General wall impedance theory for 2D axisymmetric and flat multilayer structures

Transcription

1 General wall impedance theory for 2D axisymmetric and flat multilayer structures N. Mounet and E. Métral Acknowledgements: N. Biancacci, F. Caspers, A. Koschik, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, B. Zotter. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 1

2 Context and motivation Beam-coupling impedances & wake fields (i.e. electromagnetic forces on a particle due to another passing particle) are a source of instabilities / heat load. In the LHC, low revolution frequency and low conductivity material used in collimators classic thick wall formula (discussed e.g. in Chao s book) for the impedance not valid e.g. at the first unstable betatron line (~ 8kHz): need a general formalism with less assumptions on the material and frequency range to compute impedances (also for e.g. ceramic collimator, ferrite kickers). N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 2

3 Ideas: Two dimensional models consider a longitudinally smooth element in the ring, of infinite length, with a point-like particle (source) travelling near its center, along its axis and with constant velocity v, integrate the electromagnetic (EM) force experienced by a test particle with the same velocity as the source, over a finite length. Neglect thus all edge effects get only resistive effects (or effects coming from permittivity & permeability of the structure) as opposed to geometric effects (from edges, tapering, etc.). Main advantage: for simple geometries, EM fields obtained (semi-) analytically without any other assumptions (frequency, velocity, material properties except linearity, isotropy and homogeneity). N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 3

4 Multilayer cylindrical chamber (Zotter formalism) Chamber cross section Source (in frequency domain, k=ω /v) decomposed into azimuthal modes: 1 1 where k ω = v is the wave number. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 4

5 Multilayer cylindrical chamber: Zotter formalism (CERN AB ) For each azimuthal mode we write Maxwell equations in each layer (in frequency domain) with where ε c and µ are general frequency dependent permittivity and permeability (including conductivity). Taking the curl of the 3 rd equation and injecting the 1 st and the 2 nd ones: Taking the curl of the 2 nd equation and injecting the 3 rd and the 4 th ones: N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 5

6 Multilayer cylindrical chamber: longitudinal components Along the longitudinal axis simple (uncoupled) Helmholtz equations: For E s the equation is inhomogeneous (right-hand side is the driving term from the beam), but homogeneous for H s. Outside ring-shaped source ρ m homogeneous separation of variables: E s = R ( r) Θ ( θ ) S ( s) and H = R ( r) Θ ( θ ) S ( s) E s E s E s get harmonic differential equations for both Θ and S. s H s H s H s N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 6

7 Multilayer cylindrical chamber : longitudinal components From symmetry with respect to the θ=0 (mod π) plane, translation invariance of vector 2π, and invariance w.r.t : k e s Up to now, no boundary condition have been used, and the integers m e and m h are not necessarily equal to m. Reinjecting those into the Helmholtz equations for E s and H s, we get Bessel s equation (here written for E s ): N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 7

8 Multilayer cylindrical chamber : longitudinal components Introducing the radial propagation constant ν = k 2 2 ω ε c µ E H s s = = cos sin [ ] Ie m Ke m [ C I νr + C K νr ] ( ) jks m θ e C I ( νr) + C K ( νr) e e ( ) jks m θ e ( ) ( ) h Ih m h Kh e m h m h. I m e, K m e, I m h and K m h are modified Bessel functions of order m e and There are 4 integration constants per layer: C Ie, C Ke, C Ih and C Kh. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 8

9 Multilayer cylindrical chamber : transverse components In each layer, all the transverse components can be obtained from the longitudinal ones: reinjecting E s and H s into the 2 nd and 3 rd Maxwell equations and using again the invariance properties along the s axis: Superscript (p) indicates quantities taken in the cylindrical layer p. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/2011 9

10 Multilayer field matching 4(N+1) integration constants to determine from field matching (continuity of the tangential field components) between adjacent layers: Except for p=0 (surface charge & current at the ringshaped source) 4(N-1) equations. 4 more equations at r=a 1 (continuity of E s and H s at the ring-shaped source, and two additional relations for de s /dr and dh s /dr by integration of the wave equations between r=a 1 -δa 1 and r=a 1 +δa 1 ). Fields should stay finite at r=0 and r= take away constants C Ke and C Kh in the first layer, and C Ie and C Ih in the last one only 4N unknowns. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

11 But what about those azimuthal mode numbers? There are still those integers m e and m h to determine in each layer! To everybody it looked like those had to be necessarily equal to the initial azimuthal mode number of the ring-shaped source, m (see R. Gluckstern, B. Zotter, etc.). They did not even mention that there is something to prove here Using the field matching relations of the previous slide, it is actually possible (and lengthy) to prove that in any layer m e = m h = m This has to do with the axisymmetry if no axisymmetry, there would be some coupling between different azimuthal modes. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

12 Multilayer field matching: Matrix formalism In the initial formalism, solves with brute force the full system of equations (4N eqs., 4N unknowns) computationally heavy for more than 2 layers. But we can relate constants between adjacent layers with 4x4 matrices: where M p+1,p is an explicit 4x4 matrix, and C Ig =µ 0 c C Ih, C Kg =µ 0 c C Kh In the end, with the conditions in the first and last layers: 0 C 0 C ( N ) Ke ( N ) Kg = C jωµ 0Q 2 2 M πβ γ C 0 (1) Ie m ( 1+ δ ) γ, with m0 (1) Ig I ka N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/ Source term, due to the beam (from matching at r = a 1 )

13 Multilayer field matching: Matrix formalism The matrix between adjacent layers are explicitly found as: with N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

14 Multilayer field matching: Matrix formalism To solve the full problem, only need to multiply (N -1) 4x4 matrices and invert explicitly a 2x2 matrix: in the vacuum region C (1) Ie jωµ 0Q = 2 2 πβ γ I ka 1 M m ( 1+ δ m0 ) γ M11M 33 M 31M13 12 M 33 M 32 M 13 1 if m=0, 0 otherwise α TM (m)= the only wall constant (frequency dependent) needed to compute the impedance. Still some numerical accuracy problems, so need to do this with high precision real numbers (35 digits, typically). Note: other similar matrix formalisms developed independently in H. Hahn, PRSTAB 13 (2010), M. Ivanyan et al, PRSTAB 11 (2008), N. Wang et al, PRSTAB 10 (2007) N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

15 Total fields: multimode extension of Zotter s formalism Up to now we obtained the EM fields of one single azimuthal mode m. Sum all the modes to get the total fields due to the point-like source: jωµ Q 2 πβ γ 0 C = and α ΤΜ (m) are constants (still dependent on ω). ( + δ ) 2 1 m0 First term = direct space-charge get the direct space-charge for pointlike particles (fully analytical). Infinite sum = wall part (due to the chamber). Reduces to its first two terms in the linear region where ka 1 /γ << 1 and kr /γ << 1. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

16 Cylindrical chamber wall impedance Total impedance: EM force on a test particle in (r=a 2, θ = θ 2 ), in frequency domain, integrated over some length L (length of the element), normalized by the source and test charges (+ some sign / phase): L L a 2 θ 2 Taking the linear terms only, the wall impedances are then (x 1 = source coordinate, x 2 = test coordinate) New quadrupolar term N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

17 Cylindrical chamber EM fields results Example: Fields (including direct space-charge) in a two layers round graphite collimator (b=2mm) surrounded by stainless steel, created by the mode m=1 of a 1C charge (energy 450 GeV) with a 1 =10µm: N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

18 Cylindrical chamber wall impedance results For 3 layers (10µm-copper coated round graphite collimator surrounded by stainless steel, at 450 GeV with b=2mm), dipolar and quadrupolar impedances (per unit length): Importance of the wall impedance (= resistive-wall + indirect space-charge) at low frequencies, where perfect conductor part cancels out with magnetic images (F. Roncarolo et al, PRSTAB 2009). New quadrupolar impedance small except at very high frequencies. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

19 Comparison with other formalisms In the single-layer and two-layer case, some comparisons done in E. Métral, B. Zotter and B. Salvant, PAC 07 and in E. Métral, PAC 05. For 3 layers (see previous slide), comparison with Burov-Lebedev formalism (EPAC 02, p. 1452) for the resistive-wall dipolar impedance (per unit length): Close agreement, except: at very high frequency (expected from BL theory), at very low frequency (need to be checked). N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

20 Longitudinal impedance at low frequency (F. Caspers question) For e.g. a 1 layer LHC round graphite collimator (b=2mm), longitudinal impedance per unit length goes to zero at low frequency: The imaginary part has to be antisymmetric with respect to ω=0 Im(Z )=0 is forced. But the real part has to be symmetric Re(Z )=0 not forced at zero frequency. Re(Z )=0 means zero power loss at ω=0. In our 2D model, Re(Z ) always goes to zero at zero frequency. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

21 EM fields at low frequency (F. Caspers question) For a 2 layers LHC round graphite collimator (b=2mm, thickness 25mm, vacuum around) at injection, EM fields at the outer surface of the wall vs. frequency (note: G=µ 0 c H): All the electric field components go to zero in the wall, at low frequencies no heat load since no current density (from Ohm s law), From translation invariance of the potential along s (2D model) E s has to be zero at DC zero longitudinal impedance. If it s non zero in real life, it has to come from 3D (e.g. EM fields trapped when beam enters a structure) N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

22 Impedance at high frequency Why is it that the beam-coupling impedance always goes to zero at high frequency? Answer: there are no more induced currents in the wall at high frequency, because the EM fields from the beam (=direct spacecharge, i.e. the fields present if no boundary was there) decays before reaching the wall: decays in a length ~γ / k, so angular frequency cutoff around ω > βγc b (b = wall radius) Frequency cutoff typically around GHz for low energy machines, and 10THz for LHC collimators of 2mm radius, at injection. This cutoff DISAPPEARS if γ = fundamentally nonultrarelativistic effect! N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

23 Multilayer flat chamber Chamber cross section (no a priori top-bottom symmetry) Source (in frequency domain) decomposed using an horizontal Fourier transform: ρ ~ = Source used N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

24 Multilayer flat chamber: outline of the theory For each horizontal wave number k x, solve Maxwell equations in a similar way as what was done in the cylindrical case, in cartesian coordinates (with source = ~ ρ ) separation of variables, harmonic differential equations in each layer. Same kind of considerations for the horizontal wave number k x (all equal in the layers) + field matching with matrix formalism (two 4x4 matrices in the end, one for the upper layers and one for the lower layers). Longitudinal electric field component in vacuum, for a given k x: with j ωµ Q k 2πβ γ γ 2 0 ( 1 ) 2 C = and k k 2 2 y = x + 2 Constants (depend on ω and k x, obtained from field matching) N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

25 Multilayer flat chamber: integration over k x Next step is to integrate over k x to get the total fields from the initial point-like source (equivalent of multimode summation in cylindrical) The last term in E s can be integrated exactly: in both layers 1 and -1 this is the direct-space charge (see cylindrical). The other two terms ( wall part of the fields) are a much bigger problem: the integration constants are highly complicated functions of k x We could get numerically the fields but computation would have to be done for each x, y, y 1 and ω really heavy. Somehow, we would like to sort out the dependence in the source and test particles positions. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

26 Idea: in the end we should get a formula similar to the axisymmetric case in the vicinity of the beam (we could always solve the problem in some artificial cylinder inside the chamber) So to get something similar, let s first move to cylindrical coordinate (slightly modified: (r,φ)=(r,θ π/2), better since invariance φ φ), then make a Fourier series decomposition : i.e. Multilayer flat chamber: integration over k x with Fortunately, there is a formula for the last integral: but I had to redemonstrate it (do not blindly trust Math books ) N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

27 Multilayer flat chamber: integration over k x We have isolated the dependence in the test particle coordinates. For impedance considerations we also would like to isolate the dependence in the source particle coordinates. For this we need first to explicit the dependence on y 1 (source vertical offset) of the integration constants: with C = 2 j ωµ 0Q 1 2 and k ( ) k k 2 2 y = x + 2 2πβ γ γ Analytical functions of ω and k x, obtained from field matching k ( 1) k Then, with the change of variable k x = sinh( u), k y = cosh( u), the formula γ, and plugging everything back in, we get finally: γ with α mn given by numerically computable integrals over k x of frequency dependent quantities (but only frequency dependent). N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

28 Flat chamber wall impedance Direct space-charge impedances are the same as in the cylindrical case (as expected). From wall part (infinite sums) get wall impedance in linear region where ky 1 /γ << 1 and kr /γ << 1 (x 1 & y 1 and x 2 & y 2 = positions of the source and test particles): + Constant term in vertical when no top-bottom symmetry: Quadrupolar terms not exactly opposite to one another ( A. Burov V. Danilov, PRL 1999, ultrarelativistic case) N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

29 Comparison to Tsutsui s formalism For 3 layers (LHC copper-coated graphite collimator, see slide 18), comparison with Tsuitsui s model (LHC project note 318) on a rectangular geometry, the two other sides being taken far enough apart: Very good agreement between the two approaches. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

30 Form factors between flat and cylindrical wall impedances Ratio of flat chamber impedances w.r.t longitudinal and transverse dipolar cylindrical ones generalize Yokoya factors (Part. Acc., 1993, p. 511). In the case of a single-layer ceramic (hbn) at 450 GeV: Obtain frequency dependent form factors quite from the Yokoya factors. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/

31 Conclusion For multilayer cylindrical chambers, Zotter formalism has been extended to all azimuthal modes, and its implementation improved thanks to the matrix formalism for the field matching. The number of layers is no longer an issue. For multilayer flat chambers, a new theory similar to Zotter s has been derived, giving also impedances without any assumptions on the materials conductivity, on the frequency or on the beam velocity (but don t consider anomalous skin effect / magnetoresistance). Both these theories were benchmarked, but more is certainly to be done (e.g. vs. Piwinski and Burov-Lebedev, for flat chambers). New form factors between flat and cylindrical geometries were obtained, that can be quite different from Yokoya factors, as was first observed with other means by B. Salvant et al (IPAC 10, p. 2054). Other 2D geometries could be investigated as well. N. Mounet and E. Métral - ICE meeting - 23/03/