Modelling Starting Regime Work of the Induction Generators of Wind Turbine and Small Hydroplaning

Transcription

1 Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) Modellng Statng Rege Wok o the Inducton Geneato o Wnd Tubne and Sall Hydoplanng R.I. Mutaayev, L. H. Haanova, M. M. Muayev,, Ft Azebajan Scentc-Reeach and Dgned-Popectng Inttute o Enegetc, Baku, Azebajan AZ0, Aven. H.Zadab-94 Abtact Reactve powe copenaton o aynchonou geneato wnd powe and all hydoelectc powe taton nceae the elablty o connectng the to the o-called "weak" powe gd o powe yte. The ethod o eactve powe copenaton o aynchonou geneato o vaou degn. Keywod aynchonou geneato, wnd-powe plant, all hydo powe, actve powe, eactve powe. I. INTRODUCTION Aynchonou geneato ae wdely ued a an electoechancal convete n wnd-powe and all hydo-powe plant. The an advantage o thee geneato ae low cot, ple degn, elablty n opeaton, etance to the extenal accdent and etc. But along wth th, they have oe dadvantage uch a eactve powe conupton, voltage contol nablty (unable to contol voltage), a gncant voltage educton n tat-up o the powe plant, that patculaly aected by the plant unt atng and a "weak" powe gd/electcal netwok at the place o the ntallaton. Havng ued a above-entoned electoechancal convete - AC achne have vaou degn and layout. The plet o the quel-cage oto nducton geneato, whch anly ued n all hydopowe plant at the ealy tage o the powe ange. The next one ae wth nducton geneato cage oto wth equency nvete (VFD-Vaable Fequency Dve) wth ully contolled thyto n the geneato tato ccut. Thee convete have been appled n edu and hgh powe wnd-powe plant, and pactcally ae not ued n all hydo-powe engneeng. Double-ed nducton achne (DFIM) the ot wdely ued geneato n wnd-powe engneeng. They equpped wth equency nvete connected to the oto wndng o the achne. At the ae te condeng undenable advantage, thee achne can be alo ecoended to be ued n edu and elatvely hgh powe all hydo powe plant. Th papewok tude eveal ubject o eactve powe copenaton o vaou type and conguaton o aynchonou geneato otated by enewable enegy ouce. It hould be noted that, n condeable aount o pape wok eactve powe copenaton o thee electoechancal convete coveed [,,]. But n a geate degee, they tudy teady tate and qua teady tate opeaton ode. The eactve powe copenaton n the tat-up condton ean pooly tuded []. Once oe t hould be noted that condeable aount o eactve powe copenaton equed naely dung the tat-up ode, t avalablty ay hnde the voltage dop when the geneato otated by enewable enegy ouce and connected to the "weak" electc gd, theeby ubtantally pove the elablty. II. ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH CAGE ROTOR Let u conde eactve powe copenaton o the aynchonou geneato wth cage oto, whch wdely ued a an electoechancal tanduce n all hydopowe plant. A a eult o a ull-cale expeent on the geneato wth ated powe o P no = kw, t wa evealed that eactve powe conupton o aynchonou geneato lghtly depend on t actve/etve load, theeoe o th cla o geneato ung non-adjutable capacto battey ecoended. Howeve t hould be taken nto condeaton that, the expeent wa caed out on unde-loaded AC achne. Copute ulaton o aynchonou geneato, ade on the bae o nducton oto 4АН50М4 wth ated powe Р=0 kw wa peoed. Opeatng ode o all hydopowe plant geneato ulated toque on the geneato hat changed by changng o openng angle o echancally dven hydo tubne wcket gate. Change o geneato opeaton condton data hown n Table. 6

2 Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) TABLE CHANGE OF GENERATOR OPERATION CONDITION DATA wt,.u. р,.u. ω,.u. q,.u.,.u. 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,8 0, 0,,00 0, 0,5 0, 0,0,00 0,9 0, 4 0, 0,0,005 0,5 0,9 5 0,4 0,40,007 0,65 0,48 6 0,5 0,50,009 0,8 0, ,6 0,60,0 0,04 0, ,7 0,709,0 0,8 0,78 9 0,8 0,8,04 0,57 0, ,85 0,86,05 0,74 0,94 Table data analy how that n pactce, eactve powe changng o non-load unnng (n WT = 0,0) to ated load (n WT = 0,85) appoxately 64%. But t wa knowngly elected ovezed n te geneato powe and t axu loadng conoed to the hal o the ated powe (ow 5 on Table I), then eactve powe (q 5 = 0,65) exceed the non-load unnng eactve powe only by 6%, whch cono wth ullcale expeent eult, hown n []. In th cae t eaonable to ue non-adjutable tatc capacto battee, and the value at q 5 =0,65 appoxately (S bae =9, kva) Q 5 =4, kvar. In the cae o ated loadng WT = 0,85 and q l0 =0,74 the powe o capacto battee hould be q l0 =48, kvar. Geneato tat-up condton alo nteetng enough to conde. Fgue (a, b, c, d) how coepondng change o geneato opeaton condton electoagnetc toque EM, eactve powe q, oto peed ω, and total powe S at the nal toque o the wnd(wate) tubne on the geneato hat WT = 0,0 (nu denote geneato ode, and plu denote oto ode). Fluctoga how that the aveage value o the eactve powe at tat-up (Fg.,b) q=,6 (el.unt) and t ean contant wthn =50 ad. (t=, ec.).although elatve eactve powe at the tat-up ha a condeable value, but tat-up duaton o th type o geneato all and the abolute value o tat-up eactve powe n weak electcal gd caue all voltage dop at geneato connecton pont o a hot whle.) Theeoe t not eaonable to ake pecal eot o eactve powe copenaton at geneato tat-up. M P Q y4 S t t t t q p ω WT t t 0.0 7

3 Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) When geneato powe MW, tat-up te t n =4 5 ec and eactve powe tat-up value q n =4,7 el. unt, that ay have ubtantal nluence on electcal gd at the connecton pont. In addton to that, eactve powe eache to condeable value at the teady tate ode. Fo exaple, o the ae type o geneato at ated load p g =0,8, eactve powe wll each to value q g =0,49 elatve unt, whch n abolute value Q g =0 kvar. All above entoned pont ndcate that whle atteptng ung pue aynchonou geneato wth cage oto o the wnd-powe and all hydo-powe plant at the elatvely hgh powe ange t ceate vtually undecdable poble n eactve powe copenaton at tat-up and egula opeaton, whch adveely aect electcal gd unctonng, epecally at the weak pont. Paaete and equaton o atheatcal odel o geneato wth ated powe o Р no. =0 kw and Р no. =000 kw ae lted n Appendx. III. ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR AND FREQUENCY INVERTERS IN GENERATOR STATOR CIRCUIT Above entoned electoechancal convete ae ued n elatvely hgh powe wnd-powe plant wth ated powe o kw (e.g. Seen Wnd Powe GbH). In th cae equency nvete ae ade on the ba o ully contolled IGBT- tanto wth PWM contol. Avalablty o the equency nvete on the tato ccut o aynchonou geneato otated by enewable enegy ouce, allow ubtantally expand unctonal capablte o the electoechancal convete, ncludng eactve powe copenaton at the tat-up ode. Let conde th on the wnd-powe plant (WPP) exaple. A known [4], WPP equpped wth equency nvete o the ecency poveent (.e. enegy geneaton poveent) at the pecc ange o the wnd peed vaaton. Th ange detened by the axu value o wnd powe utlzaton acto. A a ule o thub, o the bg WPP the powe tanon nto the electcal gd occu at ntal value o the wnd peed,5 4 /ec. In th cae the aynchonou geneato peed nal (.e. equency nvete uncton at the lowe bodelne equency).i wnd peed ange o 6 7 /ec to 0 /ec, the geneato otatng equency egulated o the nu to the axu value. Fo the wnd peed ange o,5 4 /ec to 6 7 /ec and o0 /ec. to wnd peed calculated value, at whch the ated powe V calc. (4 5 /ec.) geneated; the geneato opeate at the contant peed, wth lowet n the t cae and wth the hghet n the econd cae. Let buld the atheatcal odel o above entoned opeaton algoth o aynchonou geneato wth equency nvete on tato ccut and chooe oe peeed equency nvete contol wth the eactve powe conupton nzaton and t copenaton pont o vew. Fo th pupoe t peeable to ue xed pace axe d, q, o equaton o wnd powe unt aynchonou achne [5]: pψ pψ pψ pψ d q d q d q EM d q k k k k U U ψ j q d ψ ψ ψ ψ co d q d q n k k k k d pω T EM q T ψ q ψ ψ ψ ψ j d q d q d d q d WT In thee equaton: ψ d, ψ q, ψ d, ψ q ae tato and oto agnetc lnkage at the xed axe d and q, and d, q, d, q ae cuent accodngly. U U co ; U U n d q Ae tato voltage coponent, whee U a odule o;, actve etance o aynchonou geneato tato and oto ccut; T j neta contant o aynchonou geneato oto and wnd (wate) tubne n [ad]; t te n adan; p deentaton ybol o te ; EM and WT electoagnetc oent o wnd (wate) tubne. Coecent ae detened by the ollowng expeon: x k x x x ; x k x x x ; k x q x x x. () 8

4 Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) Th notaton allow condeng occuence and contol o equency nvete output paaete, ntalled n tato ccut o aynchonou geneato wth cage oto. In th cae voltage coponent n equaton () wll be equated a: U U d q k ku co k n k u (), It alo coepond to the phyc o the poce, a teady-tate value o actve powe canty p 0, 004. Steady-tate value o powe p acto co 0,4 0,0. S.67 WT Whee k U u apltude coponent contolled U. bae value o tato voltage; U. eeence value o tato bae voltage; U. bae U. n. ; k equency coponent contolled value o tato voltage; bae = н =50Hz eeence value o cuent equency. A notced, equency tat-up avalable n the wndpowe plant equpped wth the equency nvete. It would appea eaonable that th tat-up wll be pleented po to nu value o wnd powe plant oto peed. Let u conde the aynchonou geneato wth ated powe o Р no. =000 kw, whch play electoechancal convete oleat WPP (wnd powe plant). Fo exaple, n Seen, MW/9-45 WPP lowe otay peed ~550 ev. pe n, and uppe 450 ev. pe n, n othe wod lowe otay peed ω 0,4. Condeng that WPP tat-up dectly at wnd peed 4 /ec. and k u =k =, then eactve powe value would be q ax =4,7 el. unt wth duaton o 80 ad. (~7 ec), whch uely unallowable. Fluctoga o opeaton condton change at the tatup n the contant equency 0, 4 hown n Fg. (a, b, c, d, e). Fg.,a how the luctoga geneato electoagnetc toque change n dvng oent o the wnd-tubne engne at the geneato hat; WT = 0,0 (that coepond to the wnd peed V no.,5 /ec). Ate endng the tanent poce, the toque value wtche o the potve, that coepond to the oto ode, to negatve value o EM = WT = 0,0, whch geneato ode. The WPP oto peed eache the value ω =0,400, whch ndcatng that achne opeatng n geneato ode (lp S 0,4 = 0,0005) (Fg.,b). In Fg. (c, d) luctoga o change o eactve powe q and total powe S o the geneato hown, and both have potve gn. The potve gn how that thee powe ae conued o the electcal gd; oeove they lghtly de o each othe. bae td M P y4 Q q t t ω p t t 9

5 S Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) Analyzng luctoga at Fg. ollowng concluon can be ade: Although dung the low equency tat-up, the tatng eactve powe value condeably deceae and t lete (q ax =,9; t cont.= 50 ad.), the eactve powe value ean ubtantally hgh. The avalablty o equency nvete on the oto ccut o aynchonou geneato gve an oppotunty o equency tatng o WPP. Fo ake o plcty n pleentaton, let aue that, lnea equency tat-up caed out, whch ean voltage apltude and equency appled to geneato tato wndng ae changng a pe the ollowng coelaton: t ku k k 0 k () Upon that, peed o equency e k ut be ynchonzed wth the WPP hat peed gowth ate. At the Fg. luctoga o opeatng condton change at the equency tat-up hown. Apltude and equency ae changng lnealy a pe coelaton: k 0, 0, 0007 (4) u k In Fg.,a electoagnetc toque cuve at the WM = 0,05 hown. Fo the cuve t can be een evdently that the aveage value EM at the equency tatup at ω =0 doe not exceed EM =, then wth elatvely lght ocllatontoque cuve change o the oto ode to the geneato ode and et n value EM = WM = 0,05. In Fg.,b luctoga o oto otaton equency change o WWP at the equency peedup hown k =k u =0,4. Rotaton equency et at n=0, And nally, n Fg.,c eactve powe cuve at the equency tat-up hown. The powe changng n the ange o Q o 0, to q 0,4 0,95, notably aveage value o eactve powe tangble, and t duaton cont. ~ 800 ad. M M P P Q Q WT y y4 0.8 S S t t q t t p ω t t t t t t 0

6 Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) Ate equency tat-up, let u conde eactve powe at the teady tate ode at low equency n otaton equency contol zone n popoton to wnd peed and at the equency axu value. All eult ae tabulated n Table. Analyzng eult hown n Table, the ollowng concluon can be dawn. At the tat-up ode (equency tat-up) aveage capacty copenatng eactve powe tatng value Q co. 0, 6 n elatve unt, at the tt axu load th value equal to Qco 0, 45 ax. and at the edu load th value Q 0,, and at leat at the co ed nu load Q 0, 5.) Theeby, o the eactve co n powe copenaton o WPP wth ated powe Р td =000 kw deally 4 et o tatc capacto battee [tatc copenato], wth Q bat ~5 kvar powe each, ae equed. Baed on opeaton ode, contollable et o SCB (tattc capacto battey) wll povde capactve powe o 00 kvar at the tat-up; 975 kvar at the axu load; 650kVAR at the edu load (duaton o whch abolute ajoty), and 5 kvar - at the nu load. A only 4 tage o SCB ae equed, then t poble to lt by the tep contol though econducto (thyto) wtche. TABLE CHANGE OF GENERATOR OPERATION CONDITION DATA OUT FREQUENCY START-UP k u=k n EM р EM S q Fequency o 0 to 0,05 0,0 0, 0, tat up 0,40 0,4 0,40 0,5 0,06 0,45 0, 0,4 0,40 0,6 0,064 0,47 0, 0,5 0,50 0,74 0,087 0,88 0,66 4 0,6 0,60 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,0 5 0,7 0,704 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,44 6 0,8 0,806 0,448 0,6 0,464 0,9 7 0,9 0,907 0,568 0,56 0,6 0,48 8,009 0,70 0,709 0,84 0,49 9,0 0,75 0,758 0,87 0,4 0,0 0,8 0,809 0,9 0,446,06 0,8 0,89 0,955 0,455,0 0,85 0,86 0,976 0,46 A a atte o pactce n copenatng devce powe and aount electon ollowng acto ae condeed: haonc, copenablty o the gd and etc. IV. ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH PHASE-WOUND ROTOR AND FREQUENCY CONVERTER AT THE ROTOR CIRCUIT (DOUBLE-FEED INDUCTION MACHINE) Above entoned geneato ued a an electoechancal convete epecally n wnd-powe plant (70-80% o all WPP eld), but ove the lat yea t tend to be ued a a hydoelectc geneato n all hydoelectc powe plant. Double-eed nducton achne wth equency nvete at the oto ccut allow to egulate oto otaton equency o the WPP n the ange o ±5 0% by the neton o e... (electootve oce) nto oto wndng wth lp equency [6]. It eay to wte and olve geneato deental equaton on the axe otatng at the geneato oto peed. Th allow to ulate oto voltage apltude and equency [6] contol ode elatvely ply: p T p pψ pψ pψ pψ d q d q EM d q d q k k k k U U U U ψ j d ψ ψ ψ ψ co k d q d q n k u WP q k k k k u co ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ k n k T j q d q d q d d EM q d q q d q Hee, k u and k ae acto condeng oto voltage apltude and equency contol. A entoned beoe, n thee geneato oto peed contolled baed on wnd peed up and down o ynchonou peed not oe than 5 0% (o 0,75 0,7 to,5, n elatve unt). The ated powe o equency nvete not oe than 0% o the geneato ated powe, and th gve copaatve advantage to the WPP equpped wth double-eed aynchonou geneato ove the WPP equpped wth quel-cage aynchonou geneato wth equency convete at the tato ccut. d (5)

7 M M Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) In cae o aynchonou geneato wth cage oto the ated powe o the equency nvete ut not be le than the ated powe o the geneato. I thee WPP peo dect tatng, then n the equaton (5) oto voltage coponent U ut be equated to zeo. p p d q 0 0 But n th cae tat-up value o eactve powe eache up to 5-6 ultple value, and t duaton depend on plant lyweght. Theeoe, dect connecton o WPP wth double-ed nducton achne to weak electc gd undeable. Fequency nvete on the oto ccut enable equency tat-up, nvete powe ange ake t poble.) Howeve, t potant to note that, equency tat-up ecent at the equency vaaton o (0 0,) to (0, 0,4) unt o ated value. A the lowe contol lt o thee geneato n the ange o 0,75 0,7 elatve unt, and the uppe contol lt n ange o,5, elatve unt, o ate equency tat-up t potant to get equency o 0,75 0,7 el. unt. At the Fg. 4 luctoga o geneato opeatng condton change n equency tat-up at the oto voltage apltude and equency changng a pe ollowng expeon hown: WT d q k 0, 0, 0008 (7) u k P P t t t t (6) Q Q S S q ω t t t t t t Electoagnetc toque EM, eactve powe q and WPP otaton equency hown n Fg.4 (a, b, c) pactcally ae wth appopate cuve at the cuent equency changng o the pat o aynchonou geneato tato. It well known that WPP wth double-ed aynchonou geneato allow otaton equency contol n popoton to wnd peed at the ange o 5-0%. Upon th powe acto change o 0,9 (nductve) to 0,9 (capactve). When eactve powe conued o electcal gd, nductve powe acto coφ=0,9 accopaned by lght load, coepondng to low hat otaton equence o WPP. Aveage value o conued eactve powe n th opeatng ode q con 0,5. Baed upon equency tatup, aued that the copenatng capacto battey powe Q cap =0,5 (appox. Q cap =50 kvar n abolute unt n bae powe Р=00 kw), n th cae o eactve powe copenaton vewpont at the tat-up and beoe copenaton opeatng ode n nductve ecton/ange, t poble n oe way to nze negatve nluence o WPP to the electcal gd.)

8 Intenatonal Jounal o Recent Developent n Engneeng and Technology Webte: (ISSN (Onlne), Volue, Iue, Decebe 0) V. CONCLUSIONS. A a oluton o eactve powe copenaton n electcal gd, to whch WPP wth nducton geneato connected, at tat-up and teady-tate opeatng condton t eaonable to ue coplete atheatcal odel o nducton achne.. Ung nducton geneato wth cage oto a an electoechancal convete n WPP (wnd powe plant) and all HPP (hydoelectc powe plant), eactve powe at the tat-up ode wthn the ange o,5 4,5 elatve unt (lage value o hgh powe). At the teady-tate ode, the eactve powe o no-load to ated load opeaton changng n ange o 50 60%, that tate on ubtantve dependence o conued eactve powe o load.. Havng equency convete n tato o oto ccut o cage and phae-wound oto nducton geneato t potant to cay out equency tat-up. At the apltude and equency changng a pe lnea law, t poble condeably educe aveage value o eactve powe o,5-4,5 elatve unt to 0,5-0,6 elatve unt. In th cae the calculated eactve powe value o tatc capacto battee ued o the copenaton wll be n eaonable lt. REFERENCES [] Lejnyuk G.D., Nktoovch A.V., Nghoa Jean-Pete. Copenaton o aynchonou geneato eactve powe at all hydoelectc powe plant. Scentc wok o Vnntca natonal techncal unvety. Enegetc and electotechnology, 008, No, p. -7. [] Zlatkovky A.P. Electcal equpent o county electcal aclte. M. Gozdatelkhoz, 95, 446 p. [] Elpe Powe Qualtu Soluton. Wnd Enegy: Reactve Powe Copenaton Syte, [4] Wnd Enegy 006 Katalog 006 BWE Sevce GbH. [5] Mutaayev R.I., Haanova L.H. Modelng and tudy o quateady-tate opeaton o wnd tubne wth aynchonou geneato wth equency contol, Elektchetvo, 009, No.6, p [6] Mutaayev R.I., Haanova L.H. Modelng o dynac and teady tate ode o opeaton o wnd tubne wth double ed nducton achne. Elektotechnc, 008, No.9, p. -5. APPENDIX a) Chaactetc o all nducton powe geneato on the bae o AC oto odel o 4AH 50M4: Р=0 kw сoφ=0,908 J=0,968 kg U н.ф =0 V R =0,0 Oh U bae = U н.ф =0 V I н.ф =95,5 A ' R 0, 07 Oh I bae = I н.ф =77,85А = x =0,9Oh Ubae Z bae = Ibae =,5Oh p=4 x 0 =4,8 Oh U I =9, S н =0,05 Р bae kw b) Chaactetc o aynchonou geneato on bae o double ed nducton oto odel o AKN -5-. MUKH L4: bae Р=000 kw в н =,5 R =0,7Oh U н.ф =468 V ' coφ=0,86 R 0, 8 Oh I н.ф =5 A η н =0,95 x, 55 Oh М н =8,kN U н =045 ' x, 64 Oh bae n td =500 p в н =,5 R =0,7Oh x 0 =44,59Oh U bae = U Ubae Zbae =4,758 Oh н.ф I I bae = bae Iн.ф