Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider Challenges and Opportunities

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1 Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider Challenges and Opportunities Albert De Roeck CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Antwerp University Belgium UC-Davis California USA IPPP, Durham UK 11 December 2014

2 What is the world made of? What holds the world together? Where did we come from?

3 This Science Requires. 1. Accelerators : powerful machines that accelerate particles to extremely high energies and bring them into collision with other particles 2. Detectors : gigantic instruments that record the resulting particles as they stream out from the point of collision. 3. Computing : to collect, store, distribute and analyse the vast amount of data produced by these detectors 4. Collaborative Science on Worldwide scale : thousands of scientists, engineers, technicians and support staff to design, build and operate these complex machines.

4 The Large Hadron Collider = a proton proton collider 7 TeV + 7 TeV (3.5/4 TeV + 3.5/4 TeV) 1 TeV = 1 Tera electron volt = electron volt Primary physics targets Origin of mass Nature of Dark Matter Understanding space time Matter versus antimatter Primordial plasma The LHC is a Discovery Machine The LHC will run at 13/14 TeV starting in 2015

5 CERN/HEP Projects and Collaborations Over the last years many science projects have become big international projects and collaborations High Energy Physics projects have been leaders in this field. The culmination is the Large Hadron Collider project, involving O(10000) people from all over the globe. Technologies and responsibilities and costs are shared among the collaborators. The technologies are almost always cutting edge, often used for the first time in these experiments on a production scale, and later applied in different sectors (eg medical sector ) The data volume produced by the experiments is huge! Interconnectivity between the scientists globally is a must! Such projects attract many young people, which are essential to the success of these projects

6 the LHC: Two Examples The ATLAS experiment These experiments use cutting edge technology for solid state detectors, gaseous chamber detectors, powerful magnets, electronics, data readout The CMS experiment These experiments use different technologies for their detector components These experiments produce ~50 petabytes of data/year Tiered computing architecture ~ 10 Tier1, ~ 150 Tier2

7 Detector Techniques Crystals Silicon trackers Magnets GEMs Muon chambers Pixel detectors Calorimeters

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9 CMS Collaboration June 27, 2012 The CMS Collaboration: >3200 scientists and engineers, >800 students from ~190 Institutions in 42 countries. About 1/8th of the collaboration Middle East: Egypt is a member of CMS (ENHEP) Morocco is a member of ATLAS a Discussions ongoing with various ME states Qatar, Bahrain, KSA, Lebanon, Jordan, Oman, Palestine 8

10 The Higgs Particle: : Discovery of a Higgs Particles at the LHC proton E=mc 2 proton Important discovery for the fundamental understanding of our Universe

11 ...and December 2013 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.

12 The Future: Studying the Higgs Higher Energy in 2015! LHC lumi upgrade! Experiment upgrades!! (Other/new machines?) Many questions are still unanswered: What explain a Higgs mass ~ 126 GeV? Supersymmetry? Other new particles? What explains the particle mass pattern? Connection with Dark Matter? Where is the antimatter in the Universe?

13 CERN Technologies and Innovation Example Medical Applications Combining Physics, ICT, Biology and Medicine to fight cancer Accelerating particle beams ~ accelerators worldwide ~ used for medicine Hadron Therapy Protons light ions Tumour Target X-ray protons Leadership in Ion Beam Therapy now in Europe and Japan > patients treated worldwide (30 facilities) > patients treated in Europe (9 facilities) Imaging PET Scanner Detecting particles

14 Experiments at CERN are large international collaborations. The two largest so far are the ATLAS and CMs experiments with over 3000 scientists and engineers each, coming from over 40 countries. These experiments have lead to important discoveries on fundamental physics, eg the the discovery of the Higgs boson. The experiments at the LHC are using cutting edge technologies for the detectors, electronics, data acquisition and computing. These technologies can in a next generation be used in other domains such as medical applications. CERN has an active technology transfer policy. User interconnectivity is key to the success. That is why the wold-wide-web was invented. On the physics we are on the verge of a revolution in our understanding of the Universe and our place within it. We now look forward to the TeV run of the LHC and prepare for detector upgrades for the future program in the next 20 years. ARAB STATES Physicists can participate in this project!!

15 Thank You!

16 CMS Collaboration Worldwide Not updated for the institutes that joined very recently: Thailand, Malaysia Further interest received from Singapore, the Philippines, Saoudi Arabia

17 The CMS collaboration is still enlarging The work on the CMS experiment started ~ 20 years ago, the construction ~15 years ago The amount of work is however humongous. Manpower is always an issue for many sub-projects. We could also cover more physics analyses with more people/groups. During the last years more institutes and countries have joined LHC projects such as CMS. In particular several countries with emerging High Energy Physics groups have joined, or are in the progress of joining The developing program see further-- of the LHC leads to the need to replace or upgrade certain detector components, which offers emerging HEP groups to join and be part of such programs

18 The Hunt for the Higgs Boson Where do the masses of elementary particles come from? Massless particles move at the speed of light -> no atom formation!! The key question (pre-2012): Does the Higgs particle exist? If so, where is the Higgs? We do not know the mass of the Higgs Boson Scalar field with at least one scalar particle It could be anywhere from 114 to ~700 GeV 18

19 CERN Education Activities Scientists at CERN Academic Training Programme NEW: Asia-Europe-Pacific School of High-Energy Physics Fukuoka, Oct 2012 India, 2014 Latin American School Natal, Brazil, 2011 Arequipa, Peru, 2013 Young Researchers CERN School of High Energy Physics CERN School of Computing CERN Accelerator School CERN School of Physics Hungary, June 2013 Physics Students Summer Students Programme CERN Teacher Schools International and National Programmes