Switchable Antenna Polarization using Surface-Integrated Fluidic Loading Mechanisms

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Switchable Antenna Polarization using Surface-Integrated Fluidic Loading Mechanisms 1 S. Goldberger, 2 F. Drummond, 1 J. Barrera, 2 S. Davis, 1 J. Edelen, 1 M. Geppert, 1 Y. Judie, 1 Q. Manley, 2 C.

1 Switchable Antenna Polarization using Surface-Integrated Fluidic Loading Mechanisms 1 S. Goldberger, 2 F. Drummond, 1 J. Barrera, 2 S. Davis, 1 J. Edelen, 1 M. Geppert, 1 Y. Judie, 1 Q. Manley, 2 C. Peters, 3 S. Smith, and 1 G. H. Huff 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2 Department of Aerospace Engineering 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station, TX ghuff@tamu.edu This work was sponsored in part by AFOSR grant # FA and the NASA funded Space Engineering Institute at Texas A&M University

2 Project Team and Acknowledgements Prof. Gregory H. Huff Prof. James G. Boyd Dr. Patrick Fink Dr. Tim Kennedy Dr. Phong Ngo Magda Lagoudas Stephen A. Long From left to right Second Row: Sean Goldberger, Stephen Davis, Frank Drummond, Joel Barrera, and Michelle Geppert Front Row: Quinn Manley, YaShavaun Judie, Jamie Edelen, Samantha Smith, and Cameron Peters

3 Outline Motivation and Current Technology Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna Analytical Model Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Summary and Future Research [ [Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech]

fixed frequency by circulating sections of fluid ¼ turn Mechanism 2: Electric Field Assisted Microstructure Use applied

4 Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna Fluidic and Electrokinetic Reconfiguration Mechanisms Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Alternate periodic high/low permittivity dispersions across gaps Retune antenna to alter polarization at fixed frequency by circulating sections of fluid ¼ turn Mechanism 2: Electric Field Assisted Microstructure Use applied bias to alter particle alignment (random/aligned permittivity) Each arm can be independently controlled/biased Reconfigure polarization

5 Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Antenna with Connectorized Fluidic Displacement System Microstrip cross-dipole fabricated on Rogers Duroid 5880 Dimensions in mm

6 Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Antenna with Connectorized Fluidic Displacement System Peristaltic pump Syringe pump COMSOL simulation of fluid flow 1 psi Representation of Assembly Adapter Channel Fabricated from PDMS (ε r ~2.66 and tanδ e ~ 0.03) and ABS plastic (ε r ~2.72 and tanδ e ~ 0.007) using a rapid prototype machine Inflow/Outflow

7 Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement

8 Analytical Model Use of a Dispersion with Periodic High-Low Dielectric on Gaps Microstrip Gap Note: Water emulates high dielectric fluid

9 Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Utilizing Dynamic Material/Fluidic-Based Material Systems Mixing rules play a large role in the development and use of these systems and need to be used judiciously ε rd = 80 ϑ = ϑ = 0.11 ϑ = 0.93 Barium Strontium Titanate (BSTO) Ba x Sr 1-x TiO 3 (ε r2 ~ 1000, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.05) Particle Diameter <100nm Petroleum Distillate Oil (ε r1 ~ 2.1, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.001)

10 Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Summary Use of a Dispersion with Periodic High-Low Dielectric on Gaps

11 Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Summary Use of a Dispersion with Periodic High-Low Dielectric on Gaps X-Polarized

12 Mechanism 1: Fluid Displacement Summary Use of a Dispersion with Periodic High-Low Dielectric on Gaps Y-Polarized

Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Morphology of Microfluidic Systems Electric field mediated reversible assembly of 800nm colloidal gold particles Tunable resistance/capacitance in

13 Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Morphology of Microfluidic Systems Electric field mediated reversible assembly of 800nm colloidal gold particles Tunable resistance/capacitance in micro-electronic/fluidic device P. Bahukudumbi, W. N. Everett, A. Beskok, M. A. Bevan, G. H. Huff, D. Lagoudas, and Z. Ounaies, Colloidal microstructures, transport, and impedance properties within interfacial microelectrodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 90, , May 2007.

14 Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Fluidic Displacement and Biased Electrokinetic Systems Microstrip cross-dipole fabricated on Rogers Duroid 5880 Dimensions in mm

Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Utilizing Dynamic Material/Fluidic-Based Material Systems Petroleum Distillate Oil (ε r1 ~ 2.1, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.

15 Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Utilizing Dynamic Material/Fluidic-Based Material Systems Petroleum Distillate Oil (ε r1 ~ 2.1, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.001) Maxwell Garnett Mixing Rule for Random Orientation Nanowhisker BTO Radius ~ 5 nm, Length ~ 40 nm (ε r2 ~ 1000, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.05) Maxwell Garnett Mixing Rule for Aligned Orientation

16 Particle Polarization Utilizing Dynamic Material/Fluidic-Based Material Systems Petroleum Distillate Oil (ε r1 ~ 2.1, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.001) Nanowhisker BTO Radius ~ 5 nm (ε r2 ~ 1000, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.05) Nanowhisker BTO Length [nm]

17 Particle Polarization Utilizing Dynamic Material/Fluidic-Based Material Systems Petroleum Distillate Oil (ε r1 ~ 2.1, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.001) Nanowhisker BTO Radius ~ 5 nm (ε r2 ~ 1000, µ r ~ 1, and tan δ e ~ 0.05) Nanowhisker BTO Length [nm]

18 Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Use of a Dispersion with Electrokinetic Effects on Gaps Note: Water emulates dielectrophoresis chaining

19 Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Use of a Dispersion with Electrokinetic Effects on Gaps Note: Water emulates dielectrophoresis chaining

20 Mechanism 2: Electrokinetic Effects Use of a Dispersion with Electrokinetic Effects on Gaps Note: Water emulates dielectrophoresis chaining

Signal Determines the Bit Error Rate Microcontroller Turns the pump on

21 Software Defined Radio Software controls the USRP and the Microcontroller USRP Sends/Receives the Signal Performs Analysis on Signal Determines the Bit Error Rate Microcontroller Turns the pump on and off Supplies or doesn t supply voltage Duration depends on pump and capillaries (~1s)

$switching nano-disperison volume fraction Surface mounted microfluidic network design$ Analytical representation Measured results 2 nd mechanism achieved by dielectrophoresis Bias

Analytical representation Measured results 2 nd mechanism achieved by dielectrophoresis Bias

Future Research Microgravity testing Continue nanowhisker development Electrokinetic

22 Summary and Future Research Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna 1 st mechanism achieved by switching nano-disperison volume fraction Surface mounted microfluidic network design Analytical representation Measured results 2 nd mechanism achieved by dielectrophoresis Bias line implementation New BTO nanowhiskers Control integration with software defined radio Future Research Microgravity testing Continue nanowhisker development Electrokinetic characterization of materials PRA testing with nanowhiskers and software defined radio Examining array reconfiguration

23 Switchable Antenna Polarization using Surface-Integrated Fluidic Loading Mechanisms 1 S. Goldberger, 2 F. Drummond, 1 J. Barrera, 2 S. Davis, 1 J. Edelen, 1 M. Geppert, 1 Y. Judie, 1 Q. Manley, 2 C. Peters, 3 S. Smith, and 1 G. H. Huff 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2 Department of Aerospace Engineering 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station, TX ghuff@tamu.edu This work was sponsored in part by AFOSR grant # FA and the NASA funded Space Engineering Institute at Texas A&M University

FINITE ELEMENT STUDIES OF COLLOIDAL MIXTURES INFLUENCED BY ELECTRIC FIELDS. A Thesis FRANKLIN JERREL DRUMMOND

FINITE ELEMENT STUDIES OF COLLOIDAL MIXTURES INFLUENCED BY ELECTRIC FIELDS A Thesis by FRANKLIN JERREL DRUMMOND Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment