IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Research Report Form

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1 Project Title: Phytotoxicity of Tower 63.9%EC (Dimethenamid-p) applied over the top to Lantana, Nandina, Nepeta and Potentilla Protocol #: Narrative Summary (Results/Discussion) Lantana camara Dwarf Radiation Phytotoxicity. There was no significant phytotoxicity damage on Lantana camara due to Tower during the 10-week trial (Tables 1 and 6a, Figures 1 and 2a). During the final weeks, some plants showed minor marginal leaf burn but it was not associated with the herbicide. Plant Growth. No significant treatment effect of Tower on Lantana was noted for width or volume increase (Tables 2 and 6a, Figure 2a). Height increase for the control plants and the 2X treatment group was significantly greater than that for the 1X and 4X treatment groups. There was no dose response pattern. Tower can be considered safe for over the top application on Lantana. Nandina domestica Phytotoxicity. The phytotoxicity damage on Nandina domestica due to Tower was significant during the 10-week trial (Tables 1 and 6b, Figures 1 and 2b). By week 6, the phyto ratings for Tower-treated plants were significantly higher than those for the control plants but were at the level of 2 or below indicating only slight damage (see Table 5 for an explanation of the phytotoxicity ratings). After the second application, damage on the herbicide-treated plants increased steadily until week 10 when many plants had ratings of 4 or higher indicating damage that would affect marketability. Symptoms included chlorosis and bleaching of leaves and distortion of new leaves. Plant Growth. Tower caused significant growth suppression on Nandina (Tables 2 and 6b, Figure 2b). At the end of the trial the control plants had grown taller than the 1X, 2X or 4X treated plants by a factor of 2.5, 4.5 or nearly 12 respectively. The pattern was similar for width and volume increase. Tower is not safe for over the top application on Nandina. Nepeta cataria Phytotoxicity. The phytotoxicity rating increases for Nepeta plants treated with the 1X, 2X or 4X levels of Tower were significantly greater than those for the control plants at week 2 (Tables 1 and 6c, Figures 1 and 2c). At that time, the symptoms appeared as bronzing of leaves and necrosis of older leaves. By week 4, however, all plants were flowering and setting seed and some older leaves on all plants were beginning to senesce in all treatments so that data after week 4 are not conclusive, since from then on all plants showed symptoms of leaf chlorosis, bronzing and necrosis. 1

2 Plant Growth. There was a significant effect of Tower on canopy volume increase for Nepeta with plants in the control group being larger than those in the 1X, 2X or 4X treatment groups by a factor of 1.3, 2.0 or 2.1 respectively (Tables 2 and 6c, Figure 2c). Tower is not safe for over the top application on Nepeta. Potentilla fruticosa Abbotswood Phytotoxicity. There was slight but significant damage due to Tower on Potentilla (Tables 1 and 6d, Figures 1 and 2d). After the first application, leaf necrosis was observed on some of the herbicide treated plants that persisted until week 6. The average ratings of 2 or below for these groups were significantly higher than those for the control plants. After the second application, levels of necrotic leaf damage increased slightly for the herbicide treated plants but the control plants began to show some of the same damage although probably for different reasons. Between weeks 7 and 10, differences were not significant at the 5% level and average ratings were below 2.5 indicating slight damage. Plant Growth. No significant treatment effect of Tower on Potentilla was noted for height, width or volume increase (Tables 2 and 6d, Figure 2d). Tower can be considered safe for over the top application on Potentilla. Materials & Methods Plant Material and Culture. The plants for these trials were grown as indicated in Table 3. The experiment ran from July 14, 2009 to September 22, 2009 in an outdoor nursery with full sun exposure. The plants were irrigated daily during the 10-week experiment using an automatic drip irrigation system delivering 2L per hour. Environmental conditions during the trial are summarized in Table 4. Experimental Procedure. Thirty-six plants were randomly chosen and individually tagged for treatment with 0 (Control), 1X, 2X or 4X rates of the herbicide with 9 replicates per treatment. These dosages were prescribed in IR4 Ornamental Protocol (Appendix A). The material was applied on July 14, 2009 (week 0) and again on August 25, 2009 (week 6). Data Collection. Phytotoxicity ratings were taken at week 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10. The dates for those observations were July 14, 21 and 28, August 11 and 25, September 1, 8 and 22, Visual phytotoxicity evaluations were based on a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 (no injury) to 10 (complete kill) (Table 5). Plant height and width were measured at week 0 (July 14, 2009) and week 10 (September 22, 2009). Plant height (cm) was measured from the container soil surface to the top of the canopy. Plant width (cm) was measured twice along perpendicular lines at the widest part of the plant, resulting in W 1 and W 2. For each observation a canopy volume index was calculated so as to be able to determine if canopy volume was affected by the application of herbicide. The calculation was made as H*W 1 *W 2, where H is the height and W 1 and W 2 are two width measurements. The usefulness of this index is based on the fact that many 2

3 of the models for such a volume calculation are of the form a*h*w 1 *W 2. The constant a depends on the assumption of the shape of the canopy. Since analyses of variance are scaleindependent, the conclusion will thus be for the volume of the plant canopy. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using Proc GLM of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The phytotoxicity and change in mean value from the starting plant height, width and volume index were analyzed for significant differences using t-tests. Acknowledgements The research was supported through funding from the USDA IR-4 Program, Western Region based at UC Davis, Davis, CA. Personnel involved in this project included Linda Dodge (trial coordination, data collection, report compilation), Ron Lane (pesticide application, pest management), David La, Maria Contador and Ho-Yun Kim (plant culture, data collection). The materials being tested were supplied by the manufacturer/distributor. The Nandina plants were supplied by Hines Nurseries, Winters CA. The Nepeta plants were grown from seed (Lake Valley Seed, Boulder CO). The Lantana plants were propagated from UC Davis stock plants. The Potentilla plants were supplied by Village Nurseries, Sacramento CA. 3

4 Table 1. Phytotoxicity changes over 10 weeks for plants treated with 0 (Control), 21 (1X), 42 (2X), 84 (4X) fl. oz. per acre Tower 63.9%EC at weeks 0 and 6. Differing letters a, b, c designate significant differences among the four means; "Yes" or "no" indicates whether there was an overall significant treatment effect at the 5% level (NA means no variation in data; "yes at 10%" means treatment effect was significant at 10% but not at the 5% level). Means ± SE (n=9) Phytotoxicity Effect of Tower on Lantana Phytotoxicity Index Increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 1 week (NA) 2 weeks (NA) 4 weeks (NA) 6 weeks (NA) 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 1X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 2X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 4X 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a Phytotoxicity Index increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 7 weeks no 8 weeks no 10 week no 0X 0.22 ± 0.15 b 0.56 ± 0.18 a 0.33 ± 0.17 a 1X 0.56 ± 0.18 ab 0.89 ± 0.11 a 0.56 ± 0.18 a 2X 0.33 ± 0.17 ab 0.89 ± 0.11 a 0.67 ± 0.17 a 4X 0.78 ± 0.15 a 0.89 ± 0.11 a 0.67 ± 0.17 a Phytotoxicity Effect of Tower on Nandina Phytotoxicity Index Increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 1 week yes 2 weeks yes 4 weeks no 6 weeks yes 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.22 ± 0.15 b 0.67 ± 0.24 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b 1X 1.00 ± 0.00 a 1.11 ± 0.11 a 1.33 ± 0.17 a 1.67 ± 0.37 a 2X 0.78 ± 0.15 ab 0.89 ± 0.20 a 1.11 ± 0.20 ab 2.22 ± 0.22 a 4X 0.67 ± 0.17 b 0.89 ± 0.26 a 1.22 ± 0.22 ab 2.22 ± 0.28 a Phytotoxicity Index increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 7 weeks yes 8 weeks yes 10 week yes 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.11 ± 0.11 c 0.11 ± 0.11 c 1X 1.78 ± 0.36 b 2.22 ± 0.36 b 2.44 ± 0.47 b 2X 1.89 ± 0.26 ab 2.11 ± 0.20 b 2.89 ± 0.42 b 4X 2.67 ± 0.29 a 3.00 ± 0.17 a 4.11 ± 0.11 a Phytotoxicity Effect of Tower on Nepeta Phytotoxicity Index Increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 1 week yes 2 weeks yes 4 weeks no 6 weeks no 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 b 3.00 ± 0.00 b 3.00 ± 0.00 b 1X 0.33 ± 0.17 bc 1.89 ± 0.45 a 3.44 ± 0.18 a 3.44 ± 0.18 a 2X 0.67 ± 0.33 b 1.33 ± 0.37 a 3.11 ± 0.11 ab 3.11 ± 0.11 ab 4X 1.44 ± 0.29 a 1.56 ± 0.29 a 3.22 ± 0.15 ab 3.22 ± 0.15 ab Phytotoxicity Index increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 7 weeks no 8 weeks no 10 week no 0X 2.89 ± 0.11 b 3.56 ± 0.18 a 3.33 ± 0.17 a 1X 3.33 ± 0.17 a 3.67 ± 0.24 a 3.67 ± 0.24 a 2X 3.11 ± 0.11 ab 3.67 ± 0.17 a 3.56 ± 0.18 a 4X 3.22 ± 0.15 ab 3.78 ± 0.15 a 3.78 ± 0.15 a Phytotoxicity Effect of Tower on Potentilla Phytotoxicity Index Increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 1 week yes 2 weeks yes 4 weeks yes 6 weeks yes 0X 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.00 ± 0.00 c 0.22 ± 0.22 c 0.22 ± 0.22 c 1X 0.89 ± 0.26 b 0.89 ± 0.26 b 0.89 ± 0.26 bc 0.78 ± 0.32 bc 2X 1.00 ± 0.33 b 1.11 ± 0.31 b 1.11 ± 0.31 b 1.00 ± 0.24 ab 4X 2.00 ± 0.33 a 2.00 ± 0.33 a 2.00 ± 0.33 a 1.56 ± 0.29 a Phytotoxicity Index increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 7 weeks yes at 10% 8 weeks yes at 10% 10 week no 0X 1.00 ± 0.29 b 1.22 ± 0.28 b 1.11 ± 0.26 b 1X 1.00 ± 0.37 b 1.56 ± 0.41 ab 1.33 ± 0.33 b 2X 1.33 ± 0.29 ab 1.56 ± 0.29 ab 1.67 ± 0.33 ab 4X 2.11 ± 0.26 a 2.33 ± 0.24 a 2.33 ± 0.41 a 4

5 Species: Lantana Material: Tower 10 Control 1X 8 2X 4X 6 Phytotoxicity Index 4 2 Species: Nandina Material: Tower 10 Control 1X 8 2X 4X 6 Phytotoxicity Index Day of trial Day of trial Species: Nepeta Material: Tower 10 Control 1X 8 2X 4X 6 Phytotoxicity Index 4 2 Species: Potentilla Material: Tower 10 Control 1X 8 2X 4X 6 Phytotoxicity Index Day of trial Day of trial Figure 1. Phytotoxicity ratings for plants exposed to 2 applications of 0 (Control), 21 (1X), 42 (2X), 84 (4X) fl. oz. per acre Tower 63.9%EC at weeks 0 and 6. See Table 5 for explanation of ratings. 5

6 Table 2. Growth changes over 10 weeks for plants treated with 0 (Control), 21 (1X), 42 (2X), 84 (4X) fl. oz. per acre Tower 63.9%EC at weeks 0 and 6. Differing letters a, b, c designate significant differences among the four means; "Yes" or "no" indicates whether there was an overall significant treatment effect at the 5% level (NA means no variation in data; "yes at 10%" means treatment effect was significant at 10% but not at the 5% level). Means ± SE (n=9) Growth Effect of Tower on Lantana Increase by week 10 of: Treatment Height (cm) yes Average Width (cm) no Volume Index no 0X ± 1.08 a ± 3.61 a ± ab 1X 9.06 ± 0.39 b ± 4.66 a ± ab 2X ± 1.83 a ± 2.85 a ± a 4X 6.67 ± 1.24 b ± 2.35 a ± b Growth Effect of Tower on Nandina Increase by week 10 of: Treatment Height (cm) yes Average Width (cm) yes Volume Index yes 0X ± 2.83 a ± 2.64 a ± a 1X 4.56 ± 0.99 b 6.44 ± 1.68 b ± b 2X 2.50 ± 2.07 bc 5.31 ± 1.36 b ± b 4X ± 0.97 c 2.69 ± 0.66 b ± b Growth Effect of Tower on Nepeta Increase by week 10 of: Treatment Height (cm) no Average Width (cm) yes Volume Index yes 0X ± 2.13 a ± 2.68 a ± a 1X ± 2.57 ab ± 2.46 a ± ab 2X ± 2.65 ab ± 2.02 b ± b 4X ± 2.19 b ± 1.86 b ± b Growth Effect of Tower on Potentilla Increase by week 10 of: Treatment Height (cm) no Average Width (cm) no Volume Index no 0X 7.61 ± 2.70 a ± 2.75 a ± a 1X ± 1.98 a ± 2.78 a ± a 2X 6.50 ± 2.78 a ± 1.69 a ± a 4X 5.22 ± 2.85 a ± 1.86 a ± a 6

7 Block A Block B CONTROL 1X 2X 4X Block C Figure 2a. Lantana plants 10 weeks after 2 applications of 0 (Control), 21 (1X), 42 (2X), 84 (4X) fl. oz. per acre Tower 63.9%EC at weeks 0 and 6. 7

8 Block A Block B CONTROL 1X 2X 4X Block C Figure 2b. Nandina plants 10 weeks after 2 applications of 0 (Control), 21 (1X), 42 (2X), 84 (4X) fl. oz. per acre Tower 63.9%EC at weeks 0 and 6. 8

9 Block A Block B CONTROL 1X 2X 4X Block C Figure 2c. Representative Nepeta plants 10 weeks after 2 applications of 0 (Control), 21 (1X), 42 (2X), 84 (4X) fl. oz. per acre Tower 63.9%EC at weeks 0 and 6. 9

10 Block A Block B CONTROL 1X 2X 4X Block C Figure 2d. Representative Potentilla plants 10 weeks after 2 applications of 0 (Control), 21 (1X), 42 (2X), 84 (4X) fl. oz. per acre Tower 63.9%EC at weeks 0 and 6. 10

11 Table 3. Materials & Methods/Recordkeeping Protocol number Product Short Name Tower 63.9%EC (Dimethenamid-p) Tower 63.9%EC (Dimethenamid-p) Tower 63.9%EC (Dimethenamid-p) Tower 63.9%EC (Dimethenamid-p) Production Field Container Field Container Field Container Field Container Site Description PR Number Crop Latin Lantana camara Nandina domestica Nepeta cataria Potentilla fruticosa Name Crop Common Lantana Heavenly Bamboo Catnip Shrubby Cinquefoil Name Crop Cultivar Dwarf Radiation Abbotswood Plant Source UCD stock plant cuttings taken Liners received from Hines Nurseries Grown from seed (Lake Valley Seed) Sown Liners received from Village Nurseries Transplant Date Potting Mix UC Mix UC Mix UC Mix UC Mix Pot Size 1-gallon 1-gallon 1-gallon 1-gallon Spacing Pot-to-pot Pot-to-pot Pot-to-pot Pot-to-pot Expt. Design RCB RCB RCB RCB Number of Reps 3 blocks with 3 reps per block = 9 3 blocks with 3 reps per block = 9 3 blocks with 3 reps per block = 9 3 blocks with 3 reps per block = 9 Fertilizer Type Osmocote Osmocote Osmocote Osmocote Fertilizer Application Date Other Actions Irrigation type and frequency First Application and Measurements Date Second Application Final Measurements Date Transferred to outdoor nursery Cut back automatic drip irrigation daily Moved to outdoor nursery Cut back automatic drip irrigation daily automatic drip automatic drip irrigation daily irrigation daily

12 Table 4. Environmental conditions during the experiment from to Max Air Temp ( F) Min Air Temp ( F) Avg Vap (mbars) Avg wspd (MPH) CIMIS ETo (in) Avg Rel Hum (%) Date Sol Rad (Ly/day) Precip (in) 7/14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ /5/ /6/ /7/ /8/ /9/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/

13 Max Air Temp ( F) Min Air Temp ( F) Avg Vap (mbars) Avg wspd (MPH) CIMIS ETo (in) Avg Rel Hum (%) Date Sol Rad (Ly/day) Precip (in) 8/23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /30/ /31/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ /5/ /6/ /7/ /8/ /9/ /10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /20/ /21/ /22/

14 Table 5. Numerical plant damage rating scale used for phytotoxicity determinations. Rating Description of plant damage 0 No damage 1 No visible damage but unintended (non-permanent) impact 2 Slight leaf/tissue damage (curling leaves, necrosis, etc.) 3 Marginal chlorosis on some leaves (damage on up to 10% of plant) 4 10% 20% of plant damaged 5 Significant damage to much of plant (30% - 40%) 6 40% 60% of plant damaged 7 Chlorosis or necrosis on most of plant (60% - 70%) 8 Abscised leaves, branch dieback 9 Tissue severely damaged (80% - 100% of plant) 10 Complete kill 14

15 Table 6a Raw Data for Lantana Phytotoxicity Report Form Lantana IR4 Trial Tower Phytotoxicity at week Plant Size at week 0 Plant Size at week 10 Height Width1 Width 2 Height Width1 Width 2 Treatment Block Rep (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Control A Control A Control A Control B Control B Control B Control C Control C Control C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean

16 Table 6b Raw Data for Nandina Phytotoxicity Report Form Nandina IR4 Trial Tower Phytotoxicity at week Plant Size at week 0 Plant Size at week 10 Height Width1 Width 2 Height Width1 Width 2 Treatment Block Rep (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Control A Control A Control A Control B Control B Control B Control C Control C Control C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean

17 Table 6c Raw Data for Nepeta Phytotoxicity Report Form NepetaIR4 Trial Tower Phytotoxicity at week Plant Size at week 0 Plant Size at week 10 Height Width1 Width 2 Height Width1 Width 2 Treatment Block Rep (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Control A Control A Control A Control B Control B Control B Control C Control C Control C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean

18 Table 6d Raw Data for Potentilla Phytotoxicity Report Form Potentilla IR4 Trial Tower Phytotoxicity at week Plant Size at week 0 Plant Size at week 10 Height Width1 Width 2 Height Width1 Width 2 Treatment Block Rep (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Control A Control A Control A Control B Control B Control B Control C Control C Control C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean

19 Appendix A 2009 Crop Safety with Over-the-top Applications of Select Herbicide Materials Ornamental Protocol Number: Objective: Determine phytotoxicity of Broadstar 0.25G VC1604, Freehand, Snapshot, sulfosulfuron, Tower EC, and V G and to ornamental horticulture plants. Experimental Design: Plot Size: Must be adequate to reflect actual use conditions. Replicates: Minimum of 3 replications (preferably 4) with 3 plants per replicate Application Instructions: Depending upon research site and plant materials, various experiments can be established. Two applications are to be made approximately 6 weeks apart, with the first application within 7 days after potting, preferable between 24 and 48 hours. However, plant materials must have broken dormancy prior to first application. See notes below for Broadstar 0.25G VC1604. For liquid applications, use a minimum of 20 gal per acre. Applications should be made over the top of the plants using application equipment consistent with conventional commercial equipment. For all materials, target dry foliage. If dew is present at the time of application, note it. Irrigate with ½ inch water between 1 and 4 hours after application. Note: Liquid materials need at least 1 hour drying time prior to irrigation. Plant Materials: Contact your Regional Coordinator for an up-to-date list. Plants grown in field containers are preferred to in-ground. Treatments: See table on next page. Evaluations: Record plant height & width at initial and final evaluations only. At 1, 2, and 4 weeks after each application, record phytotoxicity on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill). If appropriate, also include ratings for chlorosis, defoliation, stunting or other growth effects on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No effect; 10 = Complete plant affected). If any phytotoxicity is observed in treated plants, take pictures comparing treated and untreated plant material. Recordkeeping: Keep detailed records of weather conditions including temperature and precipitation, soiltype or soil-less media, application equipment, irrigation, liner size, plant height & width, and plant growth stage at application and data collection dates. Reports: Reports submitted electronically on the standard IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture are preferred. A report submitted electronically is preferred but not required. If the report is provided electronically, the basic report can be sent in MS Word or WordPerfect, the recordkeeping information as pdf or other electronic documents, and the raw data in MS Excel or other suitable program such as ARM. Please direct questions to: Cristi Palmer, IR-4 HQ, Rutgers University, 681 US Hwy 1 S, North Brunswick, NJ , Phone x4629, palmer@aesop.rutgers.edu OR Ely Vea, 308 Aston Forest Lane, Crownsville, MD 21032, Phone & FAX#: , evvea@comcast.net. Draft Date: 3/23/09 Revised By: CLP 19

20 Treatments: Product Priority Rate Product ( per acre Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 (flumioxazin) Freehand 1.75G (dimethenamid-p + pendimethalin) A/B A/B 150 lb (0.375 lb 300 lb (0.75 lb 600 lb (1.5 lb 150 lb (2.65 lb 300 lb (5.3 lb 600 lb (10.6 lb Mesotrione SC C 6 oz (0.187 lb 8 oz (0.25 lb 12 oz (0.37 lb Snapshot B/C 100 lb (2.5 lb (trifluralin + isoxaben) 200 lb (5.0 lb 400 lb (10.0 lb Sulfosulfuron C 1.25 oz Special Instructions Test only on woody ornamentals. If root ball of liner is less than 4 in diameter, only apply at second application timing. If root ball is 4 or greater in diameter, apply at both application timings. Certain woody ornamentals and ornamental grasses only 2.5 oz 5.0 oz Tower 63.9%EC A/B 21 fl oz (0.97 lb (dimethenamid-p) 42 fl oz (1.94 lb 84 fl oz (3.88 lb V G A/B 150 lb (0.75 lb Test only on Conifers and (imazosulfuron) finish ongoing woody 300 lb (1.5 lb ornamentals species trials. 600 lb (3.0 lb Untreated Contact Information to obtain materials Valent, Joe Chamberlin, , jcham@valent.com BASF, Kathie Kalmowitz, , kathie.kalmowitz@basf.com Syngenta, Nancy Rechsigl, , nancy.rechcigl@syngenta.com Dow Agrosciences, Raymond Miller, (817) , RCMiller2@dow.com Monsanto, James Cole, , james.t.cole@monsanto.com BASF, Kathie Kalmowitz, , kathie.kalmowitz@basf.com Valent, Joe Chamberlin, , jcham@valent.com 20