IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Research Report Form

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1 Project Title: Phytotoxicity of Biathlon 2.75G (Oxyfluorfen + prodiamine) applied over the top to selected ornamental plants (September 2009 Trials) Protocol #: Narrative Summary (Results/Discussion) Mahonia aquifolium (Berberis aquifolium) Phytotoxicity. No significant differences in phytotoxicity ratings were seen between the control plants and those treated with Biathlon during week 1 8 (Tables 1 and 6a, Figures 1 and 2a). Plant Growth. No significant treatment effect of Biathlon on Mahonia was noted for height, width or volume increase (Tables 2 and 6a, Figure 2a). Biathlon can be considered safe for over the top application on Mahonia. Pieris japonica Shojo A number of plants in all the treatments died due to unknown causes. This occurred in all treatments so that no conclusions from either the phytotoxicity or plant growth data can be drawn as to the safety of Biathlon for over the top application on Pieris. Materials & Methods Plant Material and Culture. The plants for these trials were grown as indicated in Table 3. The experiment ran from September 24, 2009 to December 3, 2009 in an outdoor nursery under 50% shade. The plants were irrigated by hand as needed during the 10-week experiment. Environmental conditions during the trial are summarized in Table 4. Experimental Procedure. Mahonia. Twenty plants were randomly chosen and individually tagged for treatment with 0 (Control), 1X, 2X or 4X rates of the herbicide with 5 replicates per treatment. These dosages were prescribed in IR4 Ornamental Protocol (Appendix A). The material was applied on September 24, 2009 (week 0) and again on November 5, 2009 (week 6). Pieris. Thirty-six plants were randomly chosen and individually tagged for treatment with 0 (Control), 1X, 2X or 4X rates of the herbicide with 9 replicates per treatment. These dosages were prescribed in IR4 Ornamental Protocol (Appendix A). The material was applied on September 24, 2009 (week 0) and again on November 5, 2009 (week 6). Data Collection. Phytotoxicity ratings were taken at week 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10. The dates for those observations were September 24, October 1, 8 and 22, November 5, 12 and 19, and December 3, Visual phytotoxicity evaluations were based on a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 (no injury) to 10 (complete kill) (Table 5). Plant height and width were measured at week 0 (September 24, 2009) and week 10 (December 3, 2009). Plant height (cm) was Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 1

2 measured from the container soil surface to the top of the canopy. Plant width (cm) was measured twice along perpendicular lines at the widest part of the plant, resulting in W 1 and W 2. For each observation a canopy volume index was calculated so as to be able to determine if canopy volume was affected by the application of herbicide. The calculation was made as H*W 1 *W 2, where H is the height and W 1 and W 2 are two width measurements. The usefulness of this index is based on the fact that many of the models for such a volume calculation are of the form a*h*w 1 *W 2. The constant a depends on the assumption of the shape of the canopy. Since analyses of variance are scale-independent, the conclusion will thus be for the volume of the plant canopy. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using JMP 8.0 statistical software (SAS Institute). The phytotoxicity and change in mean value from the starting plant height, width and volume index were analyzed for significant differences using t-tests. Acknowledgements The research was supported through funding from the USDA IR-4 Program, Western Region based at UC Davis, Davis, CA. Personnel involved in this project included Linda Dodge (trial coordination, data collection, report compilation), Ron Lane (pesticide application, pest management), David La, Maria Contador and Ho-Yun Kim (plant culture, data collection). The materials being tested were supplied by the manufacturer/distributor. The Mahonia and Pieris plants were propagated from stock plants at UC Davis. Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 2

3 Table 1. Phytotoxicity changes over 10 weeks for plants treated with 0 (Control), 100 (1X), 200 (2X) or 400 (4X) lb. per acre Biathlon 2.75G at weeks 0 and 6. Differing letters a, b, c designate significant differences among the four means; "Yes" or "no" indicates whether there was an overall significant treatment effect at the 5% level (NA means no variation in data; "yes at 10%" means treatment effect was significant at 10% but not at the 5% level). Means ± SE (n=5 for Mahonia and n = 9 for Pieris) Phytotoxicity Effect of Biathlon on Mahonia Phytotoxicity Index Increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 1 week no 2 weeks no 4 weeks no 6 weeks no 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 1X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 2X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 4X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a Phytotoxicity Index increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 7 weeks no 8 weeks no 10 week yes at 10% 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 1X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 2X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.20 ± 0.20 ab 4X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.60 ± 0.24 a Phytotoxicity Effect of Biathlon on Pieris Phytotoxicity Index Increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 1 week 2 weeks 4 weeks 6 weeks no (NA) yes yes 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 2.56 ± 1.19 a 2.56 ± 1.19 a 3.89 ± 1.59 a 1X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.56 ± 0.18 b 2X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 1.78 ± 0.76 ab 1.78 ± 0.76 ab 3.67 ± 1.18 ab 4X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.44 ± 0.44 b 0.44 ± 0.44 b 1.78 ± 1.05 ab Phytotoxicity Index increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 7 weeks no 8 weeks no 10 week no 0X 4.22 ± 1.68 a 4.33 ± 1.72 ab 4.78 ± 1.68 ab 1X 0.67 ± 0.24 b 1.00 ± 0.44 b 1.67 ± 0.73 b 2X 3.89 ± 1.16 ab 4.67 ± 1.28 a 6.11 ± 1.35 a 4X 2.00 ± 1.03 ab 2.44 ± 1.18 ab 4.00 ± 1.31 ab Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 3

4 Species: Mahonia Material: Biathlon 10 Control 1X 8 2X 4X Phytotoxicity Index Species: Pieris Material: Biathlon 10 Control 1X 8 2X 4X Phytotoxicity Index Day of trial Day of trial Figure 1. Phytotoxicity ratings for plants exposed to 2 applications of 0 (Control), 100 (1X), 200 (2X) or 400 (4X) lb. per acre Biathlon 2.75G at weeks 0 and 6. See Table 5 for explanation of ratings. Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 4

5 Table 2. Growth changes over 10 weeks for plants treated with 0 (Control), 100 (1X), 200 (2X) or 400 (4X) lb. per acre Biathlon 2.75G at weeks 0 and 6. Differing letters a, b, c designate significant differences among the four means; "Yes" or "no" indicates whether there was an overall significant treatment effect at the 5% level (NA means no variation in data; "yes at 10%" means treatment effect was significant at 10% but not at the 5% level). Means ± SE (n=5 for Mahonia and n = 9 for Pieris) Growth Effect of Biathlon on Mahonia Increase by week 10 of: Treatment Height (cm) yes at 10% Average Width (cm) no Volume Index no 0X 4.70 ± 0.86 ab 6.45 ± 2.12 a ± a 1X 6.20 ± 0.51 a 6.90 ± 1.78 a ± a 2X 2.20 ± 1.68 b 5.95 ± 0.77 a ± a 4X 6.50 ± 1.04 a 5.45 ± 1.71 a ± a Growth Effect of Biathlon on Pieris Increase by week 10 of: Treatment Height (cm) no Average Width (cm) yes Volume Index no 0X 0.00 ± 0.60 ab ± 1.49 b ± ab 1X 1.17 ± 0.66 a 0.83 ± 0.39 a ± a 2X ± 0.27 b ± 0.97 b ± b 4X 0.56 ± 0.49 ab ± 0.79 ab ± ab Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 5

6 CONTROL 1X 2X 4X Figure 2a. Mahonia plants 10 weeks after 2 applications of 0 (Control), 100 (1X), 200 (2X) or 400 (4X) lb. per acre Biathlon 2.75G at weeks 0 and 6. Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 6

7 Block A Block B CONTROL 1X 2X 4X Block C Figure 2b. Pieris plants 10 weeks after 2 applications of 0 (Control), 100 (1X), 200 (2X) or 400 (4X) lb. per acre Biathlon 2.75G at weeks 0 and 6. Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 7

8 Table 3. Materials & Methods/Recordkeeping Protocol number Product Short Name Biathlon 2.75G (Oxyfluorfen + prodiamine) Biathlon 2.75G (Oxyfluorfen + prodiamine) Production Site Description Field Container Field Container PR Number Crop Latin Name Mahonia aquifolium (Berberis Pieris japonica aquifolium Crop Common Name Oregon Grape Lily of the Valley Shrub Crop Cultivar Shojo Plant Source Cuttings from UCD stock plants stuck 2009_04_14 Cuttings from UCD stock plants stuck 2009_06_12 Transplant Date 2009_05_ _09_13 Potting Mix UC Mix UC Mix Pot Size 1-gallon 1-gallon Spacing Pot-to-pot Pot-to-pot Expt. Design Completely randomized design RCB Number of Reps n = 5 3 blocks with 3 reps per block = 9 Fertilizer Type Osmocote Osmocote Fertilizer Application Date 2009_05_ _09_13 Other Actions Plants pruned back 2009_08_31 Irrigation type and frequency Hand watered as needed Hand watered as needed First Application and 2009_09_ _09_24 Measurements Date Second Application 2009_11_ _11_04 Final Measurements Date 2009_12_ _12_03 Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 8

9 Table 4. Environmental conditions during the experiment from 2009_09_24 to 2009_12_03. Max Air Temp ( F) Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 9 Min Air Temp ( F) Avg Vap (mbars) Avg wspd (MPH) CIMIS ETo (in) Avg Rel Hum (%) Date Sol Rad (Ly/day) Precip (in) 9/24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ /5/ /6/ /7/ /8/ /9/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/ /1/

10 Max Air Temp ( F) Min Air Temp ( F) Avg Vap (mbars) Avg wspd (MPH) CIMIS ETo (in) Avg Rel Hum (%) Date Sol Rad (Ly/day) Precip (in) 11/2/ /3/ /4/ /5/ /6/ /7/ /8/ /9/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /1/ /2/ /3/ Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 10

11 Table 5. Numerical plant damage rating scale used for phytotoxicity determinations. Rating Description of plant damage 0 No damage 1 No visible damage but unintended (non-permanent) impact 2 Slight leaf/tissue damage (curling leaves, necrosis, etc.) 3 Marginal chlorosis on some leaves (damage on up to 10% of plant) 4 10% 20% of plant damaged 5 Significant damage to much of plant (30% - 40%) 6 40% 60% of plant damaged 7 Chlorosis or necrosis on most of plant (60% - 70%) 8 Abscised leaves, branch dieback 9 Tissue severely damaged (80% - 100% of plant) 10 Complete kill Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 11

12 Table 6a Raw Data for Mahonia Phytotoxicity Report Form IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Mahonia Biathlon IR4 Trial Phytotoxicity at week Plant Size at week 0 Plant Size at week 10 Height Width1 Width 2 Height Width1 Width 2 Treatment Rep (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Control Control Control Control Control Mean X X X X X Mean X X X X X Mean X X X X X Mean Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 12

13 Table 6b Raw Data for Pieris Phytotoxicity Report Form IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Pieris Biathlon IR4 Trial Phytotoxicity at week Plant Size at week 0 Plant Size at week 10 Height Width1 Width 2 Height Width1 Width 2 Treatment Block Rep (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Control A Control A Control A Control B Control B Control B Control C Control C Control C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 13

14 Appendix A IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program 2009 Crop Safety with Over-the-top Applications of Select Herbicide Materials Ornamental Protocol Number: Objective: Determine phytotoxicity of Biathlon to ornamental horticulture plants. Experimental Design: Plot Size: Must be adequate to reflect actual use conditions. Replicates: Minimum of 3 replications (preferably 4) with 3 plants per replicate Application Instructions: Two applications are to be made approximately 6 weeks apart. Applications should be made over the top of the plants using application equipment consistent with conventional commercial equipment. Target dry foliage. If dew is present at the time of application, note it. Irrigate with ½ inch water between 1 and 4 hours after application. Plant Materials: Contact your Regional Coordinator for an up-to-date list. Plants grown in field containers are preferred to in-ground. Treatments: Product Priority Rate Product (ai) per acre Biathlon C 100 lb (2.75 lb ai) 200 lb (5.5 lb ai) 400 lb (11.0 lb ai) Special Instructions Untreated Contact Information to obtain materials OHP, Dave Barcel, , dbarcel@ohp.com Evaluations: Record plant height & width at initial and final evaluations only. At 1, 2, and 4 weeks after each application, record phytotoxicity on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill). If appropriate, also include ratings for chlorosis, defoliation, stunting or other growth effects on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No effect; 10 = Complete plant affected). If any phytotoxicity is observed in treated plants, take pictures comparing treated and untreated plant material. Recordkeeping: Keep detailed records of weather conditions including temperature and precipitation, soil-type or soil-less media, application equipment, irrigation, liner size, plant height & width, and plant growth stage at application and data collection dates. Reports: Reports submitted electronically on the standard IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture are preferred. A report submitted electronically is preferred but not required. If the report is provided electronically, the basic report can be sent in MS Word or WordPerfect, the recordkeeping information as pdf or other electronic documents, and the raw data in MS Excel or other suitable program such as ARM. Please direct questions to: Cristi Palmer, IR-4 HQ, Rutgers University, 681 US Hwy 1 S, North Brunswick, NJ , Phone x4629, palmer@aesop.rutgers.edu OR Ely Vea, 308 Aston Forest Lane, Crownsville, MD 21032, Phone & FAX#: , evvea@comcast.net. Draft Date: 6/2/09 Revised By: CLP Researcher(s): Heiner Lieth, UC Davis 14