Computer Model of Water Clarity in Shallow Water for Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Management
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1 Computer Model of Water Clarity in Shallow Water for Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Management P. Wang 1 and L.C. Linker 2 1 UMCES/CBPO, 2 USEPA/CBPO CERF 09 - Portland, OR November 4, 2009
2 USA Chesapeake Bay
3 Sea grasses submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an important habitat in the Chesapeake Bay, and is critical for crab and many species of fishes spawning and nursery.
4 SAV Goal 185,000 acre (Source: Need to reduce sediment and nutrient (algal epiphytes) to increase light to SAV leaves.
5 Sea grasses submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) Requires clear water for incident of sunlight. Need to increase water clarity, reduce light extinction rates, so that to have more light penetrating onto the leaves. I = Io exp(-ke Z) Light extinction coefficient, Ke = - ln(i/io) / Z
6 Salinity Regime Water Clarity Criteria as Percent Light through Water Water Clarity Criteria Application Depths (meters) Ke Equivalents for Criteria Application Depth Tidal Fresh & Oligohaline Mesohaline & Polyhaline 13% Ke<4.08 Ke< 2.04 Ke<1.36 Ke< % Ke< 3.03 Ke< 1.51 Ke<1.01 Ke<0.76
7 Water Quality / Sediment Transport Model (WQSTM, developed by ERDC): It simulates water clarity (or light extinction coefficient, Ke) in response to nutrient and sediment loads.
8 Ke = f(vss, ISS, DOM), besides the background of water VSS: volatile suspended sediment. -- Algae, and other organic particles. ISS: inorganic suspended sediment. -- Sand, silt, clay. DOM: dissolved organic matters.
9 Chesapeake Bay WQSTM (Led by COE + EPA) Hydrodynamic Model provide forcing of movement Nutrient kinetics include algal growth Sediment transport kinetics settling, resusp.,move Sediment & nutrient loads from watershed Sediment load from shore erosion Formulation to calculate Ke from VSS,ISS,DOM. Ke observation in mid-channel (1991-present) Ke observation in shallow water (2003-present)
10 The Chesapeake managers determined to use average hydrology condition for water quality assessment. Therefore, we use simulated Ke in to assess the response of water clarity to nutrient and sediment management scenarios. In order to evaluate model s Ke simulation, we extended the model from 2000 to 2005, so that can compare the simulated Ke with the observations in We are mainly interested in Ke in shallow water where SAV grows. However, there are only midchannel Ke observations in the period. While we have Ke observations after 2003.
11 Comparing the simulated Ke with the observations in , if the Ke simulation in is acceptable, then the Ke simulation in is likely to be accepted, as long as the qualities of Ke simulation in the two periods are similar.
12 vs ns_dif: no significant difference sg_dif: significant difference
13 vs ns_dif: no significant difference sg_dif: significant difference
14 vs ns_dif: no significant difference sg_dif: significant difference
15 Summary Comparing the observed shallow water Ke in , some Ke simulations are fairly good, however, some have larger deviations. < For the places where Ke simulation has significant deviations, we have developed a method to correct the modeled values to be closer to the observed, however, which is not beyond the topic of this talk. Assuming we have better acceptable Ke simulation in , the second step is to compare the similarity in the quality of Ke simulations between the and two periods. >
16 Chesapeake Bay Estuary ETM Bay Mouth
17 1993, Summer Bottom TSS 2005, Summer Bottom TSS
18 1994, Spring Surface TSS 2004, Spring Surface TSS
19 Channel vs. ns_dif: no significant difference sg_dif: significant difference
20 Channel vs. ns_diff: no significant difference sg_diff: significant difference
21 Summary The Ke simulations in are generally as good as the simulations in After further improvement of Ke simulation or data correction that provides acceptable simulated Ke values for , then we can obtain acceptable simulated shallow water Ke for period ( -- the assessment period). Thus, we are able to assess water clarity attainability in the Chesapeake Bay for different nutrient and sediment management scenarios.
22 Avenues to improve Ke simulation Ke is a function of VSS (algae, etc), ISS (sand, silt, clay), and DOM. Phytoplankton simulation and nutrient loads Sediment from bank erosion, and watershed. Ke calculations from VSS, ISS and DOM. Effects on Ke by different sizes of sediment. Transport: hydrodynamic, resuspension, effect of SAV/oyster bed on sedimentation. Critical shear stress for erosion. Optimal settling velocity.
23 esapeake Bay Basecase: Tributary Strategy N-P nutrient loads at 2x Basecase Bay Mouth
24 Ke values and % changes at segments Scnario Trib_2010_base_case 'No_ocean_sed_load No_resuspension CBSEG Ke ISS_ KeChng, Ke ISS_ Kechng, Ke ISS_ KeChng, CB1TF CB2OH CB3MH CB4MH CB5MH CB6PH CB7PH CB8PH Calib_basecase Ke ISS_ No_Shore_erosion No_FL_sediment_load No_watershed_sed Scna Ke ISS_ KeChng, Ke ISS KeChng Ke ISS_ KeChng CBS CB1T CB2O CB CB CB CB CB CB8
25 % change of Ke at edge cells 2X No No No No No Segment N&P load ---- Base ---- ocean resus bank FL nps Value % changes B1TF B2OH B3MH B4MH B5MH B6PH B7PH B8PH
26 % change of Ke at segment & edge cells Seg No No No No 2X Ocean Sed Resuspend Bank erod nps_sed N&P load Seg edge Seg edge Seg edge Seg edge Seg %Chl chng %Ke chng
27 Avenues to improve Ke simulation Ke is a function of VSS (algae, etc), ISS (sand, silt, clay), and DOM. Phytoplankton simulation and nutrient loads Sediment loads from watershed Sediment from bank erosion. Differential responses of different sizes of sediment. Transport: hydrodynamic, resuspension, SAV/oyster bed. Critical shear stress for erosion. Settling velocity. Ke calculations from VSS, ISS and DOM`
28 Conclusion Based on the observed Ke at shallow in , the modeled Ke is acceptable in many areas, while further improvement in model simulation and/or data correction is needed. Based on the observed Ke at mid-channel, the goodness of model simulation during is generally as good as that in To improve Ke simulation we need to improve the estimate of inorganic sediment load and transport (including setting and resuspension), simulations in nutrient cycle and algal growth/transport, a good method of Ke calculation from simulated ISS, VSS, and DOM, etc. With an appropriate Ke assessment, we ll be able to make recommendations on the extent of nutrient and sediment control to achieve the water clarity criteria.
29 Thank you.
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