1. What is the most important agent of chemical weathering on Earth? a. oxygen b. salt c. carbon dioxide d. carbonic acid e. water

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1 Geology 1-2nd Exam Spring 2013 Prof. Phil Stoffer 1. What is the most important agent of chemical weathering on Earth? a. oxygen b. salt c. carbon dioxide d. carbonic acid e. water 2. Igneous rocks are classified based on: a. number of elements. b. chemical composition. c. texture. d. a and b only. e. b and c only. 3. The geothermal gradient is: a. the change in temperature that increases with depth. b. averages 20 to 30 degrees C per kilometer in the upper crust. c. can vary significantly from one location to another. d. all of the above. 4. What process (or processes) can generate magma? a. decreases in pressure (such as caused by an earthquake) b. introduction of volatiles (water, gases) under high pressure c. increased rate of heat flow d. all of the above 5. Which of these rock types has a fine-grained texture? a. diorite b. granite c. peridotite d. gabbro e. basalt 6. Which of these rock types contain the most quartz? a. granite b. andesite c. gabbro d. basalt e. pyroxenite 7. Which of these is an ultramafic rock? a. diorite b. rhyolite c. gabbro d. peridotite e. andesite

8. According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following minerals has the highest crystallization temperature? a. biotite b. quartz c. olivine (peridote) d. potassium feldspar e. pyroxene 9.

2 8. According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following minerals has the highest crystallization temperature? a. biotite b. quartz c. olivine (peridote) d. potassium feldspar e. pyroxene 9. Most of the upper mantle is made up of: a. gabbro and basalt (mafic rocks) b. andesite and diorite (intermediate rocks) c. peridotite and pyroxenite (ultramafic rocks) d. a'a and pahoehoe (lava rocks) e. granite and rhyolite (felsic rocks) 10. Devils Tower, Wyoming (used in the movies Close Encounters of a Third Kind and Paul) is an example of a: a. sill b. stock c. dike d. palisade e. cinder cone 11. The hottest lava observed on the Earth surface are associated with: a. supervolcanoes (continental hotspots), like Yellowstone. b. composite volcanoes, like Mount St. Helens in the Cascades volcanic arc. c. oceanic hotspots, like Kilauea volcano on Hawaii. d. island arc volcanoes, like Mount Pelee on the Caribbean island of Martinique. e. continental rift zones, like the East African Rift volcanoes like Erta Ale, Ethiopia. 12. There are locations on Earth where green olivine sand exists. Where would you expect to find such a deposit? a. along a stream in a mountainous region composed of sedimentary rocks. b. in a talus on the slopes of a cinder cone composed of rhyolite. c. on a beach of river delta located far downstream from a distant mountain range. d. on a beach near a volcano composed of lava with ultramafic composition. e. all of the above. 13. Which of these is a component of soil? a. disintegrated and decomposed rock b. decayed organic matter c. air d. water e. all of the above

14. Which of these best describe weathering? a. the transfer of rock material by gravity b. the disintegration of rock on the surface of the earth c. the alteration of feldspar into clay minerals d.

3 14. Which of these best describe weathering? a. the transfer of rock material by gravity b. the disintegration of rock on the surface of the earth c. the alteration of feldspar into clay minerals d. the removal of material by water or air e. the chemical breakdown of a rock 15. Loose and incoherent surficial deposits usually found on or along the base of a slope and brought their chiefly by gravity: a. colluvium b. alluvium c. laterite d. chalky soil e. loam 16. Mechanical weathering includes: a. biological activity. b. unloading. c. frost wedging. d. thermal expansion. e. all of the above. 17. What processes are responsible for the features illustrated on the diagram? a. weathering and erosion b. mass wasting c. landsliding d. gravity e. all of the above 18. Which of these common minerals is most resistant to weathering on the Earth's surface? a. quartz b. olivine c. biotite mica d. potassium feldspar e. calcite

4 19. What is the layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering located between the bedrock and the surface in most places? a. humus b. soil c. alluvium d. regolith e. zone of leaching 20. When granite is weathered, what happens to most quartz? a. it is broken down to form clay minerals b. it is broken down to oxide minerals c. it changes to biotite d. it remain virtually unchanged, becoming gravel, sand, and silt e. it dissolves and becomes part of seawater. 21. When a granite is weathered, what happens to most feldspar? a. it is broken down to form clay minerals b. it is broken down to oxide minerals c. it changes to biotite d. it remain virtually unchanged, becoming gravel, sand, and silt e. it dissolves and becomes part of seawater. 22. Sediments or sedimentary rocks composed of fragments derived from older rocks are called: a) metamorphic. b) clastic. c) non-clastic. d) shale. 23. Which of the following would NOT be considered a clastic sedimentary rock? a) shale b) conglomerate c) sandstone d) mudstone e) limestone 24. What type of rock consists of angular rock fragments (cemented together) that may be sedimentary, volcanic, or tectonic fracturing origin? a) breccia b) conglomerate c) sandstone d) limestone e) all of the above

5 25. Mud composed of skeletal and organic remains of microscopic organisms that accumulate on a lake bed or ocean floor is called: a) chert. b) shale. c) soil. d) ooze. 26. Organic matter, mostly plant material, that accumulates as sediment in boggy or swampy environmental settings is called: a) peat. b) shale c) lime mud. d) ooze. e) none of the above. 27. Which is not a calcareous rock (composed mostly of the mineral calcite)? a) limestone b) travertine c) coquina d) chert e) none of the above 28. Sediments settling out in a lake or ocean basin after an underwater landslide and associated turbidity current results in: a) graded bedding. b) cross bedding. c) desiccation cracks. d) lamination. 29. A rock formed by the replacement of calcite [ CaCO3 ] with the mineral dolomite [ Ca,Mg (CO3)2 ] is called: a) limestone. b) mudstone. c) shale. d) dolostone. e) none of the above. 30. Stirring or mixing of sediment or soil by organisms, especially by burrowing, boring, crawling, feeding or other traces left by biological activity is called: a) fossils. b) bioturbation. c) lithification. d) deposition.

6 31. Common sedimentary features found in sandstone that are associated with migrating sand dunes includes: a) fossils. b) cross bedding. c) desiccation cracks. d) graded bedding. 32. Which of these is an agent metamorphism? a. pressure. b. mountain building. c. heat. d. chemically active fluids. e. all of the above. 33. Listed in order of increasing metamorphic grade, a shale could be metamorphosed into: a. gneiss-phyllite-slate-schist b. slate-schist-gneiss-phyllite c. slate-phyllite-schist-gneiss d. schist-phyllite-slate-gneiss 34. The parent rock of a marble is: a. granite b. limestone c. slate d. sandstone e. shale 35. The force exerted on a buried rock by the weight of material above it is called: a. shear stress. b. tensional stress. c. geothermal gradient. d. compressional stress. e. confining pressure. 36. Where does metamorphism take place? a. only at depth below the surface. b. where a rock is subjected to conditions unlike those in which it formed. c. only at the surface. d. in the Earth's core. e. in young sediments. 37. When subject to directed pressure, metamorphosed rocks show a layered or banded texture is called: a. facies. b. slate. c. mylonite. d. non-foliated texture. e. foliation.

7 38. When a granite is subjected to direct pressure, its minerals align themselves to adjust to the pressure, forming: a. slate b. gneiss c. amphibolite d. quartzite e. marble 39. Where does most regional metamorphism occur? a. in areas of active mountain building b. on the seafloor c. in the lower mantle d. around volcanos e. around magmatic intrusions 40. What is a migmatite? a. a metamorphic rock that forms from sandstone. b. a type of meteorite that has undergone metamorphism. c. a rock that has been metamorphosed to such high degrees that is has partially melted. d. a low-grade metamorphic rock containing garnet On the back of the answer sheet, draw a diagram illustrating the Rock Cycle with all of its key products and processes, provide examples of different kind of rocks. Be sure to include arrows.

Chapter 10. Chapter Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Rocks. Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle

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