Deep cracks that form between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other

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1 Also the process by which solid rock flows slowly when under pressure, as in the asthenosphere Deep cracks that form between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other Also the process by which solid rock flows slowly when under pressure, as in the asthenosphere Deep cracks that form between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other The study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, specifically as it relates to the reversal of Earth's magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation The study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, specifically as it relates to the reversal of Earth's magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation The supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 250 million years ago The supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 250 million years ago A long, undersea mountain chain that has a steep, narrow valley (rift) at its center, that forms as magma rises from the asthenosphere, and that creates new oceanic A long, lithosphere undersea mountain (sea floor) chain as tectonic that has plates a steep, narrow valley move (rift) apart at its center, that forms as magma rises from the asthenosphere, and that creates new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) as tectonic plates move apart A slightly flattened sphere; the almost egg shape that Earth is in A slightly flattened sphere; the almost egg shape that Earth is in The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations The pattern of normal and reversed polarity shown in lithospheric rock that is arranged in chronological order & reflects Earth s magnetic history The pattern of normal and reversed polarity shown in lithospheric rock that is arranged in chronological order & reflects Earth s magnetic history Which of the layers of the Earth are liquid? Sediment that is close to a mid-ocean ridge is than the sediment that is far from it. Which of the layers of the Earth are liquid? Sediment that is close to a mid-ocean ridge is than the sediment that is far from it. What is the most likely source of Earth s magnetic field? Which of the layers of the Earth is solid, but part of the layer has plasticity? What is the most likely source of Earth s magnetic field? Which of the layers of the Earth is solid, but part of the layer has plasticity?

2 Rift Plasticity (plastic flow) Rift Plasticity (plastic flow) Pangaea Paleomagnetism Pangaea Paleomagnetism Oblate spheroid Mid-ocean ridge Oblate spheroid Mid-ocean ridge Geomagnetic reversal time scale Continental drift theory Geomagnetic reversal time scale Continental drift theory younger Outer Core younger Outer Core The Mantle The Iron & Nickel in the outer core The Mantle The Iron & Nickel in the outer core

3 Diagram letter H Diagram letter I Diagram letter H Diagram letter I Diagram letter F Diagram letter G Diagram letter F Diagram letter G Diagram letter D Diagram letter E Diagram letter D Diagram letter E Diagram letter B Diagram letter C Diagram letter B Diagram letter C the only type of boundary that doesn t produce volcanoes Diagram letter A the only type of boundary that doesn t produce volcanoes Diagram letter A A vibration in rock that travels out from the focus of an earthquake in all directions. The process by which one lithospheric plate moves beneath another as a result of tectonic forces A vibration in rock that travels out from the focus of an earthquake in all directions. The process by which one lithospheric plate moves beneath another as a result of tectonic forces

4 Continental crust Oceanic crust Continental crust Oceanic crust Mohorovicic discontinuity Mantle Mohorovicic discontinuity Mantle Outer core Inner core Outer core Inner core Mesosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Asthenosphere Lithosphere Transform boundary Lithosphere Transform boundary Subduction Seismic waves Subduction Seismic waves

5 Convection How do Glossopteris fossils help support Wegener's theory of continental drift? Convection How do Glossopteris fossils help support Wegener's theory of continental drift? Slab-pull Ridge-Push Slab-pull Ridge-Push P-waves (Primary waves) What does studying these help scientists to determine? P-waves (Primary waves) What does studying these help scientists to determine? S-waves (Secondary waves) What does studying these help scientists to determine? S-waves (Secondary waves) What does studying these help scientists to determine? P-waves (Primary waves) What can they move through? S-waves (Secondary waves) What can they move through? P-waves (Primary waves) What can they move through? S-waves (Secondary waves) What can they move through? Temperature trend from I to D Temperature trend from D to I Temperature trend from I to D Temperature trend from D to I Density trend from I to D Density trend from D to I Density trend from I to D Density trend from D to I

6 1. Since it was a tropical fern & its remains were found on Antarctica, that landmass must have once been somewhere warmer B/C Since its it spores was a were tropical to large fern & to its be remains carried were far by wind found and on would've Antarctica, rotted that if they landmass were transported must have far by water. once So, been they must've somewhere been warmer. 2. B/C its spores were to large to closer be carried together. far by wind and would've rotted if they were transported far by water. So, they must've been closer together. New rock is formed at a mid-ocean ridge, and as the magma cools, it becomes MORE DENSE as it hardens. Asa result, GRAVITY pulls it downward and it New pushes rock outward is formed on at the a rest mid-ocean of the plate ridge, & and forces as it the magma cools, away it becomes from the ridge. MORE DENSE as it hardens. Asa result, GRAVITY pulls it downward and it pushes outward on the rest of the plate & forces it away from the ridge. Magma closer tot he core is heated and becomes LESS DENSE and GRAVITY doesn't pull on it as hard, so it RISES. When it reaches the top of the asthenosphere Magma closer it tot cools he core b/c it is is heated farther and from becomes the core & it gets LESS MORE DENSE DENSE and GRAVITY and GRAVITY doesn't pulls pull on on it it more as hard, so and it RISES. it SINKS When deeper it reaches into the mantle. the top of the asthenosphere it cools b/c it is farther from the core & it gets MORE DENSE and GRAVITY pulls on it more and it SINKS deeper into the mantle. as the end of a MORE DENSE plate meets a less dense plate it subducts as it is pulled into the mantle by GRAVITY. As it does this, it pulls the rest of the plate along with it. as the end of a MORE DENSE plate meets a less dense plate it subducts as it is pulled into the mantle by GRAVITY. As it does this, it pulls the rest of the plate along with it. Arrival (or no arrival) of these waves at different stations help scientists to determine which layers are solid & which aren't. Arrival (or no arrival) of these waves at different stations help scientists to determine which layers are solid & which aren't. Arrival of these waves at different stations help scientists to determine the density of materials they move through. Arrival of these waves at different stations help scientists to determine the density of materials they move through. Can only move through solids. Can only move through solids. Can move through solids, liquids or gasses. Move through more dense materials more slowly than they move through less dense materials. Can move through solids, liquids or gasses. Move through more dense materials more slowly than they move through less dense materials. Temperature decreases (goes from 5,000 degrees Celcius or more to nearly freezing) Temperature increases (goes from nearly freezing to 5,000 degrees Celcius or more) Temperature decreases (goes from 5,000 degrees Celcius or more to nearly freezing) Temperature increases (goes from nearly freezing to 5,000 degrees Celcius or more) Density decreases (goes from more dense to less dense) Density increases (goes from less dense to more dense) Density decreases (goes from more dense to less dense) Density increases (goes from less dense to more dense)

7 this layer is composed of 90% silicates, aluminum, calcium & iron / 10% small amounts of each of the other common elements, it is km thick & it has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 this layer is composed of 90% silicates, aluminum, calcium & iron / 10% small amounts of each of the other common elements, it is km thick & it has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 the liquid layer of the Earth that lies beneath the mantle the liquid layer of the Earth that lies beneath the mantle The movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations in the asthenosphere The movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations in the asthenosphere The theory that explains why and how continents move. The theory that explains why and how continents move. Wegener came up with his theory of continental drift based on. a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle Wegener came up with his theory of continental drift based on. a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle Wegener s hypothesis of continental drift was supported by. Wegener s hypothesis of continental drift was supported by. the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it How do matching rock layers in different mountain chains help support Wegener's theory of continental drift? How do matching rock layers in different mountain chains help support Wegener's theory of continental drift? Wegener s hypothesis of continental drift was finally confirmed by. Wegener s hypothesis of continental drift was finally confirmed by. How do Lystrosaurus fossils help support Wegener's theory of continental drift? How do Glacial scars on tropical continents help support Wegener's theory of continental drift? How do Lystrosaurus fossils help support Wegener's theory of continental drift? How do Glacial scars on tropical continents help support Wegener's theory of continental drift?

8 Outer core Continental crust Outer core Continental crust Plate tectonics Convection Plate tectonics Convection Tectonic plates The coastlines of different continents looked like they fit together Tectonic plates The coastlines of different continents looked like they fit together Asthenosphere Asthenosphere 1. Lystrosaurus fossils found on multiple continents. 2. Glossopteris fossils polar continents. 3. Glacial scars on tropical continents 4. Rock 1. Lystrosaurus layer patterns fossils matching found in mountain on multiplechains on continents Glossopteris fossils polar continents. 3. Glacial scars on tropical continents 4. Rock layer patterns matching in mountain chains on 2 continents. evidence supporting the idea of sea-floor spreading. evidence supporting the idea of sea-floor spreading. Since youcan't have the exact same conditions that form rock layers in 2 different places, and mountains on multiple continents showed the same rock patterns, Since youcan't they must have have the been exact together same conditions when they that form rock layers formed. in 2 different places, and mountains on multiple continents showed the same rock patterns, they must have been together when they formed. There is evidence of glaciers on continents that are now tropical. For there to have been frozen glaciers there once, those continents must've once been somewhere colder. There is evidence of glaciers on continents that are now tropical. For there to have been frozen glaciers there once, those continents must've once been somewhere colder. B/c the hippo-like organism couldn't swim very far & was found on Continent far apart where there was no land bridge, they must've been connected once. B/c the hippo-like organism couldn't swim very far & was found on Continent far apart where there was no land bridge, they must've been connected once.

9 caused when 2 plates move alongside each other laterally type of boundary where sea floor spreading occurs caused when 2 plates move alongside each other laterally type of boundary where sea floor spreading occurs most common type of boundary where earthquakes occur caused when 2 plate boundaries are moving toward each other most common type of boundary where earthquakes occur caused when 2 plate boundaries are moving toward each other caused when 2 plates move away from each other known to cause mountains to form caused when 2 plates move away from each other known to cause mountains to form the strong solid, lower part of the mantle this layer is made of 100% silicates and has an area in the middle of it that flows with plasticity the strong solid, lower part of the mantle this layer is made of 100% silicates and has an area in the middle of it that flows with plasticity the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle the solid, most dense layer of the Earth the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle the solid, most dense layer of the Earth this layer is the 5 to 15 km thick, made mostly of silicates, and has a density of 2.9 g/cm3 this layer is the 5 to 15 km thick, made mostly of silicates, and has a density of 2.9 g/cm3 the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle where the characteristics of the layers suddenly changes the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle where the characteristics of the layers suddenly changes

10 Divergent boundary Transform boundary Divergent boundary Transform boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Mantle mesosphere Mantle mesosphere Inner core Lithosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mohorovicic Discontinuity (The Moho) Oceanic Crust Mohorovicic Discontinuity (The Moho) Oceanic Crust

11 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 3 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 4 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 3 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 4 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 1 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 2 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 1 Subduction Zone Volcanoes - Step 2

12 The rising pressurized magma finds openings in the crust (the cracks that were formed when the layer was bent), and it rises up through them to the surface- causing volcanoes. The rising pressurized magma finds openings in the crust (the cracks that were formed when the layer was bent), and it rises up through them to the surface- causing volcanoes. As the subducting plate moves deep into the mantle it remelts into magma & becomes less dense (so it wants to rise), so it is under a great deal of pressure. As the subducting plate moves deep into the mantle it remelts into magma & becomes less dense (so it wants to rise), so it is under a great deal of pressure. As the plate that is not subducting is bent, it cracks at weak points in the crust somewhere behind where the 2 plates meet. As the plate that is not subducting is bent, it cracks at weak points in the crust somewhere behind where the 2 plates meet. Whene 2 plates of different densities meet, the MORE DENSE plate is pulled under the other, and as it does so it createss drag on the plate it is moving under as it rubs against it. Whene 2 plates of different densities meet, the MORE DENSE plate is pulled under the other, and as it does so it createss drag on the plate it is moving under as it rubs against it.