19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 1
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1 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 1
2 Welcome Vitajte Slovakia at CERN to Accelerating Science and Innovation
3 Short History of CERN CERN Laboratory was conceived on July 1 st, 1953, by and at UNESCO (itself 8 years old at that time, still they consider us as their baby) Born after 15 month, on September 29 th, 1954 (t( (we are some months after 60 birthday!) In the mean time excavation works started on May 17 th, 1954 and I was born 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 3
4 CERN was founded 1954: 12 European States Science for Peace Today: 21 Member States ~ 2300 staff ~ 1600 other paid personnel ~ scientific users Budget (2014) ~1000 MCHF Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom Candidate for Accession: Romania Associate Member in Pre-Stage to Membership: Serbia Applicant States for Membership or Associate Membership: Brazil, Croatia, Cyprus, Pakistan, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine Observers to Council: India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, United States of America; European Commission and UNESCO 4
5 Science is getting more and more global CERN: 16 staff, 4 fellows, 1 doctoral and 2 technical students
6 Unite people from different countries and cultures Mission of CERN Push forward the frontiers of knowledge The secrets of the Big Bang what was the matter like within the first moments of the Universe s existence? Develop new technologies for accelerators and detectors Information technology - the Web and the GRID Medicine - diagnosis and therapy Train scientists and engineers of tomorrow
7 Big Bang Proton Atom Radius of Earth Earth to Sun Radius of Galaxies LHC Universe Super-Microscope Study physics laws of first moments after Big Bang increasing Symbiosis between Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology AMS Hubble VLT ALMA
8 Next Scientific Challenge: to understand the very first moments of our Universe after the Big Bang Big Bang 380,000 years 13.8 Billion Years cm Today
9 9 May 2013 WMAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
10 Composition of matter today 72% of matter of the Universe dark energy before ~7 x 10 9 years the Universe accelerated its expansion 23% is (cold) dark matter, what is it? vacuum energy? scalar field? cosmological constant? 9 May 2013 Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie Vesmiru v laboratoriu 10
11 Planck satellite Porovnanie rozlíšania: 10 x lepšie rozlíšenie než WMAP 9 frequency band (WMAP 5) 9 May 2013 Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie Vesmiru v laboratoriu 11
12
13 CERN Accelerators CERN accelerator complex always reused as much as possible previously built machines in the injection chain 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 13
14 Neutral Currents Predicted as consequence of electro-weak unification Discovered in 1973 with Gargamelle bubble chamber exposed to n m -beam from PS neutrino scatters on electron without producing m Indication for existence of Z boson 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 14
15 W and Z Bosons In 1983 discovery of W and Z bosons the carriers of electro-weak interactions was announced by UA1 and UA2 experiments UA1 Z-boson candidate UA2 W-boson candidate 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 15
16 CP Violation Discovered in neutral kaon system in 1964 In 1988 NA38 experiment at SPS evidence for direct CP violation Confirmed in 1999 by NA48 and KTeV at FermiLab Key to understand the asymmetry between matter and antimatter in early Universe 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 16
17 LEP Large Electron Positron collider project approved in May 1981 Built in 27 km tunnel between 1983 and 1988, commissioned in 1989 Operated around 90 GeV, in second phase since 1995 topped at 209 GeV Closed down in 2000 to make way for LHC DELPHI three generations 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 17
18 Antimatter In 1995 the first atoms of antihydrogen produced at LEAR in PS210 ATHENA and ATRAP reported many antihydrogens in 2002 In 2011 experiment ALPHA at AD captured antiatoms for more than 15 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 18
19 Experiment AMS potvrdil, že vidí signál, ktorý by mohol pochádzať od čiernej hmoty LHC ma potenciál tento jav zreprodukovať
20 Experimenty na SPS nepriamo ukázali, že existuje nová forma hmoty quark gluónová plazma Vyrobili sme kvapku hmoty aká existovala niekoľko milióntin sekundy po vzniku Vesmíru Experimenty na LHC potvrdili existenciu QGP priamo a začali skúmať jej vlastnosti
21 LHC Large Hadron Collider project multiple staged approval since 1994 Built in the former LEP 27 km tunnel between 2003 and 2008 In the same period four main experiments installed ALICE specialized for heavy-ion collisions ATLAS general purpose pp experiment CMS general purpose pp experiment LHCb specialized experiment for beauty physics First proton beam circulated in LHC on September 10 th 2008 An incident due to faulty electrical connection interrupted commissioning Restarted one year later, first collisions on November 23 rd 2009 at 0.9 TeV, till the end of that year increased to 2.3 TeV new world record In 2010 pp collisions at 7 TeV, in the fall first PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV/n In 2011 increase in luminosity, first high-lumunisity PbPb run Energy increase to 8 TeV in 2012, first ppb collisions, continued in 2013 Till beginning of 2015 the first long shutdown to prepare further energy increase up to 13 TeV 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 21
22 2010: a New Era in Fundamental Science LHCb CMS ATLAS Exploration of a new energy frontier in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions ALICE LHC ring: 27 km circumference
23 LHC 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 23
24 Experimenty ATLAS a CMS objavili novú časticu, 24 vážiacu 126 GeV
25 Urýchľovače sa bežne využívajú mimo fyziky Vo svete je urýchľovačov z toho iba 100 slúži na výskum Využitie urýchľovačov Výroba polovodičových obvodov Výroba radiofarmák, terapia nádorov, medicínska diagnostika Analýza štruktúr proteínov vo farmácii, výskum DNA Likvidácia jadrových odpadov...
26 CERN: Particle Physics and Innovation Interfacing between fundamental science and key technological developments CERN Technologies and Innovation Accelerating particle beams Detecting particles Large-scale computing (Grid)
27 New Technologies Many examples of technological developments successfully transferred to society Medical applications: PET scanners, hadron therapy, diagnostic detection Computing technologies: World Wide Web, GRID 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 27
28 Slovakia and CERN Slovakia became CERN Member State in 1993 Today research in particle physics is carried out mainly at 4 Institutes: Comenius University Bratislava Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava Šafárik University Košice Concentrated effort to participate in the LHC experiments ALICE and ATLAS: Total 31 members from Comenius University and Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice
29 Slovakia and CERN Contributions to ALICE 16 members Contributions to ATLAS 15 members TPC: Bratislava Production and test of 26 readout chambers at Bratislava Detector Laboratory Tile calorimeter in test beam Tile calorimeter: Bratislava Iron tiles produced in Dubnica Pixel detector: Košice Electronics for readout Electronics cards for LAr endcap calorimeter: Košice Lifting devices for calorimeter modules produced in Prešov
30 Slovakia and CERN Contributions to LHC project from Industry in Slovakia Blue cryostat for LHC dipoles produced at SES (Slovenské energetické strojárne, Tlmače) Robots carry LHC magnets and align them with magnet support jacks made by ZŤS (Závody ťažkého strojárenstva, Košice) LHC award to ZTS
31 CERN an example (probably unique) of international collaboration acting independently of political views and religions bringing people together, always well ahead of political decisions 19/09/ Years of CERN - 18th Conference of Czech and Slovak Physicists 31
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