Giant Metallic Deposits

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1 Peter Laznicka Giant Metallic Deposits Future Sources of Industrial Metals With 458 Figures and a CD-ROM 4y Springer

2 Contents Explanations, Abbreviations, Units 1 Context 1 Explanations, abbreviations 4 1 Civilization based on metals Past and present sources of industrial metals Introduction History of metal supplies Present metal supplies Metal prices Future metal supplies How much metals will be needed? Reducing demand for "new" metals Conclusion: future supplies of metals and giant deposits 29 2 Data on metallic deposits and magnitude categories: the giant and world dass deposits Data sources and databases Giant and world dass ore deposits: definition and characteristics Dimension, complexity and hierarchy of metallic deposits The share of "giant" metal accumulations in global metal supplies 47 3 From trace metals to giant deposits Introduction Extraterrestrial metals and ore formation resulting from meteorite impact Lithospheric evolution and geochemical backgrounds to metals concentration and accumulation 59 Introduction to Chapters 4 to Mantle to oceans The mantle Mantle metallogeny Oceanic crust, ocean floor 73

3 VIII Contents Oceanic spreading ridges Intraplate volcanic islands, seamounts and plateaux on oceanic crust Sea water as source of metals Ocean floor Sediments 78 5 Young island arcs Island arc metallogeny and giant deposits Island arc-trench components and ore-forming processes Porphyry Cu-Au-(Mo) deposits in young island arcs Epithermal Au-(Ag) deposits Young subaqueous-hydrothermal (Fe)-Zn-Pb-Cu (and Ag,Au-Sb,As) deposits (VMS, kuroko-type) Magnetite beach sands Andean-type margins Introduction Metals fluxing and metallogenesis Ores in predominantly Continental Sediments Ores in contemporaneous and "young" subaerial volcanics Ores in ancient Continental margin volcanics, predominantly andesite "Redbeds" in andean margins Ores in andean margin rhyolites Epithermal deposits and hot Springs Hot spring deposits High-sulfidation epithermal ores Low-grade ("bulk"), low-sulfide Au-Ag deposits Transition to sulfides-rich high-sulfidation Au-Ag Systems Diatreme-dome complexes with enargite-gold centers surrounded by pyrite, Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate replacements Combined high sulfidation/porphyry Cu-Au-Ag Systems Low sulfidation (LS) deposits Au-dominated low-sulfidation ores Au-(Te)>Ag alkaline association Bonanza Ag» Au Epithermal to mesothermal Pb, Zn (Cu), Au, Ag deposits Other epithermal deposits: Mo, W, Bi, U, As, Sb, Te LS deposits as part of a system: other related mineralization?., "Bolivian-type" porphyry Sn-bonanza Ag composite association Carlin-type micron-size Au (As, Hg, Sb) deposits "Invisible gold" in the Great Basin "Carlin-type" gold outside the U.S.A 152

4 Contents IX 7 Cordilleran granitoids Introduction Metallogeny Porphyry deposits General and calc-alkaline Breccias in porphyry Systems Evolution of mineralized calc-alkaline "porphyry" Systems, alterations, ores Alkaline (diorite-model) porphyry Cu Combined porphyry Cu (Mo, Au)-skarn deposits Precambrian porphyry-style Cu, Mo, Au deposits Supergene modification of porphyry deposits Porphyry Cu: global distribution and deposit descriptions Stockwork molybdenum deposits Differentiated monzogranite Mo suite High-silica rhyolite suite (Climax-type) Stockwork Mo in the alkaline "rift" association Precambrian stockwork Mo "giants" Mo-dominated skarn deposits Stockwork, vein and skarn Mo-W-Bi Scheelite skarn deposits Cordilleran Pb-Zn-Ag (Sb) deposits High-temperature Zn, Pb, Ag replacements in carbonates Mesothermal Pb-Zn-Ag (Sb) veins Hydrothermal Fe, Mn, Sb, Sn, B, U, Th deposits in, and associated with, Cordilleran granitoids Volcano-sedimentary orogens Introduction Growth and evolution of composite eugeoclinal orogens as exemplified by the Canadian Cordillera Ophiolite allochthons, melanges and alpine serpentinites Oceanic successions Mafic and bimodal marine volcanic-sedimentary successions VMS deposits Sedimentary rocks-hosted Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb ores Au-Ag deposits Differentiated mafic-ultramafic intrusions (Alaska- Urals type) : Calc-alkaline and shoshonitic volcanic-sedimentary successions Sundry metallic ores Precambrian greenstone-granite terrains Introduction 252

5 X Contents Abitibi Subprovince (greenstone belt), Canadian Shield Komatiite association and Ni ores Early Proterozoic paleo-ophiolites Mafic and bimodal greenstone sequences: Fe-ores and Cu-Zn VMS deposits Mafic (meta-basalt) sequences and banded iron formations VMS deposits in bimodal and sequentially differentiated volcanic-sedimentary sequences Granitoid plutons and older Precambrian "porphyry" deposits (Syn)orogenic hydrothermal Au-(As, Sb, Cu) in greenstone terrains Synorogenic Cu (U, Ni, Au, Ag) deposits overprinting greenstone belts Ores in late orogenic sedimentary rocks in greenstone belts Intracratonic orogens, granites, hydrothermal deposits Introduction Granitoids in orogenic setting Massif anorthosite association: Fe-Ti-V and Ni-Cu deposits Ores closely associated with granites Rare metals pegmatites Zr, Nb, Ta, Y, REE, Th, Be association in peralkaline granites Uraniferous leucogranites, aplites, pegmatites Granite-related wolframite deposits (Jiangxi-type) Granite-related tin deposits Cassiterite regoliths and placers Multi-metal zoned Sn, Mo, W, Bi, Be, Pb, Zn skarngreisen-vein Systems Hydrothermal U deposits Mesothermal gold Intrusion ("granite")-related Au veins, stockworks, disseminations Gold skarns Transition of granite-related to (syn)orogenic Au deposits Dominantly orogenic Au deposits (Syn)orogenic gold veins and stockworks Gold placers (Syn)orogenic Sb and Hg deposits Antimony deposits Mercury deposits Pb, Zn, Ag veins and replacements 358

6 Contents XI 11. Proterozoic Intracratonic Orogens and Basins: Extension, Sedimentation, Magmatism Introduction Metallogeny and giant deposits Proterozoic Pb-Zn-Ag "sedex" deposits Strata controlled Proterozoic copper deposits in (meta)sedimentary rocks Au and U in quartz-rich conglomerate (Witwatersrandtype) Fe in Superior-type banded iron formations (BIF) Fe (BIF) and Mn in diamictites Bedded and residual Mn deposits Miscellaneous, complex Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, V, Ag, Ge Ga, (U) sulfide deposits Oxidic (nonsulfide) Zn and Pb deposits Unconformity uranium deposits Hydrothermal Fe-oxide deposits with Cu, or U, or Au, or REE (Olympic Dam-type) Rifts, paleo-rifts, rifted margins, mantle plumes, anorogenic and alkaline magmatism Introduction Young rifts, hydrothermal activity Mantle plumes, continental breakup, rifted Continental margins Hot spots and mantle plumes Rifted (Atlantic-type) continental margins Intraplate and rift margin mafic to bimodal magmatism Plateau (flood) basalts Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in intrusions associated with plateau basalt provinces Lateritic bauxite on basalt Diabase, gabbro, rare peridotite dikes and sills Bushveld-style layered intrusions Sudbury complex Ni, Cu, Co, PGE, Ontario: an enigma Alkaline magmatic association Introduction Alkaline metallogeny and giant deposits Alkaline volcanic and subvolcanic centers Nepheline syenite-dominated intrusions Alkaline pyroxene-nepheline series and alkaline ultramafics Carbonatites Sedimentary associations and regolith 13.1 Introduction Marine clastics Ore formation 482

7 XII Contents Detrital (clastic) ores: coastal and shelf heavy mineral sands and paleoplacers of Fe, Ti, Zr, REE, Th Combined clastic and chemical bedded sedimentary deposits Particulate (oolitic) ironstones Bedded Mn deposits (Phanerozoic) Mineralized carbonaceous pelites ("black shales") Phosphorite-black shale association Cu, Ag (Pb, Zn, Au, PGE) associated with reduced marine units above "redbeds" (Kupferschiefer or copper shale-type) Sedex Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in basinal shale near carbonate platform Marine carbonates and evaporites Introduction Warm current (Florida-type) phosphorites and their uranium enrichment Bedded Mn deposits in "basinal" (reduced) carboantes Low-temperature Zn-Pb deposits in carbonates Discordant (vein) Zn-Pb orebodies of "MVT affiliation" Stratabound cinnabar deposits in carbonates Metallic ores in karst on carbonates Marine evaporites and metallic ores Hydrocarbons as a source of metals Regolith and continental Sediments Introduction Glaciation and ores in glaciogenic (cryogenic) materials and structures, related talus and glaciofluvial deposits Humid tropical regoliths Supergene Cu ores and leaching/reprecipitation profiles Paleo-regoliths, paleosols and basal sequences at unconformities Humid alluvial environments: placer deposits Lakes and lacustrine sequences Arid regoliths and Sediments Sandstone-dominated continental sequences: "gray" and "red" Metals recoverable from coal Infiltrations from meteoric waters: "sandstone U (V)" deposits Cu-sandstone deposits in red and gray (varicolored) beds Sandstone Pb-(Zn) deposits Anthropogenic metal sources Higher-grade metamorphic associations Introduction 14.2 Metallogeny High-grade associations and ores 565

8 Contents XIII 14.4 High-grade metamorphosed banded iron formations (BIF) Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide orebodies in gneiss» marble, Ca-Mg-Mn silicates: Broken Hill-type Zn, Pb sulfide orebodies in marble and Ca-Mg silicates, and Zn-Mn oxide orebodies in marble Zn, Cu, Pb sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist, marble (meta-vms?) Disseminated Cu sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist and marble Scheelite, uraniferous phosphates, magnesite, borates in marble and Ca-Mg silicate gneiss High-grade metamorphic mafic-(ultramafic) associations Structures subjected to retrograde metamorphism and metasomatism Giant deposits in geological context Originof the giant deposits Genetic coding and ore varieties Giant deposits and their genetic and host rock associations Giant metallic deposits: geotectonic setting Giant metal accumulations in geological time Why "giants" are so big and are where they are? Giant deposits: industry, economics, politics Historical background Giant deposits and corporations Giants 1 economics Finding or acquiring giant deposits Introduction History of discovery of giant ore deposits/districts Acquiring giant deposits for tomorrow Acquisition of an existing deposit International risk assessment Acquiring "giants": geology perspective 646 References 649 Locality index 707 Subjectindex 719

9 XIV Contents CD-ROM (attached): Supplementary materials to accompany the book Giant Metallic Deposits and Future Sources of Industrial Metals Peter Laznicka (2006) README This CD-ROM contains materials that Supplement the text, presented in my book "Giant Metallic Deposits", that would be impractical or too costly to have in the book itself. There are two parts: 1) a database, and 2) selection of 79 rock/ore inventory diagrams, interspersed as black-andwhite figures throughout the book, here repeated in color. CONTENTS Note: the CD-ROM has an independent page numbering Part 1, Database GiantdepShort Introduction 2 Explanations 2 Table 1, organized by book page numbers 4 Table 2, organized by metals and localities 25 Table 3, organized by localities (deposits, areas) 46 Part 2, Total Metallogeny Geosites (book figures in color) Introduction 67 Directory of Geosites organized by book Chapter and Figure numbers 67 Directory of Geosites organized by the "G" numbers (as in Total Metallogeny) 69 Geosites (Figures) pages: total 79 71

Peter Laznicka Giant Metallic Deposits Future Sources of Industrial Metals

Peter Laznicka Giant Metallic Deposits Future Sources of Industrial Metals Peter Laznicka Giant Metallic Deposits Future Sources of Industrial Metals With 458 Figures and a CD-ROM 123 Peter Laznicka 64