Theme 2. General data on Earth
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1 Theme 2. General data on Earth 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth 2.3. Physical fields of the globe
2 2.1. Introduction Earth is a physical system composed of rocks, minerals, cristals, atoms.
3 2.1. Introduction Earth has changed since its formation, 4.5 billions years ago. Its changes are coming from energy transfers like: solar radiations (which is responsible for geological effectsuptoadepthof30mfromgroundlevel); geotermica loss(heat losses from Earth s interior); energy loss by slowing down the Earth s rotation; energy released by Earthquakes.
4 2.1. Introduction shape: geoid (ocean surface, like an elipsoid); mean radius: 6370 km; meandensity:5.5g/cm 3 ; surface:510mil.km 2 ; land:29%; greatest height: 8848 m (Everest Mountain); average height: 860 m; land and shelf (sea up to 300 m depth): 35%; oceans: 65%; greatest depth: 11 km (Mariana s Trench); meandepthofoceans:3.4km.
5 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth
6 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth First layer is the crust. There are 2 types of crust: continental crust and oceanic crust.
7 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth Continental crust tickness: km; average tickness: 40 km; condition melting: solid; composed of granite parts and continental sediments; chemically composition: (acid) silicon Si, aluminium Al(SiAl); density:2.8g/cm 3 ; temperature:increasesby1 Cto33minmean; speed of seismic waves (P waves): 2 5 km/s for continental sediments, 6 km/s for granite parts.
8 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth Oceanic crust tickness: 5 15 km; average tickness: 7 km; condition melting: solid; composed of basaltic rocks and oceanic sediments; chemically composition: (alkaline) silicon Si, aluminium Al, magnesium Mg (SiAlMa); density:3.0g/cm 3 ; temperature:increasesby1 Cto33minmean; speed of seismic waves (P waves): 7 km/s for basaltic rocks.
9 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth Upper mantle upto660kmdepth; condition melting: solidus (something between solid and liquid); composed of plastic rocks; chemically composition: silicon Si,magnesium Mg(SiMa); density: g/cm 3 ; temperature: C; speed of seismic waves(p waves): 8 11 km/s.
10 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth Lower mantle upto2900kmdepth; condition melting: solid; composed of solid rocks; chemically composition: silicon Si, magnesium Mg,Iron Fe,Chromium Cr(CrFeSiMa); density:5.7 g/cm 3 ; temperature: 2000 C; speed of seismic waves(p waves): 11.4 km/s.
11 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth Outer core upto5100kmdepth; condition melting: liquid; chemically composition: silicon Si, magnesium Mg,Iron Fe,Nickel Ni(NiFeSiMa); density: 11.5 g/cm 3 ; temperature: 3000 C; speed of seismic waves(p waves): 8 11 km/s (S waves not propagate).
12 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth Inner core a sphere with 1250 km radius; condition melting: solid; chemically composition: Nickel Ni, Iron Fe(NiFe); density:13 g/cm 3 ; temperature: 4000 C; speed of seismic waves(p waves): 11.4 km/s.
13 2.2. Internal structure of the Earth Mohorovicicdiscontinuity (at 40 km depth). Wiechert-Gutenberg discontinuity (at 2900 km depth).
14 2.3. Physical fields of the globe Gravity field Caloric field Radioactive field Magnetic field Electric field Seismic field
15
16 26 Septembrie 2011 Teză de doctorat - Ştefan ARDELEAN 16
17 The whole world is in my mind!
18 Theme 3. Plate tectonics theory 3.1. General principles 3.2. Mantle convection 3.3. Types of plate boundaries
19 3.1. General principles Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever The lithosphere is underlain by a plastic layer of the mantle, the asthenosphere, over which the plates can move.
20 3.1. General principles The theory of plate tectonics describes: -the movement of plates; -the forces acting between them.
21 3.1. General principles The theory of plate tectonics explains: -continental drift; -volcanoes; -earthquakes; -the distribution of mountain chains; -rock assemblages; -structures on the seafloor.
22 3.1. General principles Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
23 3.1. General principles Source: USGS
24 3.1. General principles Source: internet
25 3.1. General principles Source: USGS
26 3.1. General principles Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
27 3.1. General principles Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
28 3.1. General principles Plate tectonics theory by whom?
29 3.1. General principles Plate tectonics theory by whom? By the close of the nineteenth century, Eduard Suess had put together some of the pieces of the puzzle. Source: internet
30 3.1. General principles Plate tectonics theory by whom? Remarkable similarity of rocks, geologic structures, and fossils on opposite sidesoftheatlantic Alfred Wegener(1915) Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
31 3.1. General principles Plate tectonics theory by whom? In the early 1960s, Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposed that the crust separates along the rifts in mid-ocean ridges and that new seafloor forms by upwelling of hot new crust into these cracks. Source: internet
32 3.1. General principles Plate tectonics theory by whom? -by a group of geologists and other scientists. The basic elements of the plate tectonics theory were established by the end of 1968.
33 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
34 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
35 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
36 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
37 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
38 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
39 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
40 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
41 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
42 3.1. General principles PANGAEA? Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
43 3.2. Mantle convection
44 3.2. Mantle convection
45 3.2. Mantle convection Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
46 3.2. Mantle convection Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
47 3.2. Mantle convection The general process, in which hotter material rises and cooler material sinks, is called convection.
48 3.2. Mantle convection The convecting mantle and its overlying mosaic of lithospheric plates constitute the plate tectonic system. Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
49 3.3. Types of plate boundaries
50 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: USGS
51 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
52 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
53 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
54 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
55 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
56 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
57 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
58 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever
Theme 3. Plate tectonics theory
Theme 3. Plate tectonics theory 3.1. General principles 3.2. Mantle convection 3.3. Types of plate boundaries Source: Understanding Earth J.Grotzinger, T.H. Jordan, F. Press, R. Siever The lithosphere
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