Using the Dark Times Calendars

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1 Using the Dark Times Calendars Purpose My main reason for creating the Dark Times Calendars was to show, in advance, the best times for deep space astronomical observing. If I want to plan a family vacation that isn t going to include astronomy, I d generally prefer to go at a time when I can t do deep sky observing anyway. If I were planning an astronomy trip however, I might want to know several months in advance when a good time to take such a trip might be. Perhaps the biggest difference between a Dark Times Calendar and an ordinary calendar is that the 24 hour period we call a day is separated at noon instead of at midnight. Each night of the calendar, therefore, is shown on a single row. If we don t separate the days this way, some things can be particularly confusing. For instance, you hear that there will be a big meteor shower on the 18 th of November. Should you get up early on the 18 th or stay up late on the 18 th to see it? Being wrong could mean you ll miss the meteor shower altogether. What the Calendar Shows Basically, the events section of the calendar is meant to show when events (like that big meteor shower) will occur. Essentially, the left side of the calendar shows when the sky will be umm, dark. By dark, I don t mean it will just be night time. I mean that the will not be in the sky and the time of the night is between evening astronomical twilight and morning astronomical twilight. These Dark Times are the best times to view or photograph faint deep space objects. The shaded areas of the calendar show these Dark Times at a glance. The Details The left-most column shows the day of the week. The second column shows the date for that particular day, err night! The third column shows when astronomical twilight ends for that date. (It is best to have your scope setup and ready to go by this time!) The fourth column gives the time of night during the hours that the will either rise or set. The fifth column gives the time of night during the hours that the will either rise or set. The sixth column gives the time that morning astronomical twilight will begin. The seventh column gives the new date, which changes after midnight. The eighth column gives the new day of the week, abbreviated to three letters. If the is rising, the time given will have an R in front of it. Likewise, if the is setting, the number will have an S in front of it. The number gives the time for the event where the right-most two digits are the minutes and any digits left of the right two are the hours in twelve-hour format. When there is a row that is completely shaded and no rise or setting times are listed, the will not be in the sky during the hours between evening twilight and morning twilight. These are the best times for long observing marathons! If the row is not shaded and there are no times listed, the will be in the sky the entire night! These are the worst times for deep space observing. (Take your non-astronomy vacations during these times.)

2 Deep Space Objects Culmination times are given in the section for many deep space objects. An object culminates when it crosses the meridian. The meridian is an imaginary line connecting the North Pole, the zenith, and the South Pole. An object is highest in the sky when it culminates and this is therefore typically the best time to view it. It is important to note here that all deep space objects culminate every day of the year. Sometimes these culmination times occur during the daytime or at poor times for observation. For instance, June is a pretty bad month to observe the Orion Nebula because it culminates during daylight hours. Deep space objects can be observed at times and dates other than the dates they are listed on. For each day prior to the day the object is listed, it will culminate approximately 4 minutes later. For each day after the object is listed, it will culminate approximately 4 minutes earlier than the time listed. For each month prior to the date the object is listed, the culmination time will be approximately 2 hours later, and for each month after, approximately 2 hours earlier. If you are considering observing an object listed on the current date, and it hasn t yet culminated, it will be located approximately 15 degrees east of the meridian for each hour prior to the given culmination time. (The 15 degrees applies to objects near the equator. For objects near the poles, the angular distance will be much smaller.) Likewise, if the current time is past the culmination time, the object will be 15 degrees west of the meridian for each hour. The listing of a deep space object on a particular date was chosen because the culmination time came close to the middle of the available dark time for that night. The selection of the objects is somewhat arbitrary, but they are listed on dates and times that should be good times for observing them. So what s the point of all this? The point is if you re like me and not disciplined enough to make an observing list before your all-night observing marathon, here it is! Any object listed during the month you re going out, and any object listed in the month before or after, should be fair game as an observing target. Just be sure to make adjustments for the times and positions of objects as noted above. (Now there may be a few objects close to the southern horizon that must be observed closer to the time listed, but I haven t gone into enough detail to be able to tell you which objects, if any, they are.) Deep space objects with M numbers come from the Messier list. Deep space objects with NGC numbers come from the Herschel 400 list. (The entire NGC list has over 7000 objects and the Herschel 400 is a subset of that list.) Some objects are on both the Messier list and the Herschel 400 list. Those objects are listed with their M number. Highlights/Interesting :

3 Data Sources Culmination times come from Cartes du Ciel astronomy simulation software. rise and set times as well as astronomical twilight times come from the US Naval Observatory website. I have converted the times to twelve hour format and applied light Savings Time when appropriate. All times shown for the and astronomical twilight are accurate for Wilmot, Ohio. I wouldn t expect an error of more than 10 minutes for any location within Ohio. The calendar can be used outside of Ohio with proper consideration for changes due to local time zones and location within those time zones. Clear, and dark, skies! Phil

4 Dark Times January 2016 Friday R Sat Comet C/2013 US10 (Catalina) rises 0043 and is visible unaided eye under dark skies. Saturday R Sun Earth At Perihelion (0.983 AU From Sun) Sunday R Mon Quadrantid meteor shower peaks; Mars sets (1:04 ) less than 1º from Monday R Tue NGC 1964 (galaxy/lepus) culminates at 11:09 Tuesday R Wed NGC 2158 (open cluster/gemini) culminates at 11:40 Wednesday R Thu NGC 2266 (open cluster/gemini) culminates at 12:12 Thursday Fri NGC 2343 (open cluster/monoceros) culminates at 12:32 Friday Sat Venus rises (5:14 ) less than 1/2º from Saturn. C/2013 US10 (Catalina) at it s brightest. Saturday Sun New Sunday Mon NGC (double-lobed planetary nebula/gemini) culminates at 12:38 Monday S Tue NGC 2440 (planetary nebula/puppis) culminates at 12:50 Tuesday S Wed NGC 2571 (open cluster/puppis) culminates at 1:23 Wednesday S Thu NGC 2655 (galaxy/camelopardalis) culminates at 1:56 Thursday S Fri NGC 2903 (galaxy/leo) culminates at 2:29 (contains NGC 2905; 41 to NGC 2916) Friday S Sat NGC 3169 (galaxy/sextans) culminates at 3:06 (NGC 3166, 3165 & 3156 nearby) Saturday S Sun NGC 3432 (galaxy/leo Minor) culminates at 3:41 Sunday S Mon NGC 3686 (galaxy/leo) culminates at 4:12 (13' to NGC 3684) Monday S Tue NGC 4030 (galaxy/virgo) culminates at 4:41 Tuesday S Wed Mercury (in Sagittarius) rises 6:51, culminates 11:46, sets 4:48 Wednesday S Thu Venus (in Sagittarius) rises 5:36, culminates 10:19, sets 3:00 Thursday Fri Mars (in Libra) rises 1:44, culminates 7:00, sets 12:18 Friday Sat Jupiter (in Leo) rises 9:44, culminates 4:00, sets 10:15. Saturday Sun Full Sunday Mon Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 4:17, culminates 9:05, sets 1:56. Monday R Tue Uranus (in Pisces) rises 10:50, culminates 5:17, sets 11:40 Tuesday R Wed Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 9:17, culminates 2:51, sets 8:21 Wednesday R Thu Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 6:24, culminates 11:11, sets 4:02 Thursday R Fri NGC 1647 (open cluster/taurus) culminates at 8:48 Friday R Sat NGC 1857 (open cluster/auriga) culminates at 9:18 Saturday R Sun M37 (open cluster/auriga) culminates at 9:46 (asteroid (2500) Alascattalo 1/2º away.) Sunday R Mon NGC 2232 (open cluster/monoceros) culminates at 10:18

5 Dark Times February 2016 Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Saturday Sun Mercury at greatest western elongation (26 Degrees) Sunday Mon New Monday Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri NGC 3395 (galaxy/leo Minor) culminates at 1:50 (4 other galaxies w/in 30 ) Friday S Sat NGC 3726 (galaxy/ursa Major) culminates at 2:30 Saturday S Sun NGC 4088 (galaxy/ursa Major) culminates at 2:57 (NGC away) Sunday S Mon NGC 4643 (galaxy/virgo) culminates at 3:32 Monday S Tue passes through Hyades star cluster. Tuesday S Wed NGC 5322 (galaxy/ursa Major) culminates at 4:28 (NGC away) Wednesday S Thu NGC 5631 (galaxy/ursa Major) culminates at 5:02 Thursday S Fri Mercury (in Capricornus) rises 6:18, culminates 11:11, sets 4:02 Friday Sat Venus (in Capricornus) rises 6:01, culminates 10:53, sets 3:44 Saturday Sun Mars (in Libra) rises 12:54, culminates 5:53, sets 10:53 Sunday Mon Jupiter (in Leo) rises 7:27, culminates 1:46, sets 8:06. Monday Tue Full Tuesday Wed Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 2:24, culminates 7:10, sets 11:56. Wednesday R Thu Uranus (in Pisces) rises 8:49, culminates 3:18, sets 9:42 Thursday R Fri Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 7:16, culminates 12:51, sets 6:23 Friday R Sat Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 4:25, culminates 9:11, sets 2:01 Saturday R Sun NGC 2395 (open cluster/gemini) culminates at 9:25 (34 to PN PK /Abell 21) Sunday R Mon NGC 2506 (open cluster/monoceros) culminates at 9:54 Monday R Tue NGC 2613 (galaxy/pyxis) culminates at 10:23

6 Dark Times March 2016 Tuesday R Wed Wednesday R Thu passes over open cluster M23. Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday Mon Monday Tue Jupiter at opposition Tuesday Wed New : Total solar eclipse visible from Indonesia and south Pacific ocean. Wednesday Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun light Savings Time begins Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Mercury (in Aquarius) rises 7:31, culminates 1:19, sets 7:07 Saturday Sun Venus (in Aquarius) rises 6:49, culminates 12:20, sets 5:51 ; Vernal Equinox Sunday Mon Mars (in Scorpius) rises 12:52, culminates 5:42, sets 10:31 Monday Tue Jupiter (in Leo) rises 6:14, culminates 12:39, sets 7:04. Tuesday Wed Full Wednesday Thu Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 1:34, culminates 6:19, sets 11:05. Thursday Fri Uranus (in Pisces) rises 7:59, culminates 2:29, sets 8:56 Friday R Sat Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 6:24, culminates 12:01, sets 5:35 Saturday R Sun Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 3:34, culminates 8:20, sets 1:10 Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Wednesday R Thu partially blocks open cluster M25. Thursday R Fri Uranus & Mars set 39 apart.

7 Dark Times April 2016 Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday Tue Tuesday Wed Wednesday Thu New Thursday Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun Sunday Mon Mercury (in Aries) rises 7:24, culminates 2:40, sets 9:56 Monday Tue Venus (in Pisces) R 6:18, C 12:39, S 7:00 : Mercury at greatest eastern elongation Tuesday Wed Mars (in Ophiuchus) rises 11:16, culminates 4:00, sets 8:43 Wednesday Thu Jupiter (in Leo) rises 4:02 culminates 10:31, sets 4:59. Thursday Fri Full : Lyrid Meteor Shower; Uranus and Venus rise 58 apart. Friday Sat Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 11:32, culminates 4:18, sets 9:04. Saturday Sun Uranus (in Pisces) rises 6:05, culminates 12:37, sets 7:06 Sunday R Mon Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 4:29, culminates 10:03, sets 3:41 Monday R Tue Pluto (in Sagittarius) R 1:36, C 6:22, S 11:08 ; rises occulting globular M9. Tuesday R Wed passes through M24. Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun

8 Dark Times May 2016 Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday Wed Wednesday Thu Thursday Fri Friday Sat New : Eta Aquarids Meteor Shower peaks Saturday Sun Sunday S Mon Transit of Mercury across the Sun, begins 7:12 5/9, ends 2:41 5/9 Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Mercury and Venus rise less than ½º apart. Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday Wed Mercury (in Aries) rises 5:41, culminates 12:37, sets 7:29 Wednesday Thu Venus (in Aries/Taurus) rises 5:55, culminates 1:03, sets 8:10 Thursday Fri Mars (in Scorpius) rises 8:52, culminates 1:34, sets 6:17 Friday Sat Jupiter (in Leo) rises 2:02, culminates 8:31, sets 3:00. Saturday Sun Full Sunday Mon Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 9:26, culminates 2:13, sets 6:59. Mars at Opposition. Monday Tue Uranus (in Pisces) rises 4:10, culminates 10:42, sets 5:16 Tuesday R Wed Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 2:32, culminates 8:07, sets 1:46 Wednesday R Thu Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 11:37, culminates 4:23, sets 9:09 Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed

9 Dark Times June 2016 Wednesday Thu Thursday Fri Saturn at Opposition. Cherry Springs Star Party 6/2-5/2016 Friday Sat Saturday Sun New. Mercury at Greatest Elong: 24.2 W Sunday Mon Monday Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Mercury (in Taurus) rises 4:48, culminates Noon sets 7:10 Thursday Fri Venus (in Taurus) rises 6:07, culminates 1:39, sets 9:12 Friday Sat Mars (in Libra) rises 6:18, culminates 11:04, sets 3:49 Saturday Sun Jupiter (in Leo) rises 12:16, culminates 6:42, sets 1:15. Sunday Mon Full Monday Tue Saturn (in Ophiuchus) R 7:22, C 12:10, S 4: to 6.25 mag star, Solstice Tuesday Wed Uranus (in Pisces) rises 2:19, culminates 8:52, sets 3:28 Wednesday Thu Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 12:38, culminates 6:13, sets 11:49 Thursday R Fri Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 9:41, culminates 2:26, sets 7:12 ; 3 to Pi Sgr mag 2.9 Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri Mars 20 from globular cluster NGC 5897.

10 Dark Times July 2016 Friday Sat Saturday Sun Sunday Mon New Monday Tue Tuesday Wed Wednesday Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Mercury (in Cancer) rises 6:59, culminates 2:15, sets 9:38 ; Close conj. with Venus Saturday Sun Venus (in Cancer) rises 7:04, culminates 2:20, sets 9:37 Sunday Mon Mars (in Libra) rises 4:27, culminates 9:10, sets 1:52 ; Venus & Mercury in M44 Monday Tue Jupiter (in Leo) rises 10:39, culminates 5:02, sets 11:22. Tuesday Wed Full Wednesday Thu Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 5:17, culminates 10:05, sets 2:53. Thursday Fri Uranus (in Pisces) rises 12:22, culminates 6:56, sets 1:33 Friday Sat Neptune (in Aquarius) R 10:40, C 4:14, S 9:49 ; occults Neptune Saturday R Sun Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 7:41, culminates 12:25, sets 5:10 Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri Delta Aquarids Meteor Shower peaks; in Hyades open cluster. Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday Mon

11 Dark Times August 2016 Monday Tue Tuesday Wed New Wednesday Thu Thursday Fri Friday Sat Saturday S Sun Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Perseids Meteor Shower peaks Saturday S Sun Mercury (in Leo) R 8:59, C 3:12, S 9:26 ; occults open cluster M23. Sunday S Mon Venus (in Leo) rises 8:13, culminates 2:45, sets 9:18 Monday S Tue Mars (in Scorpius) rises 3:57, culminates 8:00, sets 12:33. Tuesday Wed Jupiter (in Virgo) R 9:13, C 3:28, S 9:40. Mercury at Greatest Elong: 27.4 E Wednesday Thu Full Thursday Fri Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 3:21, culminates 8:09, sets 12:57. Friday Sat Uranus (in Pisces) rises 10:28, culminates 5:01, sets 11:34 Saturday Sun Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 8:44, culminates 2:18, sets 7:51 Sunday R Mon Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 5:45, culminates 10:29, sets 3:13 Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Mercury, Venus and Jupiter all set in close conjunction in evening. Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri in close conjunction with open clusters NGC 1817 & NGC Friday R Sat Extremely close conjunction between Venus and Jupiter, < 5 at 6 Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday Wed Wednesday Thu New (2 nd in calendar month) Annular Solar eclipse visible from Africa, Atlantic & Indian oceans.)

12 Dark Times September 2016 Thursday Fri Neptune at Opposition Friday Sat Jupiter Black Forest Star Party 9/2-4/2016 (at Cherry Springs SP). Saturday Sun Almost Heaven Star Party 9/2-6/2016 Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun sets occulting open cluster M25 Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Mercury (in Leo) rises 7:08, culminates 1:19, sets 7:22 Tuesday S Wed Venus (in Virgo) rises 9:23, culminates 3:01, sets 8:41 Wednesday Thu Mars (in Ophiuchus) rises 2:49, culminates 7:14, sets 11:40 Thursday Fri Jupiter (in Virgo) rises 7:46, culminates 1:53, sets 7:57. Friday Sat Full Saturday Sun Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 1:28, culminates 6:15, sets 11:02. Sunday Mon Uranus (in Pisces) rises 8:28, culminates 3:00, sets 9:32 Monday R Tue Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 6:44, culminates 12:17, sets 5:49 Tuesday R Wed Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 3:46, culminates 8:30, sets 1:14 Wednesday R Thu Autumnal Equinox Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Wednesday Thu Mercury at Greatest Elong: 17.9 W Thursday Fri Friday Sat New ; Mars 8 from GC NGC Hidden Hollow Star Party 9/30-10/2/2016

13 Dark Times October 2016 Saturday Sun Sunday Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Mars 8 from globular cluster M28. Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Draconids Meteor Shower peaks (10 zhr), best viewed in early evening. Saturday S Sun Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Mercury 48 from Jupiter Tuesday S Wed Mercury (in Virgo) rises 6:38, culminates 12:34, sets 6:32 Wednesday S Thu Venus (in Libra) rises 10:31, culminates 3:22, sets 8:15 Thursday S Fri Mars (in Sagittarius) rises 2:16, culminates 6:44, sets 11:13 Friday Sat Jupiter (in Virgo) rises 6:23, culminates 12:22, sets 6:17. Uranus at Opposition Saturday Sun Full Sunday Mon Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 11:41, culminates 4:30, sets 9:16. Monday Tue Uranus (in Pisces) rises 6:31, culminates 1:02, sets 7:32 Tuesday R Wed Neptune (in Aquarius) R 4:49, C 10:20, S 3:52 ; passes thru Hyades cluster. Wednesday R Thu Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 1:53, culminates 6:36, sets 11:20 Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Orionids Meteor Shower peaks Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri Friday Sat Saturday Sun Sunday Mon New Monday Tue

14 Dark Times November 2016 Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun light Savings Time ends 2 Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Mars sets 14 from globular cluster M75. Tuesday S Wed Wednesday S Thu Mercury (in Libra) rises 7:55, culminates 12:41, sets 5:32 Thursday S Fri Venus (in Sagittarius) rises 10:32, culminates 2:58, sets 7:25 Friday S Sat Mars (in Capricornus) rises 12:35, culminates 5:19, sets 10:04 Saturday Sun Jupiter (in Virgo) rises 3:59, culminates 9:46, sets 3:37. Sunday Mon Full Monday Tue Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 9:01, culminates 1:49, sets 6:32. Tuesday Wed Uranus (in Pisces) rises 3:35, culminates 10:04, sets 4:32 Wednesday R Thu Neptune (in Aquarius) R 1:54, C 7:25, S 12:56. Leonids Meteor Shower peaks. Thursday R Fri Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 10:57, culminates 3:44, sets 8:28 Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday Mon Monday Tue New Tuesday Wed Wednesday Thu

15 Dark Times December 2016 Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Saturday S Sun Sunday S Mon Monday S Tue Tuesday S Wed Venus 47 from M75. Wednesday S Thu Thursday S Fri Friday S Sat Mercury (in Sagittarius) rises 9:22, culminates 1:49, sets 6:17 Saturday S Sun Venus (in Capricornus) R 10:49, C 3:33, S 8:17. Mercury at Greatest Elong: 20.8 E Sunday S Mon Mars (in Capricornus) rises 11:38, culminates 4:51, sets 10:02 ; Monday Tue Jupiter (in Virgo) R 2:26, C 8:07, S 1:52. Geminids Meteor Shower peaks. Occults Aldebaran Tuesday Wed Full Wednesday Thu Saturn (in Ophiuchus) rises 7:20, culminates 12:06, sets 4:48. Thursday R Fri Uranus (in Pisces) rises 1:36, culminates 8:03, sets 2:31 Friday R Sat Neptune (in Aquarius) rises 11:53, culminates 5:28, sets 10:59 Saturday R Sun Pluto (in Sagittarius) rises 9:02, culminates 1:50, sets 6:34 Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday R Wed Winter Solstice Wednesday R Thu Thursday R Fri Friday R Sat Saturday R Sun Sunday R Mon Monday R Tue Tuesday Wed Wednesday Thu New Thursday Fri Friday Sat Saturday S Sun Mars sets 7 from Neptune.

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