Expedition Dates and Ports 13 July 2013 to 26 July 2013, Astoria, OR to Astoria, OR (mobilization: July 2013, demobilization July 2013)

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1 Précis for R/V Atlantis/ROV Jason II Expedition AT25-04: Hydrogeologic, Geochemical, and Microbiological Experiments in Young Ocean Crust of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean Using Subseafloor Observatories Expedition Dates and Ports 13 July 2013 to 26 July 2013, Astoria, OR to Astoria, OR (mobilization: July 2013, demobilization July 2013) Supported by NSF project: OCE (and linked proposals) and a C-DEBI Education and Outreach grant Project Co-PIs: A. T. Fisher 1, 3, K. Becker 1, J. Clark 1, S. Cooper 2, J. Cowen 1, C. G. Wheat 1 1 Co-PI on OCE and linked proposals 2 Co-PI on C-DEBI Education and Outreach grant 3 AT25-04 chief-scientist and primary contact: Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, Earth and Marine Sciences Building, Room A232, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, , (fax), afisher@ucsc.edu Draft 0.9: 1 April 2013

2 Expedition Overview NSF grant OCE ("Collaborative Research: Completion of single- and cross-hole hydrogeologic experiments on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a borehole network") supports multidisciplinary borehole experiments in oceanic crust, to assess hydrogeologic, solute and colloid transport, biogeochemical, and microbiological processes and properties at multiple spatial and temporal scales (meters to kilometers, minutes to years). Results of these experiments will comprise a major advance in our understanding of hydrogeologic properties and fluid processes within the volcanic oceanic crust. This work follows completion of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 327, which operated in Summer 2010, R/V Atlantis/ROV Jason II Expedition AT18-07 in Summer 2011, and numerous earlier drilling and submersible/rov expeditions. This expedition was originally planned for Summer 2012 on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson, but was postponed because of ship propulsion problems, then rescheduled on the R/V Atlantis for Summer Primary work locations are summarized in Table 1 and shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 327 drilled two holes through sediments and into the volcanic crust on 3.5 m.y. old seafloor on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (Figures 1, 2, and 3). These holes were drilled, cased, cored, and tested, then instrumented with subseafloor, borehole observatory systems (CORKs). Expedition 327 also included a hydrogeologic, pumping and tracer injection experiment, to assess multi-scale formation properties, including the nature of azimuthal and vertical crustal anisotropy. The Expedition 327 CORKs augment four additional observatory systems, all located within an area of about 2.5 square kilometers, creating a network of six instrumented sites where researchers are monitoring pressure and temperature at depth, and sampling fluids and microbiological material, using autonomous instrumentation (Figure 3). These CORK systems require servicing with a submersible or remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to download data, recover samples, and replace a variety of experimental systems (pressure and temperature data are being collected from one of the systems using a cabled network). This is a primary goal of the Summer 2013 Expedition AT25-04 with the R/V Atlantis and ROV Jason II. In addition, we will recover a flowmeter currently installed on one of the CORK observatories, and close a largediameter ball valve, shutting off the discharge of hydrothermal fluid that was initiated in Summer Data from this flowmeter will be downloaded, and the instrument will be redeployed on AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 1

3 another wellhead, and a large-diameter ball valve on that wellhead will be opened, initiating flow from the CORK. These free flow experiments create pressure perturbations at surrounding CORKs. Free flow also provides fluid and microbiological sampling opportunities. By monitoring the formation pressure response at the different observatories, located at different distances, depths, and directions from the CORK that will be allowed to discharge fluid, researchers will be able to assess the nature of crustal hydrologic properties. Wellhead instruments deployed in Summer 2011 (fluid samplers, microbial growth incubators) will be recovered and replaced. A GeoMicrobiology sampling sled deployed on one wellhead in Summer 2011 will be recovered, and additional (active) fluid sampling will be complete at various wellheads. We will recover a short downhole instrument string from the CORK in Hole 1301A, and seal that CORK with a simple top plug. The primary set of grants supporting this expedition includes 11 dives/science days, two days of transit, and one weather day, for a total expedition length of 14 days. ROV dives with Jason can last just a few hours or more than 24 hours, depending on objectives, weather conditions, and mechanical functioning of ship and ROV systems. For planning purposes, we assume ROV dives with a nominal length of 24 hours, with 12 hours for ROV servicing, allowing for seven 24-hour dives during our allotted time at sea (and assuming no lost days due to weather or mechanical problems). In addition to meeting scientific and technical goals, AT25-04 will include a significant education, outreach, and communications (EOC) program, with funding provided by NSF and C- DEBI, and with extensive technical and logistical support from WHOI, the Ocean Exploration Trust, and the Inner Space Center at URI. The AT25-04 EOC program is likely to include a diverse combination of: (a) live feeds/web conferencing with museums, summer camps, and other venues, (b) production of videos, podcasts, and other media to be distributed via the web, (c) blogging and (d) curriculum development by onboard educators and outreach specialists. AT25-04 Objectives and Experimental Systems Primary objectives to be completed during dives at the six primary CORKs are listed in Table 2. CORK servicing tasks include: download pressure data, recover/exchange wellhead OsmoSamplers, complete active fluid sampling, recover the GeoMicrobiology sled, recover a downhole instrument string, and recover/deploy the flowmeter. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 2

4 Each CORK is different, but they share some common components (Figure 4). Because the six primary CORKs are located close together (Figure 3, Table 3), operations at multiple wellheads can be combined during single dives. During AT18-07, we transited between CORKs up to 2400 m apart, requiring 1 to 1.5 hours to move and get set up for new operations. Sharing operations between multiple wellheads can result in considerable efficiency, but also requires careful planning and (in many cases) use of elevators to deploy and/or recover instrumentation so as to avoid overloading the ROV. Careful planning is also required to minimize the need to swap out connectors and experimental systems between dives. Active pressure measurement and logging systems are currently installed as part of all six primary CORKs (Figure 5). Data from Hole 1026B are being downloaded automatically using the Neptune Canada cable network. Data from the other CORKs will be downloaded with Jason. Pressure download operations will include manipulation of valves for checking the hydrostatic pressure offset and evaluate potential gauge drift. Most pressure logging systems will be downloaded once during the expedition, but it is possible that a second download may be required at one or more CORKs in association with the long-term flow experiment. Pressure logging systems are positioned vertically on the wellheads, with the exception of the CORK in Hole 1027C. The data logger for this system rests horizontally on the ROV landing platform. OsmoSampler systems are currently installed on all CORK wellheads except for Hole 1027C (Figure 6). There are two basic types of wellhead OsmoSamplers: (1) vertical design with sample coils and pumps installed vertically on metal plates (Figures 6A-C), and (2) milk crate design with sample coils and pumps hung from the wellhead, and an umbilical tube that connects to fluid sampling lines (Figures 6D-F). The former are currently installed on CORKs in Holes 1026B, 1301A, and 1301B, whereas the latter are installed on newer CORKs in Holes 1362A and B. For each design, there are additional variations: Teflon coils, copper coils, and microbiological FLOCS incubation chambers mounted inline with sample pumps and tubing. Existing systems will be recovered and new systems will be installed during AT We will also recover a short instrument string deployed in the CORK in Hole 1301A, then seal that CORK with a top plug when the instrument string is recovered. This operation will be accomplished using Jason and the support vehicle Madea. A variety of "active" (mainly short-term) fluid sampling systems will be handled during AT25-04 (Figure 7). A large volume bag sampler will be deployed using Jason elevators, and a AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 3

5 medium volume bag sampler will be mounted in the rear Jason basket. These systems use a pump manifold, in-line analysis and/or filtering, and additional components to collect, analyze, and store samples drawn from CORK wellheads. In general, samples collected with these systems should be recovered as soon as possible after collection, which will require use of elevators and/or scheduling for end of dives. Additional gas-tight, major ion, and squeeze samplers will also be used throughout the expediton. Finally, we will recover (but not redeploy) a long-term, GeoMicrobiology sampling and analysis sled that was deployed on Hole 1362B in Summer We developed an autonomous flowmeter system that was deployed on the top of a ball valve in the wellhead of the CORK in Hole 1362B during AT18-07 (Figure 8). This flowmeter uses an electro-magnetic induction sensor to determine the rate of fluid outflow from the CORK over time, and has been recording hourly data for the past year. The flowmeter is held in place with a rotating clamp built into a ball valve positioned in one of the wellhead bays. Opening that valve started a long-term flow experiment, as the overpressured formation discharged shimmering (~65 C) fluid at 5 20 L/s. Pressure data from this hole and nearby CORKs will be used with the flow data to determine large-scale, directional hydrologic properties in the ocean crust. There is a vertical PVC pipe with a diameter of ~4 that extends upward from the flowmeter sensor by about 1 m. Four autonomous thermal loggers are installed along the length of this pipe, to provide an independent estimate of the upward fluid flow rate (using heat as a tracer). In addition, this pipe has provided fluid and microbiological sampling opportunities, with inlets to fluid samplers "hung" over the top of the pipe. Handling of this flowmeter system was challenging in Summer 2011 because of awkward placement of a handle and bridle. A new flowmeter system was constructed for Summer 2012, with an integrated handle assembly (Figure 8F). The flowmeter currently deployed will be recovered, and either this instrument will be redeployed (on another CORK, using the new handle) or the new flowmeter system will be deployed. The new system is very similar to the old one, except that it has optical communication capabilities. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 4

6 Table 1. Primary work sites for Summer 2013 with the R/V Atlantis and the ROV Jason II on AT Clearance is requested for 0.5 nmi around each CORK. Location ID Latitude Longitude Water Date Expedition installed depth (m) installed CORK 1026B 'N 'W /2004 Leg 168/Exp. 301 CORK 1027C 'N 'W /2011 Leg 168/AT18-07 CORK 1301A 'N 'W Exp. 301 CORK 1301B 'N 'W Exp. 301 CORK 1362A 'N 'W Exp. 327 CORK 1362B 'N 'W Exp. 327 AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 5

7 Table 2. Summary of tasks to be completed at each of the primary CORKs in Summer 2013 with the R/V Atlantis and the ROV Jason II on AT Location ID Exchange/ Recover OS 1 Active fluid/mbio sampling 2 Deploy/recover flowmeter 3 Recover GeoM sled 4 Download P data 5 Recover CORK 1026B Yes-E No? NA NA [Neptune] No CORK 1027C NA No NA NA Yes No string 6 CORK 1301A Yes-E Yes NA NA Yes Yes-R CORK 1301B Yes-R? No NA NA Yes No CORK 1362A Yes-E Yes Yes-D NA Yes No CORK 1362B Yes-E Yes Yes-R Yes Yes No NA = not applicable 1 OS = OsmoSampler. Several different kinds of OsmoSampler systems are to be deployed on and recovered from CORK wellheads (not from downhole). E = exchange. R = recover. 2 Active sampling means using mechanical pumps to draw fluids from wellheads, or sampling from direct flow from overpressured formations. 3 Flowmeter deployed on wellhead at Hole 1362B in Summer 2011, will be recovered and deployed at Hole 1362A. D = deploy. R = recover. 4 GeoMicrobiology sampling sled was left to draw fluids from CORK in Hole 1362B during AT18-07 in Summer Pressure and temperature logging systems installed with CORK in Hole 1026B are currently being downloaded automatically with the Neptune Canada cabled network. Hole 1027C was retrofitted with a modern logger, using same ODI connector as other CORKs, during AT18-07 in Summer String to be recovered from Hole 1301A was deployed in 2009, is ~275 m long and weighs ~400 lbs in air. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 6

8 Table 3. Distances between CORK systems (in meters) located at the primary work sites for Summer 2013 with the R/V Atlantis and the ROV Jason II on AT Hole 1026B Hole 1362A Hole 1362B Hole 1027C Hole 1301B Hole 1301A Hole 1026B Hole 1362A Hole 1362B Hole 1027C Hole 1301B Hole 1301A AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 7

9 Table 4. Secondary work sites for Summer 2013 with the R/V Atlantis and the ROV Jason II on AT Clearance sought in case all primary tasks are completed and time remains on the schedule. Location ID Latitude Longitude Water depth (m) Clearance radius (nmi) Mama Bare 'N 'W Papa Bare 'N 'W Zona Bare 'N 'W ODP Hole 1024C 'N 'W ODP Hole 1025C ' N ' W AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 8

Figure 1. Overview of cruise track for AT25-04 expedition with R/V Atlantis/ROV Jason II in Summer 2013. Initial and final port is the same: Astoria, OR.

10 Figure 1. Overview of cruise track for AT25-04 expedition with R/V Atlantis/ROV Jason II in Summer Initial and final port is the same: Astoria, OR. Expedition activities will focus on sites where long-term, subseafloor observatory systems (CORKs) were installed as part of Ocean Drilling Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program expeditions. Red box indicates area of Figure 2, showing work sites in greater detail. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 9

Figure 2. Bathymetric map showing work area for AT25-04. The primary work sites are located near the center of the red box (shown in greater detail in Figure 3).

11 Figure 2. Bathymetric map showing work area for AT The primary work sites are located near the center of the red box (shown in greater detail in Figure 3). These sites are: 1026, 1027, 1301, and All sites are located east of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, where volcanic rocks are covered by relatively thick accumulations of marine sediments, making the seafloor relatively flat in the AT25-04 work area. Also shown on this map are locations where volcanic rock outcrops penetrate sediment and are exposed at the seafloor. Three of these locations are secondary work sites, to be visited only if work is completed at the primary work sites and additional time remains on the schedule: Mama Bare, Papa Bare, and Zona Bare outcrops. In addition, there could be work at two CORKs closer to the ridge, in Holes 1024C and 1025C, as shown. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 10

Figure 3. Detailed contour chart showing primary work area for AT25-04.

12 Figure 3. Detailed contour chart showing primary work area for AT All of these work sites are located within a few kilometers of each other, where the seafloor is relatively flat and comprises thick marine sediments over basement volcanic rocks. Gold contours show locations of volcanic rock outcrops, as labeled. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 11

Figure 4. Cartoon showing features of CORK systems deployed during IODP Expedition 327. Earlier CORKs have some of these characteristics, but Exp.

inch and 16 inch casing strings, a tapered gravity plug for a top seal, and a free flow valve in the L-CORK wellhead. Additional features that Exp.

13 Figure 4. Cartoon showing features of CORK systems deployed during IODP Expedition 327. Earlier CORKs have some of these characteristics, but Exp. 327 CORKs have additional features including: perforated and coated drill collars and casing at depth, two kinds of CORK and casing packers (inflatable and swellable), a casing seal between 10-3/4 inch and 16 inch casing strings, a tapered gravity plug for a top seal, and a free flow valve in the L-CORK wellhead. Additional features that Exp. 327 CORKs have in common with the last generation of CORKs deployed on IODP Expedition 301 include: main CORK seal in the throat of the reentry cone within 10¾ inch casing, primary CORK casing diameter of 4½ inches, up to eight fluid, microbiological, and pressure sampling lines, with ports and screens at various depths, and a mixture of fluid and microbiological sampling systems suspended on Spectra cable at depth. Temperatures are recorded with autonomous sensor and logging instruments incorporated into the fluid and microbiological samplers or hung independently from the Spectra cable. The CORK in Hole 1027C is from an earlier generation and lacks casing that extends into basement. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 12

Figure 5. Images from AT18-07 in Summer 2011 showing manipulation of pressure measurement systems on CORK wellheads. A. Lifting the ODI underwater mateable connector to the data logger mounted on the CORK wellhead in Hole 1301A.

14 Figure 5. Images from AT18-07 in Summer 2011 showing manipulation of pressure measurement systems on CORK wellheads. A. Lifting the ODI underwater mateable connector to the data logger mounted on the CORK wellhead in Hole 1301A. B. Cleaning the ODI connector prior to data download at Hole 1362B. C. Downloading data from pressure logger in Hole 1362B. D. Placing data logger on ROV platform on CORK in Hole 1027C. This CORK has a pressure logger oriented horizontally rather than vertically. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 13

Figure 6. Images from AT18-07 in Summer 2011 showing manipulation of OsmoSampling systems on CORK wellheads. A. OsmoSamplers deployed on the wellhead of the CORK in Hole 1026B. B.

15 Figure 6. Images from AT18-07 in Summer 2011 showing manipulation of OsmoSampling systems on CORK wellheads. A. OsmoSamplers deployed on the wellhead of the CORK in Hole 1026B. B. OsmoSamplers prior to recovery, Hole 1301A. C. New OsmoSamplers deployed on CORK in Hole 1301A. D. New style OsmoSamplers deployed in milk crates on CORK in Hole 1362A. Manipulator arm is reaching for handle of umbilical (white plastic). E. Final configuration of OsmoSamplers on CORK in Hole 1362A. F. OsmoSamplers being deployed in milk crate on CORK in Hole 1362B. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 14

Figure 7. Images of selected fluid sampling activities during AT18-07 in Summer 2011. A. Running Large Volume Bag Sampler (LVBS) on elevator adjacent to U1301A.

16 Figure 7. Images of selected fluid sampling activities during AT18-07 in Summer A. Running Large Volume Bag Sampler (LVBS) on elevator adjacent to U1301A. Note gas-tight sampler being deployed to left of LVBS. B. View of CORK and area around Hole U1301A just before release of elevator with LVBS. C. Picking up manifold inlet for LVBS positioned on elevator adjacent to Hole U1362B. D. Placing gas tight sampler inlet in gas trap connected to LVBS. E. Lifting a squeeze sampler to discharing flowmeter chimney on Hole U1362B. F. Final configuration of GeoMICROBE sled on Hole U1362B, with adapter for umbilical connected to lower most fitting. OsmoSampler crate visable to left, is sampling from top of flowmeter chimney. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 15

Figure 8. Images from AT18-07 in Summer 2011 showing manipulation of flowmeter system deployed on CORK in Hole 1362B, and a modified system being prepared for AT25-04. A. Flowmeter component. A. Jason-II basket prior to dive, showing fluid sampling tools (left), OsmoSampler crates (center), and flowmeter (right).

17 Figure 8. Images from AT18-07 in Summer 2011 showing manipulation of flowmeter system deployed on CORK in Hole 1362B, and a modified system being prepared for AT A. Flowmeter component. A. Jason-II basket prior to dive, showing fluid sampling tools (left), OsmoSampler crates (center), and flowmeter (right). B. Lifting flowmeter from basket at U1362B. C. Shimmering water exiting flowmeter at top (inset shows LED during measurement). D. Squeeze sampler deployed at exit to flowmeter chimney at U1362B. Temperature logger mounted near top of chimney is visible below sampler. E. Attaching inlet to OsmoSamplers at top of chimney connected to flowmeter in Hole U1362B. F. New handle assembly attached to main flowmeter sensor system, being prepared for deployment on CORK in Hole 1362A in Summer This handle should improve deployment and recovery operations. AT25-04 Précis, CORK servicing, Summer 2013 Page 16

IODP Expedition 341S: SCIMPI and 858G ReCORK. Week 1 Report (19 27 May 2013) Operations. Victoria Port Call and Transit to Hole 858G

IODP Expedition 341S: SCIMPI and 858G ReCORK Week 1 Report (19 27 May 2013) Operations Victoria Port Call and Transit to Hole 858G IODP SCIMPI and 858G ReCORK Expedition (341S) officially began when the