sphere & Solar Motion Lab (Norton s Star Atlas pages 1-4)
Name: Date: Celestial Sphere & Solar Motion Lab (Norton s Star Atlas pages 1-4) Italicized topics below will be covered only at the instructor s discretion. 1.0 Purpose: To understand a) the celestial
More informationIntroduction to Astronomy
Introduction to Astronomy AST0111-3 (Astronomía) Semester 2014B Prof. Thomas H. Puzia Theme Our Sky 1. Celestial Sphere 2. Diurnal Movement 3. Annual Movement 4. Lunar Movement 5. The Seasons 6. Eclipses
More informationPopulation index reloaded
Proceedings of the IMC, Mistelbach, 2015 11 Population index reloaded Sirko Molau Abenstalstr. 13b, 84072 Seysdorf, Germany sirko@molau.de This paper describes results from the determination of population
More informationGlossary of Terms. Glossary. Meteor shower calendar. Shower Activity period Maximum Radiant Velocity (km/s) r ZHR Class
of Terms Meteor shower calendar Shower Activity period Maximum Radiant Velocity (km/s) r ZHR Class Date SL RA Dec Antihelion source Nov 25 Sep 30 30 3.0 3 II Quadrantids (QUA) Jan 01 Jan 05 Jan 04 283
More informationExercise 6. Solar Panel Orientation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Introduction to the importance of solar panel orientation DISCUSSION
Exercise 6 Solar Panel Orientation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will understand how the solar illumination at any location on Earth varies over the course of a year. You
More informationCENTRAL VALLEY ASTRONOMERS 2012 CALENDAR
CENTRAL VALLEY ASTRONOMERS 2012 CALENDAR Waxing Crescent Moon by Clarence Noell Along the Terminator by Clarence Noell COVER PHOTO: The Louis Mendoza 20 Telescope at Riverpark by Casey Chumley Waxing Gibbous
More informationArcGIS Role in Maxent Modeling
ArcGIS Role in Maxent Modeling Christopher Woods Christopher.R.Woods @leidos.com Carpinteria, CA Modeling Remember that all models are wrong; the practical question is how wrong do they have to be to not
More informationIn all cases assume the observer is located at the latitude of Charlottesville (38 degrees north).
1. Recalling that azimuth is measured around the sky from North (North is 0 degrees, East is 90 degrees, South is 180 degrees, and West is 270 degrees) estimate (do not calculate precisely) the azimuth
More informationProceedings of the International Meteor Conference
ISBN 978-2-873-024-4 Proceedings of the International Meteor Conference La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain 20 23 September, 2012 Published by the International Meteor Organization 2013 Edited by Marc Gyssens
More informationLecture 2 Motions in the Sky September 10, 2018
1 Lecture 2 Motions in the Sky September 10, 2018 2 What is your year in school? A. New freshman B. Returning freshman C. Sophomore D. Junior E. Senior F. I ve been here, like, forever 3 What is your major?
More informationClassAction: Coordinates and Motions Module Instructor s Manual
ClassAction: Coordinates and Motions Module Instructor s Manual Table of Contents Section 1: Warm-up Questions...3 The Sun s Path 1 4 Section 2: General Questions...5 Sledding or Going to the Beach...6
More informationPhotographing Meteors, Fireballs and Meteor Showers
OCTOBER 14, 2018 BEGINNER Photographing Meteors, Fireballs and Meteor Showers Featuring DIANA ROBINSON Diana Robinson The Milky Way and a meteor shower over Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. D5,
More informationInvestigation of meteor shower parent bodies using various metrics
Faculty of Physics, Bucharest University Astronomical Institute, Romanian Academy Investigation of meteor shower parent bodies using various metrics B. A. DUMITRU1,2,3,4, M.BIRLAN2,3, A. NEDELCU3,2, M.
More informationThe Earth is a Rotating Sphere
The Earth is a Rotating Sphere The Shape of the Earth Earth s Rotation ( and relative movement of the Sun and Moon) The Geographic Grid Map Projections Global Time The Earth s Revolution around the Sun
More informationNumerical Model for the Orbit of the Earth
Universal Journal of Geoscience 5(2): 33-39, 2017 DOI: 10.13189/ujg.2017.050203 http://www.hrpub.org Numerical Model for the Orbit of the Earth S. Karna 1,*, A. K. Mallik 2 1 Physics Department, Tri-Chandra
More information2005 Meteor Shower Calendar
IMO INFO(2-04) 1 International Meteor Organization 2005 Meteor Shower Calendar compiled by Alastair McBeath 1 1. Introduction Welcome to the 2005 International Meteor Organization (IMO) Meteor Shower Calendar.
More informationArtificial Meteor and Chelyabinsk Ablation Test using Arc-heated Wind Tunnel
Artificial Meteor and Chelyabinsk Ablation Test using Arc-heated Wind Tunnel Shinsuke ABE Nihon University, Dept. Aerospace Engineering Collaborators; K. Araki, T. Iwasaki, K. Toen (Nihon Univ.) Hironori
More informationA study upon Eris. I. Describing and characterizing the orbit of Eris around the Sun. I. Breda 1
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. Eris c ESO 2013 March 27, 2013 A study upon Eris I. Describing and characterizing the orbit of Eris around the Sun I. Breda 1 Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University
More informationDouble-Station Meteor Observations in Ryazan, Russia
Double-Station Meteor Observations in Ryazan, Russia Andrey Murtazov, Alexander Efimov, Pavel Titov 46, Svobody St., Astronomical Observatory, Ryazan State University, Russia, 390000 a.murtazov@rsu.edu.ru
More informationMeteor Brightness Due to Standard Ablation (and some improvements)
5th Student Astronomical Workshop, Belgrade, 12. 11. 2011. Meteor Brightness Due to Standard Ablation (and some improvements) Dušan Pavlović 1,2,3, Igor Smolić1,4 1 Petnica Meteor Group, Serbia Group for
More informationAstronomy 100 Section 2 MWF Greg Hall
Astronomy 100 Section 2 MWF 1200-1300 100 Greg Hall Leslie Looney Phone: 217-244-3615 Email: lwl @ uiuc. edu Office: Astro Building #218 Office Hours: MTF 10:30-11:30 a.m. or by appointment Class Web Page
More informationAssignment 1. Due Jan. 31, 2017
Assignment 1 Due Jan. 31, 2017 Show all work and turn in answers on separate pages, not on these pages. Circle your final answers for clarity. Be sure to show/explain all of your reasoning and that your
More informationChapter 1 Solar Radiation
Chapter 1 Solar Radiation THE SUN The sun is a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter with a diameter of 1.39 10 9 m It is, on the average, 1.5 10 11 m away from the earth. The sun rotates on its axis
More information2. Modern: A constellation is a region in the sky. Every object in the sky, whether we can see it or not, is part of a constellation.
6/14 10. Star Cluster size about 10 14 to 10 17 m importance: where stars are born composed of stars. 11. Galaxy size about 10 21 m importance: provide a stable environment for stars. Composed of stars.
More informationNotes on Moon Calendar 1/21/2015
Notes on Moon Calendar 1/21/2015 I used Sun and Moon data from http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/rs_oneyear.php. I chose "District of Columbia" for location, partly because that's what came up on the screen.
More informationChapter 1: Discovering the Night Sky. The sky is divided into 88 unequal areas that we call constellations.
Chapter 1: Discovering the Night Sky Constellations: Recognizable patterns of the brighter stars that have been derived from ancient legends. Different cultures have associated the patterns with their
More informationCENTRAL VALLEY ASTRONOMERS 2013 CALENDAR. Observing the Venus Transit at Fresno State
CENTRAL VALLEY ASTRONOMERS 203 CALENDAR Observing the Venus Transit at Fresno State COVER PHOTO: Observing the Venus Transit at Fresno State (June 5, 202) by Fred Lusk Messier 45, The Pleiades by Scott
More informationNo sign of the 2014 Daytime Sextantids and mass indexes determination from radio observations
Proceedings of the IMC, Mistelbach, 2015 165 No sign of the 2014 Daytime Sextantids and mass indexes determination from radio observations Giancarlo Tomezzoli 1 and Cis Verbeeck 2 1 European Patent Office,
More informationAstronomy A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE EIGHTH EDITION
Astronomy A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 0 Charting the Heavens Lecture Presentation 0.0 Astronmy a why is that subject! Q. What rare astronomical event happened in late summer
More informationThe Inferior Planets. Culpeper Astronomy Club Meeting October 23, 2017
The Inferior Planets Culpeper Astronomy Club Meeting October 23, 2017 Overview Introductions Dark Matter (Ben Abbott) Mercury and Venus Stellarium Constellations: Aquila, Cygnus Observing Session (?) Image
More informationAppearance of the Sky Orientation Motion of sky Seasons Precession (?)
Today Appearance of the Sky Orientation Motion of sky Seasons Precession (?) The Celestial Sphere Stars at different distances all appear to lie on the celestial sphere. The ecliptic is the Sun s apparent
More informationChapter 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself. What does the universe look like from Earth? Constellations. 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky
Chapter 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky Our goals for learning: What does the universe look like from Earth? Why do stars rise and set? Why do the constellations we
More informationThink about. Aug. 13, What is science?
Think about Aug. 13, 2018 What is science? Science Science is both a body of knowledge and a process for building that body of knowledge. This involves inquiry, that is, developing explanations for why
More informationThe Celestial Sphere. GEK1506 Heavenly Mathematics: Cultural Astronomy
The Celestial Sphere GEK1506 Heavenly Mathematics: Cultural Astronomy Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore aslaksen@math.nus.edu.sg www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ The
More informationChapter 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself
Chapter 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky Our goals for learning: What does the universe look like from Earth? Why do stars rise and set? Why do the constellations we
More informationFigure 1: Revolving Coordinate System for the Earth. Seasons and Latitude Simulation Step-by-Step
1 z y x Figure 1: Revolving Coordinate System for the Earth Seasons and Latitude Simulation Step-by-Step The purpose of this unit is to build a simulation that will help us understand the role of latitude
More informationThe point in an orbit around the Sun at which an object is at its greatest distance from the Sun (Opposite of perihelion).
ASTRONOMY TERMS Albedo Aphelion Apogee A measure of the reflectivity of an object and is expressed as the ratio of the amount of light reflected by an object to that of the amount of light incident upon
More informationPHYS 160 Astronomy Test #1 Fall 2017 Version B
PHYS 160 Astronomy Test #1 Fall 2017 Version B 1 I. True/False (1 point each) Circle the T if the statement is true, or F if the statement is false on your answer sheet. 1. An object has the same weight,
More informationChapter 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself
Chapter 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky Our goals for learning: What does the universe look like from Earth? Why do stars rise and set? Why do the constellations we
More informationSeasons ASTR 101 2/12/2018
Seasons ASTR 101 2/12/2018 1 What causes the seasons? Perihelion: closest to Sun around January 4 th Northern Summer Southern Winter 147 million km 152 million km Aphelion (farthest to Sun) around July
More informationCurrent status of the Spanish Fireball Network: all-sky and video system monitoring and recent daylight events
Current status of the Spanish Fireball Network: all-sky and video system monitoring and recent daylight events Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez & José M. Madiedo (IEEC, ICE-CSIC) (Univ. Huelva) Villalbeto de la
More information