Appendix A: Mathematical Formulae

Transcription

1 Appenix A: Mathematical Formulae A.1 Introuction Mathematical formulae are very important to o in etail analysis of electromagnetic fiels an waves. These formulae are mainly trigonometry, ifferentiation an integration. In this section, basic trigonometric formulae, erivatives an integration have been iscusse. A.2 Basic Trigonometric Formulae The six basic trigonometric functions of an acute angle θ in a right angle triangle are efine as ratios between pairs of sies of the triangle. This acute angle θ is mentione in Fig. A.1. In Fig. A.1, the terms aj, opp, an hyp, stan for ajacent, opposite an hypotenuse respectively. The following basic trigonometric functions can be written as: sin θ = opp hyp cosec θ = hyp opp cos θ = aj hyp sec θ = hyp aj In aition, the following relations may be written as: cos ( θ) = cos θ sin ( θ) = sin θ tan θ = opp aj cot θ = aj opp sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 sec 2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ cosec 2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ tan θ = sin θ cos θ cos θ = 1 sec θ cot θ = cos θ sin θ tan θ = 1 cot θ sin θ = 1 cosec θ M. A. Salam, Electromagnetic Fiel Theories for Engineering, 297 DOI / , Springer Science+Business Meia Singapore 2014

2 298 Appenix A: Mathematical Formulae Fig. A.1 Triangle with acute angle hyp opp θ aj 90 Fig. A.2 Basic trigonometric functions sin cosine all tan cot cos sec Fig. A.3 Rotations of the angles Y -axis sin cosine tan cot all cos sec X -axis A.3 Trigonometric Formulae Four quarants with basic trigonometric functions are shown in Fig. A.2. Figure A.2 has been rawn base on the sentence in quotes, all stuents take calculus, before entering in any engineering branch. Here, all represents all, the first letter of stuents represents sin, the first letter of take represents tan an the first letter of calculus represents cos. The basic trigonometric functions mentione in each quarant are consiere positive. The sign of the trigonometric functions can be etermine by consiering Fig. A.3. For positive Î, the starting point woul be from the Y-axis an will rotate in the clockwise irection. Whereas, for negative Î, the starting point woul be from the X-axis an will rotate in the anti-clockwise irection. From Fig. A.3, the following formulae can be etermine as: sin ( 90 0 ± θ ) = cos θ cos ( 90 0 ± θ ) = sin θ tan ( 90 0 ± θ ) = cot θ sin ( ± θ ) = sin θ cos ( ± θ ) = cos θ tan ( ± θ ) = tan θ

3 A.4 Derivative an Integral Formulae 299 sin (α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β cos (α ± β) = cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α cos β = 1 [sin (α β) + sin (α + β)] 2 sin α sin β = 1 [cos (α β) cos (α + β)] 2 cos α cos β = 1 [cos (α β) + cos (α + β)] 2 sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α cos 2 α = 1 [1 + cos 2α] 2 sin 2 α = 1 [1 cos 2α] 2 tan (α ± β) = e jα = cos α + j sin α sinh jθ = j sin θ tan α ± tan β 1 tan α tan β sin α = ejα e jα 2j sinh α = eα e α 2 cosh jθ = cos θ cos α = ejα + e jα 2 cosh α = eα + e α 2 sinh (α ± β) = sinh α cosh β ± cosh α sinh β cosh (α ± β) = cosh α cosh β ± sinh α sinh β sinh (α ± jβ) = sinh α cos β ± j cosh α sin β cosh (α ± jβ) = cosh α cos β ± j sinh α sin β cosh 2 θ sinh 2 θ = 1 sech 2 θ + tanh 2 θ = 1 A.4 Derivative an Integral Formulae x xn = nx n 1 cos ωx = ωsin ωx x x ( u v ) = v u x u v x v 2 x xxt = te xt sin ωx = ω cos ωx x v uv = u x x + v u x

4 300 Appenix A: Mathematical Formulae x (1) = 0 x tan x = sec2 x cosh x = sinh x x x Inx = 1 x sinh x = cosh x x x ex = e x A.5 Exponential an Logarithmic Formulae e α.e β = e (α+β) e 0 = 1 e α e β = e(α β) log e (xy) = log e x + log e y log e (x n ) = nlog e x log e (1) = 0 (e α ) β = e αβ ( ) x log e = log y e x log e y A.6 Integral Formulae x x = ln x + C sin xx = cos x + C ln xx =x ln x x + C e x x = e x + C cos xx = sin x + C cos ax sin axx = + C a a x x = ax Ina + C sec 2 xx = tan x + C sin ax cos axx = + C a tan axx = 1 a ln sec ax + C e ax sin bxx = eax (a sin bx b cos bx) + C a 2 + b2 e ax cos bxx = eax (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C sinh axx = 1 cosh ax + C a 2 + b2 a cosh axx = 1 sinh ax + C a

5 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an Chapter E = V/m 1.2 H = A/m 1.3 E = V/m 1.1 E = V/m 1.2 ε r = J = A/m E = V/m Chapter (i) R a = 7.14, (ii) R s = a Rs = 0.14a x 0.95a y a z 2.3 θ = A B = A B C = R 12 = A = (2ρcos 2 φ 3ρsin 2 φ)a ρ 5ρ cos φ sin φa φ + za z 2.8 ρ = 2.62, φ = 61.77, z = A = rsin 2 θcos 2 φa r + r sin θ cos θcos 2 φa θ r sin θ cos φ sin φa φ M. A. Salam, Electromagnetic Fiel Theories for Engineering, 301 DOI / , Springer Science+Business Meia Singapore 2014

6 302 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an 2.10 Q(x = 1.53, y = 2.65, z = 2.57), Q(ρ = 3.06, φ = 60 0, z = 2.65) 2.11 V = 2yxa x + (x 2 + 4yz)a y + 2y 2 a z 2.12 (i) E = 2.4a x + 14a y + 10a z V/m, (ii) a E = 1.4a x a y a z 2.13 E = 2a ρ a φ a z V/m, a E = 0.81a ρ a φ a z 2.14 iva = A = 5.39, B = A = 13.15a x 3.95a y a z 2.1 (i) R a = 18.41, (ii) R s = a Ra = 0.36a x a y 0.18a z 2.3 (i) R a = 25.34, (ii) R s = A B = θ = V p = p = B C = 2a x 7a y 4a z, A B C = (A + B) (B C) = 23a x 13a y + 21a z 2.10 q = 3, p = R 12 = (i) R AB = 4a x 4a y 2a z, (ii) R BC = 3a x + 4a y + 3a z, (iii) r C = 0.17a x a y a z 2.13 (i) A = 2a x + 7a y 10a z, (ii) a A = 0.11a x a y 0.78a z, (iii) a PQ = 0.71a x a z 2.14 a PQ = 0.87a x 0.13a y a z 2.15 A B = 7a ρ + 7a φ + 7a z 2.16 A = cos φa ρ + cot φ cos φa φ 2.17 A = (z cot φ cos φ + tan φ sin φ)a ρ + ( z cos φ + sin φ)a φ 2.18 ρ = 3.2, φ = 51.35, z = A = 2 r a r + 2 r cot θa θ + 2 r cot φ cos ec θa φ 2.20 P (x = 1.11, y = 1.33, z = 1), P (ρ = 1.73, φ = , z = 1) 2.21 E = 3a x + 2a y 4a z, a E = 0.56a x a y 0.74a z 2.22 E = 2a ρ a φ 2a z, a E = 0.68a ρ a φ 0.68a z 2.23 iva = y 2.24 A = 6z 2 cos φ + 2z cos φ sin 2φ 2.25 A = 3 + r sin φ cot θ + cos φ r sin θ

7 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an A = A = A = 13.15a x 3.95a y a z Chapter (i) R 12 = a x + 2a y + 3a z, (ii) R 12 = 3.74, (iii) a 12 = 0.27a x a y a z,(iv)f 12 = (9.37a x a y a z ) 10 3 N 3.2 E = 8.65a x 8.65a y 8.65a z V/m 3.3 D s = 39 S 3.4 D s = 12.6 S 3.5 E ρ = Q 2πρε W = 19 J 3.7 W = 1.32 J 3.8 (i) V = V, (ii) E = 12.99a ρ 7.5a φ 51.96a z V/m, (iii) D = z 2 sin φa ρ z 2 cos φa φ ρz sin φa z pc/m 3, (iv) ρ v = pc/m V = 4.05 kv 3.10 V = V 3.11 V = V 3.12 (i) E 2t = E 1t = 5a x 8a y, (ii) E 2n = 1.29a z, (iii) E 2 = 5a x 8a y 1.29a z, (iv) α 1 = 17.64, α 2 = F 12 = 0.074a x a y a z N 3.2 (i) R 12 = 0.5a x + 5a y + 1.5a z, (ii) R 12 = 5.24, (iii) a 12 = 0.095a x a y a z,(iv)f 12 = 0.7a x a y a z N 3.3 E = 0.19a x a y a z V/m 3.4 E = 3.86a x 13.51a y a z V/m 3.5 D s = c(c = 8k) 3.6 S D s = S D s = S D s = S

8 304 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an 3.9 W = 6J 3.10 W = 32.5 J 3.11 W = 5J 3.12 W = 945 J 3.13 (i) V = 45 V, (ii) E = 16a ρ 72a φ + 3a z V/m, (iii) a E = 0.22a x 0.98a y a z, (iv) D = 17.71y 3 a ρ 53.12xy 2 a φ a z pc/m 3, (v) ρ v = pc/m (i) V = 5.53 V, (ii) E = 1.53a ρ 1.29a φ 4a z V/m, (iii) D = sin φa ρ cos φa φ 17.17za z pc/m 3, (iv) ρ v = 4.14 pc/m (i) V = V, (ii) E = 17.32a ρ 5a φ a z V/m, (iii) D = 88.54r sin θa r 44.27r cos θa θ sin φ sin θ a φpc/m 3, (iv) ρ v = 40.9 pc/m V (r) = kv 3.17 V (r) = 4.84 kv 3.18 V (r) = 0.86 V 3.19 V (r) = V 3.20 V (r) = 3.41 V 3.21 (i) E 2t = E 1t = 2a x + 3a y, (ii) E 2n = 0.56a z, (iii) E 2 = 2a x + 3a y a z k V/m, (iv) α 1 = 15.5, α 2 = (i) E 2t = E 1t = 3a x + 5a y, (ii) E 2n = 1.43a z, (iii) E 2 = 3a x + 5a y 1.43a z k V/m, (iv) α 1 = 18.93, α 2 = Chapter (i) V = 4.5 V, (ii) E = 9a ρ 7.79a φ 15a z V/m, (iii) 2 V = E = V 0 ρr a φ 4.3 V ( ) a, b 2 = V 4.1 (i) V = 3 V, (ii) E = ( ) 2xya x + x 2 a y 2za z V/m, (iii) 2 V = (i) V = 6.35 V, (ii) E = 2.72a x 0.37a y 4a z V/m, (iii) 2 V = (i) V = 3.54 V, (ii) E = 7.07a ρ 3.54a φ 0.71a z V/m, (iii) 2 V = (i) V = 1.61 V, (ii) E = 3.21a r a θ a φ V/m, (iii) 2 V = E = 23.3a x V/m

9 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an E = 16.84a ρ V/m 4.7 E = 160 r 2 a r V/m 4.8 V ( a, b 2 ) = kv Chapter (i) J = 2a ρ a φ A/m 2, (ii) I = 37.7A 5.2 (i) J = 1.49a r a θ A/m 2, (ii) I = 7.79 A T r = 1.11 s 5.5 C = μf, Q = μc 5.6 a = 1.98 mm 5.7 (i) C = F, (ii) Q = pc, (iii) D = C/m 2, (iv) E 1 = V/m E 2 = V/m, (v) V 1 = V, V 2 = V 5.1 (i) J = 18a x + 7.5a z A/m 2, (ii) 40 A 5.2 (i) J = 8a x + 10a y + 6a z A/m 2, (ii) 756 A 5.3 (i) J = 1.5a ρ 2.12a φ A/m 2, (ii) I = A 5.4 (i) J = 2.56a r + 2a θ A/m 2, (ii) I = 2.81 A 5.5 R = R = ρ = C/m T r = 0.34 s 5.9 (i) C = 0.212μF, (ii) Q = 424 μc 5.10 C = 0.18 μf 5.11 b = 6.32 mm 5.12 (i) C = F, (ii) Q = C, (iv) E 1 = V/m, E 2 = V/m, (v) V 1 = V, V 2 = V

10 306 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an Chapter H = 0.12a x A/m 6.2 H = H 0 + H 5 = 20a y A/m 6.3 J = 3a x 9a y + a z A/m J = 0.722a ρ a φ a z A/m J = 0.58a r 4.15a θ + a φ A/m B = ya x + xa y ya z Wb/m M = A/m 6.8 H = A/m 6.9 N = 14 turns 6.10 I = 86.2A 6.11 I = 16.8A 6.12 L = 1.11 μh 6.1 H = 0.036a z A/m 6.2 H = 0.05a x A/m 6.3 J = 213a x 60a y 42a z A/m J = 17a x 7a z A/m J = 0.739a r 0.18a z A/m J = 0.767a ρ a φ 0.12a z A/m J = 0.32a r a φ A/m B = qe px sin qya z Wb/m B = 4y 2 a x + 6xza y Wb/m (i) χ = 34, (ii) H = A/m, (iii) M = A/m 6.11 M = 6.73 A/m 6.12 φ = Wb, B = 0.15 Wb/m 2, H = A/m 6.13 I = 2.55 A 6.14 R t = At/Wb, I = 4.46 A 6.15 L = μh

11 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an 307 Chapter V in = 2V 7.2 I = cos 10 4 t A, J = cos 10 4 t A/m 7.3 D = 2 α sin ( t αx ) a z C/m 2, E z = α sin ( t αx ) 7.4 φ m = wb, N 2 = 265 turns 7.5 Q = Re [ Q s e ] j( 3x 65 ), R s = 9sin ( ) ωt + x ax + 12 cos ( ) ωt πx ay ω = 12η μ o 5, η = V in = 5.12 cos 1000t V 7.2 φ m = wb, V in = 243 V 7.3 V in = 6.4V 7.5 V in = 1.96 V 7.6 I = cos 314t A, J = cos 314t A/m J C = 125 cos 314t ma/m 2 J = sin 314t ma/m D = β cos ( 10 8 t βx ) a y C/m 2, E = 0.083β cos ( 10 8 t βx ) V/m, B = β 2 cos ( 10 8 t βx ) a z Wb/m φ m = wb, V 2 = 1.51 V 7.10 φ m = wb, N 2 = R = 15 sin ωt a x + 4 cos (ωt + j35 ) a y 7.12 E s = 5e j(4x 80) a x + 12e j(4x+15) a y Chapter (i) v = m/s, (ii) R O = , (iii) ρ = 0.128, (iv) λ = m, (v) β = ra/m, (vi) V o + = sin 6283t Vo = sin 6283t 8.2 C = μf/m, L = H/m 8.3 C = 5.15 pf/m, L = nh/m, R = 5.95 /m 8.4 (i) α = Np/m, (ii) β = ra/m 8.5 α = 0.21 Np/m 8.6 (i) Z O = , (ii) γ = j0.0287, (iii) Z in =

12 308 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an 8.7 (i) Z o = 77.78, (ii) βl = 1.91 ra, (iii) Z sc = j ρ = S = 5.06 βl = 30 Z in = (i) ρ = , (ii) S = 2.64, (iii) P av (incient) = W, (iv) P av (ref lecte) = 2.95 W, (v) P net = W 8.1 (i) v = m/s, (ii) R O = 40, (iii) ρ = 0.14, (iv) λ = m, (v) β = ra/m, (vi) V o + = sin 6283 t Vo = 16.3 sin 6283 t 8.2 (i) v = m/s, (ii) R O = 118.3, (iii) ρ = 0.039, (iv) λ = 338 m, (v) β = ra/m, (vi) V o + = sin 6283 t 8.3 (i) α = B/m, (ii) β = 5.23 ra/m 8.4 C = 2.55 pf/m, L = H/m 8.5 (i) C = 62.5 pf/m, (ii) L = 100 nh/m 8.6 (i) α = 45 B/m, (ii) β = ra/m 8.7 P (z) = 50 W/m 8.8 α = 0.2 Np/m 8.9 (i) Z O = , (ii) γ = j , (iii) Z in = (i) Z O = , (ii) γ = j , (iii) Z in = (i) Z o = 61.64, (ii) β = ra/m, (iii) βl = ra, Z sc = j (i) Z o = 70.71, (ii) β = ra/m, (iii) βl = ra, Z sc = j (i) Z o = , (ii) β = ra/m 8.14 ρ = , S = 2.85, Z in = (i) ρ = , (ii) S = 2.13, (iii) P av (incient) = W, (iv) P av (ref lecte) = 2.39 W, (v) P net = W Chapter (i) η = 240, (ii) ε r = 2.6 μ r = 1.07, (iii) β = 0.56 ra/m, (iv) λ = m 9.2 (i) β = 2 ra/m, propagation in the a z irection, (ii) ω = ra/s, (iii) v = m/s, (iv) ε r = η = β = 0.63 ra/m, E(z,t) = 200 cos (ωt 0.63z) a y V/m,η = , H(z,t) = 1.59 cos (ωt 0.63z) a x A/m

13 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an (i) β = 0.28 ra/m, (ii) tan δ = (i) α = Np/m, (ii) β = ra/m, (iii) η = (iv) λ = m, (v) v = m/s 9.6 (i) α = 0.14 Np/m, (ii) β = 0.14 ra/m, (iii) η = , (iv) λ = m, (v) v = m/s, (vi) δ = 7.28 m 9.7 (i) η = ε r = 22, (ii) ω = f = 4.07 MHz, (iii) H = 1.87 sin (ωt 0.43) a x A/m 9.8 (i) η 1 = 377, (ii) η 2 = , (iii) P i = 3.32 a z W/m 2, (iv) P = 0.36 P r = a z W/m 2, (v) P 2 = 2.91 a z W/m (i) β o = 2.09 ra/m, (ii) λ o = 3 m, (iii) H (x, y, z, t) = 0.4 a y A/m 9.2 (i) β = 1.5 Ra/m, (ii) ω = ra/s, (iii) v = m/s, (iv) μ r ε r = θ = (i) β = 0.33 ra/m, (ii) λ = m, (iii) E(z, t) = 0.66 cos ( 10 8 t 0.33z ) a x V/m 9.5 (i) β = ra/m, (ii) tan δ = (i) β = 0.41 ra/m, (ii) α = Np/m 9.7 (i) γ = α + jβ = j2.5m 1, (ii) β = 2.5 ra/m, (iii) λ = 2.51 m, (iv) v = m/s, (v) δ = 12.5m 9.8 (i) η = 150, (ii) μ r = 2.53, (iii), β = 4.19 ra/m, (iv) λ = 1.5 m 9.9 (i) β = 3 ra/m, (ii) ω = ra/s, (iii) v = m/s, (iv) ε r = η = , (v) H = e j3z a y j0.047 e j3z a x A/m 9.10 (i) β = 0.8 ra/m, ε r = 5.76, (ii) η = , (iii) P av = 2 a x W/m (i) β 1 = 0.21, (ii) β 2 = 0.51, (iii) η 1 = 377, (iv)η 2 = , (v) ρ = 0.42 T = (i) η 1 = 377, (ii) η 2 = , (iii) P i = 1.19 a z W/m 2, (iv) ρ = 0.27 P r = 0.09 a z W/m 2, (v) P 2 = 1.1 W/m 2 Chapter 10 z 10.1 λ = z = 0.61 m 10.3 A e = 5.75 m 10.4 G D =

14 310 Appenix B: Answers to Practice an 10.1 R ra = z = m 10.3 λ = 0.13 m 10.4 G b = f = 4 GHz 10.6 P r = 0.16 W, E = 2.6 V/m

15 Inex A Air gap magnetic bars with, 174 magnetic circuit with, , 184 Ampere s circuital law, 141, 148, 149 in long straight conuctor, Ampere s law, 151, 152, 254 generalize integral form of, 149 Maxwell s equation from, 192, 193 point form, 148, 156, 161 Amperian path, 149, 149 Antenna efficiency, 287 Array factor, 291 Attenuation constant, 213, , 229, 257, 259, 260 etermination of, 223, 224, 256 AutoCAD, 113 Average power ensity, 263, 269, 270, 283, 293 Average raiation intensity, 285, 286 B Biot-Savart law, 143, 144, 281 Bon current, 161 Bounary conitions, 92 96, , 106, 112 current ensity, ensity, 113 ielectric, magnetic fiel, 164, 165 C Capacitance, 117, , 200, 209, 210, Capacitors, 67, 129, 132, , 210 coaxial, 133, 134 parallel plate, with two electric slabs, spherical, Cartesian coorinate system, 18 22, 25 Charge ensity, 2, 63, 124, 125 efinition, 1 surface, 126, volume, 71, 72, 78, 119, 125 Coaxial capacitor, 133, 134 Coercive force, 178 Complex propagation constant, 247 Conuction current, 117, 187, 191, 255, 275 ensity, 192, 193, 254 Conuctivity, 4, 77, , 138, 168, 191, 204, 243, 254, 259 Conuctors, 1, 77, 78, 91, 117, 122, 133, 136 bar, 207 current ensity of, 127, 128 current lines at, 126 go an return, 209 in horizontal position, 150, 182 infinite straight, 147 line, 209 long straight, 145 Ampere s circuital law in, with Amperian path, 149 magnetic fiel of, resistance of, 132 straight, 188, 189 with unit vectors, 150 in vertical position, 151, 183 voltage ifference between, 134 wave propagation in, Conjugate, 201 of any current, 223, 234 of any phasor, 202 Conservative fiel, 67, 82. See also Irrotational fiel Constant reactance circles, 239 M. A. Salam, Electromagnetic Fiel Theories for Engineering, 311 DOI / , Springer Science+Business Meia Singapore 2014

16 312 Inex Constant resistance circles, 238, 238 Continuity equation, 117, Convection current, 117, 119 Coulomb s law, 51 54, 91 Creepage istance, Cross prouct, 15 etermination, 18 properties of, 16 rules, 31, 144 of two vectors, 15 17, 48 Curl, of electric fiel, 127, 188, 194 of magnetic fiel, 153, 154, 162, 194, 205 of magnetic flux ensity, 143 magnetic vector potential, 161 of vector fiel, of vector potential, 197 Current, 1 3, , 141, 148, 179, 216 close surface with, 124 conuction current, , 275 isplacement current, , 275 electric circuit, 167 equation, 124 infinite sheet of, infinitesimal length of wire, 278 magnetic fiel ue to, 142 magnetize material with, 162 refraction of, 126 rms value of, 284, 292 Current ensity, 2, 4, , 126, 128, 148, 155, 161, 162, 165, 254 bounary conitions, in Cartesian coorinates, 138 etermination, 157 Cylinrical coorinate system, D Decibel, 288, 289 Del, 36 Diamagnetic materials, 163 Dielectric breakown, 81 Dielectric polarization, Dielectric strength, 1, 81, 82 Differential form of Maxwell s equation, 188, 190, 193, 243 Dipole, 74, 76 electric, see Electric ipole long ipole antennas, moment, 75, 78 80, 90 electric, 161 magnetic, 161 Directive gain, , 294 of antenna, 286, 288, 289 Directivity, Displacement current, 117, 187, , 275 Distance vector, 19 Distortionless line, Divergence, 78, 91 of curl of vector fiel, 47, 159 of vector fiel, Divergence theorem, 42, 58, 88, 95, 124, 143, 261 Dot prouct, 19, 142 etermination, 15, rules of, 33, 56, 69, 92 of two vectors, 13 15, 17, 48 of unit vectors, 25, 32 Drift velocity, 120 E Electric circuit, 167, 171 Electric ipole, 74 77, 161 Electric fiel, 1, 3, 72, 92, 108, 114, 125, 141, 187, 271 close path with, 67 of continuous charge istribution, curl of, 127 erivation of, incient wave of, 267 ue to infinite sheet charge, 63, 64 Maxwell s equation for, 280 nonuniform, 67, 68 reflecte wave of, 267 refraction of, at specific point, 69 static, 77, 78 transmitte wave, 267 Electric fiel intensity, 2 3, 51, 54 56, 103, 133, 134, 138, 194, 294 Electric flux ensity, 2 4, 57 60, 62, 72, 78, 80, 125, 129, 138, 141, 201 Electric potential, 7, 64 69, 72, 74 in Cartesian coorinates, 92, 115 in cylinrical coorinates, 93 scalar, Electrolytic current, 117 Electrostatic energy, Energy ensity, 88, 131 F Faraay s laws, 179, 187, 188, 205, 275 Ferromagnetic materials, 163, 178 Finite ifference metho (FDM), 106 Fiel istribution, 91, 106, 108, 112, 114 Finite element metho (FEM), 106, 108, 112 Finite transmission line, with loa, 225

17 Inex 313 Free current ensity, 161 Fringing, 173, 174 G Gain antenna gain, couple antennas, 293 irective gain, 294 Gauss law, 51, 56 60, 78 82, 91, 92, 125, 126, 134 Gaussian surface, General wave equations, 211, 212 Goo conuctors, 255 wave propagation in, Graient, 36, 159 in coorinates, 36, 38 of potential, 1, 35 39, 70, 71 of scalar fiel, 35 39, 47 H Heavisie s equation, 221 Henry (H), 179, 209 Henry, Joseph, 187 Hertzian ipole, 275, Hysteresis curve, 178, 179 I Imaginary part, 202, 219, 221, 237, 238, 252 Incient power, Incient voltage, 216, 218 Incient waves, 213, 228, 243, 263, 266, 267, 269, 271, 273 Inuce emf, 189 Inuctance, Infinite conuctor, 146 Infinite sheet charge, 63, 64 Input impeance, 227, 228, 236, 268 for lossless transmission line, Insulator, 3, 4, 77, 91 axi-symmetric line-post, 112, 112 line-post, 113 she air interface of, 114, 115 Integral form of Maxwell s equation, 190 Intrinsic impeance, 249, 251, 253, , , 270 Irrotational fiel, 67, 82 line integral of, 72 J Joule s law, 122, 123 L Laplace s equation, 91, 92 erivation of, in Cartesian coorinates, 92 cylinrical coorinates, 92 spherical coorinates, 92 in two imensions, 107, 113 Laplace s equation solution, 96 in cylinrical coorinates, 104, 105 numerical solution, for two-imensional equations, 108 one-imension solution, 96, 97 two-imension solution, 97, 103 Law of refraction, 83, 84 Like charges, 52 Line-post insulator, 112 axi-symmetric, 112 electric fiel along she air interface of, 114, 115 voltage istribution of, 113 Loa resistance, 216 Loss tangent, 254, 255, 257, 273 Lossless transmission line, 214, 217, 218 input impeance for, power of, Lossy ielectrics, 128 Lossy meium, 254 wave equations for, 255 wave propagation in, Lorentz s force, 141, 188 Lorentz s force equation, 141 Lorentz s gauge conition, 277 Low loss high frequency, 219 Low-loss transmission line, M Magnetic circuit, 167, 168, 179 with air gap, , 184 mutual fluxes of, 181 parallel, , 184 series, , 184 Magnetic ipole moment, 161 Magnetic fiel, 1, 7, 141, 150, 187, 250, 262, 267 bounary conitions, curl of, , 194, 205 ue to current, 142 an electric fiels, 248 Faraay s law for, 205 far-fiel, 282, 292 in free space, 205 intensity, see Magnetic fiel intensity of long straight conuctor, source, 278 time-varying, 187, 244 of two meia,

18 314 Inex Magnetic fiel intensity, 2 4, 149, 151, 152, 159, 172, 173, Magnetic flux ensity, 2 4, 142, 143, 147, 163, 173, 178, 197 Maxwell s equations, 7, 58, 143, 148, 187, 188, 190, 198, 260, 276, 280 from Ampere s law, in point form, 203 time omain, in time-harmonic form, 203 Magnetization, Magnetostatic fiel, 148 Magnetic susceptibility, 162 Microstrip line, 209 Motional voltage, Mutual flux, 181, 195, 196 of magnetic circuit, 181 Mutual inuctance, , 195 N Neper, 213 Normal electric flux ensity, 129 Normal magnetic fiel, 149, 164, 165, 166 Normalize amittances, 236 Normalize impeances, 236, 237 O Ohmic losses, 261 Open circuit, 195, 230, 233 P Parallel magnetic circuit, , 184 Parallel plate capacitor, , 192 with ielectric slabs, Paramagnetic materials, 163 Pattern factor, 291 Permeability, 3, 4, 163, 166, , 175, 177, 251 in free space, 142 Permittivity, 2 4, 81, 113, , 137, 138, 141, 193, 195, 204, 251, 254, 257, 263, 273 Phase constant, 213, 214, , , 247, , , 263, 270, 280 Phasors, 201 Point charge with close surface, 56 electric fiel intensity ue to, 55 movement, 65 towars fixe points, 86 potential ue to, with separation istance, 52 Point form of Maxwell s equation, 188, 203 Poisson s equation, 95, 160 erivation of, Poisson s equation solution, 105, 106 Polarization, 78, 161 ielectric, see Dielectric polarization elliptical, 271 uniform wave, 271, 272 Pollution full pollution electric fiel with, 114 normal electric fiel with, 115 tangential electric fiel with, 115 voltage profile with, 113 non-uniform pollution layer, 114 surface pollution, 112 Position vector, 19, 20, 55 in Cartesian coorinates, 30, 31 Potential ifference, 35, 65, 66, 70, 131 Potential energy, 65 Power ensity, 123, 263, 269, 270, 283, 285, 293 Poynting theorem, 260, 261 Propagation velocity, 247 R Raiate power ensity, 283 Raiation resistance, 284, 289 Rate ecrease of average power, 224 Real part, 223 Reflecte power, Reflecte voltage, 216, 217, 226 Reflecte waves, 213, 223 Reflection coefficient, 228, , 266, 270 Refraction of electric fiel at ielectric bounary, of magnetic fiel, 167 of steay current lines, 126 Relative permeability, 3, 4, 163, , , 251, 273 Relative permittivity, 2, 3, 4, 81, 132, 251, 257, 263, 273 Relaxation time, 125 Reluctance, , 175, 176, 180, 195 Resistance, 117, , 168, 196, 209, 210, 215, 217, 218, 220, 222, 233 constant resistance circles, 238, 239 etermination of, 132, 133 loa resistance, 216 Resistivity, 77, 121 Retare potential, 197 Retentivity, 178 RLC series circuit, 199

19 Inex 315 S Scalar fiel, Scalar magnetic potential, , 276 Scalars, 7 Semiconuctor, 77 Series magnetic circuit, , 173, 184 Shape functions, 110 Short circuit impeances, 233 termination, 230 Short ipole antenna, 289 Skin epth, 259, 260, 273 SLIM (software), 112, 113 Smith chart, 209, Soli angle, 56, 57, 285, 285 Spherical capacitor, Spherical coorinate system, 28 35, 279 unit vector of, 32 Square mesh object, 107 Staning wave ratio, 231, Stokes theorem, 45, 77, 143, 148, 188, 193, 200 Superposition, 53, 290 Surface charge ensity, 126, Susceptibility, 163 electric, 81 magnetic, 162 T Tangential magnetic fiel, 149, 164, 165 Time-varying electric fiel, 187, 244 Time-varying magnetic fiel, 187, 244 Transformers, 141, 187, , 275 Transmission coefficient, 266, 270 Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) moe, 209 Triangular element, 108, 109, 112, 113 Turns ratio, 196 U Uniform plane wave, 243, 246, 250, 251, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 268, 271, 272 polarization of, 271 schematic of, 246 Uniqueness theorem, 91, 94, 95 Unit vectors, 9, 10, 15, 52 conuctor with, 150 cyclic permutation for, 17 cylinrical coorinate with, 23 ot proucts of, 14, 25, 32 properties of, 16, 24 relation between, 24 spherical coorinates, 30 three unit vectors, 10 Unlike charge, 52 V Vector aition, 10, 11 Vector fiel, 7, 36 curl of, ivergence of, Vector ientities, 46, 47, 88, 94, 126, 159, 244, 261, 276, 277 Vector magnetic potential, , 276 Vector multiplication an ivision, 13 Vector subtraction, Vectors, 7 8, 32 in Cartesian coorinates, 22, 24, 26, 27 cross prouct of, in space, 20 triple prouct, 17 Voltage ifference, 134, 136 Voltage reflection coefficient, , 228 W Wave equations, 199, 212, 215, 245, 255 Wavelengths, 209, 214, 217, 218, 250, 251, 259, 260, 284, 289, 294