Image courtesy Lau ISS Scientists. Donna Blackman, current chair of the R2K Steering Committee Scripps Institution of Oceanography
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1 Image courtesy Lau ISS Scientists Donna Blackman, current chair of the R2K Steering Committee Scripps Institution of Oceanography
2 1 meter Endeavour hydrothermal vent chimneys, Juan de Fuca Ridge An integrated, multidisciplinary initiative to study the relationships between planetary renewal and life in the deep ocean. Two complementary approaches on oceanic spreading center processes: Time Critical Studies Integrated Studies Images courtesy DKelly & JDelaney,
3 Interdependent Processes at Oceanic Spreading Centers Mantle convection & plate tectonics (spreading/extension) melt generation, migration, crustal plumbing system petrology of the lithosphere: layered (ophiolite/fast spreading rates) versus mafic intrusions into peridotite (slow SR) faulting and crustal permeability Hydrothermal circulation localized venting & diffuse flow; feedbacks on crust permeability serpentinization of olivine-rich rocks (slow SR) Biological colonization associated with hydrothermal system chemosynthetic microbial and macrofauna communities chemical evolution & feedbacks on distribution of activity Oceanographic influences and exchange vent chemistry, crustal alteration, tidal P effect on stress/flow, controls on biologic dispersal patterns
4 Advantages of Collaborative Research Multi-disciplinary studies required to address the suite of (linked!) processes that occur along temporally and spatially variable spreading systems Co-located observations >>> Long-term and continuous observations (observatory monitoring) Endeavour (Neptune), MoMAR Scales ranging from 100 s km (e.g. deep mantle imaging) to submicrometer (crystal structure, fluid inclusions, microbes) Technological developments required Desire to observe a live eruption and document subsequent evolution Improve communication between scientists of different expertise Cooperative international programs to leverage resources and enhance scientific growth and exchange
5 Time Critical Studies: Rapid Response to axial activity Juan de Fuca East Pacific Rise 9 50 N Ocean bottom seismometers stuck on the seafloor & water column anomaly suggest new lava erupted (April 2006) Dziak et al., Eos 2006 swarm of earthquakes (red dots) was detected. Within 6 days a cruise was in the area to measure volcanic /hydrothermal activity: CTD tows & casts (white) Camera tow (blue) SOSUS hydrophone arrays detect earthquakes in real-time Tolstoy et al., Science Express 2006
6 R/V New Horizon-May 2006 Response Cruise to EPR 9 50 N # earthquakes # s earthquakes OBS data show seismicity rate steadily increasing up to and during the eruption (Tolstoy et al., 2006) Jim Cowen, Chief Scientist 7 CTD casts 7 TowCam lowerings (rock cores, Niskin) 1 Lagrangian float deployed 2 Sediment traps deployed
7 R/V Atlantis Response Cruise June06 (Karen von Damm, Chief Sci). Q vent Images courtesy DFornari
8 1 meter Extent of lava flow TowCam images courtesy DFornari Map compiled bys.a. Soule
9 Integrated Studies: Endeavor Segment R2K Newsletter, July 2005
10 Linked Studies- Endeavour Rock chemistry Crustal porosity/per meability Fluid flow in the crust Fluid chemistry Chimney structure Kelley, Baross & Delaney, Ann. Rev Microbial & macrobial communities
11 R2K work at Endeavor ISS Thermal mapping/flux (Johnson, McDuff, Yoerger) Crustal imaging- discovery of melt lense (LDEO, WHOI, SIO) Black smoker chimney environments (Tivey) Biological incubators (Kelley, Wheat) Much work by NOAA-PMEL & Canadian groups Keck OBS networkdetailed microseismicity maps (Wilcock, Toomey, Hooft)
12 Fast Spreading Ridge ISS: 8-11 N EPR Series of 06/07 cruises Image from R2K Newsletter, Apr 2004
13 ISS: Back Arc Spreading Center Lau Basin Influence of subduction on melting, crustal composition, structure, & hydrothermal system Variable distance between spreading axis and arc volcanism Effects of geographic isolation on biology Modified after Turner & Hawkesworth, 1998
14 in Lau Basin 4 multi-disciplinary cruises: Systematic mapping, discovery of hydrothermal vents, petrologic sampling, submersible dives at vents, oceanographic tracking
15 3-D Visualization of Combined Datasets Jacobs, Harding, Kent, Kilb Character/existence/depth of reflectors correlate with changes in morphology, geochemistry, & possibly hydrothermalism along strike TWTT ( ~2 seconds) TowCam vent field ABE vent field MgO content (low:blue - high: red) Layer 2A melt lens reflector (~2.5 km subseafloor here)
16 HYDROTHERMAL FIELDS Depth: ~ 2620 m Max T: Substrate: 332 o C Basalt ~ 2700 m 330 o C Basalt ~ 2140 m 309 o C Basaltic- Andesite Tivey, Seewald, Wheat, Mottl, Reysenbach, Kim ~ 1870 m 312 o C Andesite ~ 1910 m 363 o C Andesite ~ 1725 m 121 o C Andesite Venting in proximity of major faults No major faults
17 ABE High-temperature (> 300 C) flow from tall chimneys. Intermediate temperature ( C) flow from beehive structures and flanges. High-T vents dominantly tall (3-5m) Fe-Zn sulfide chimneys with calcopyrite and/or wurzite lining conduits. Lower T vents also Fe-Zn sulfide-rich, but lacking calcopyrite lining. Images by Lau ISS scientists during Tivey et al. cruise
18 R2K Steering Committee Recommends (Apr 23-24, 2007) Integrated Studies at MoMAR Site should begin ramping up Status as full R2K ISS depends on positive mid-term program review and panel endorsement of the recommendation Individual collaborations are currently underway and will continue R2K Implementation Plan would consider approaches for ~35 to 37.5 N section of Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Observatory studies Targeted comparisons (e.g. Rainbow, Lucky Strike) Influence of Oceanographer FZ
19 Ridge 2000 Program depends fundamentally on information & data sharing by scientists Community consensus on small number of sites that are studied with R2K support All data acquired by researchers supported by NSF/R2K funds must be submitted to the R2K Data Portal within set timeline Record shows strong community respect for crediting original investigators; no cases of problematic publishing have occurred Communication of initial results to broad audience has been excellent >>> spurred by known data submission deadlines?
20
21 Ridge 2000 Education and Outreach
22 Image courtesy Lau ISS Scientists Additional information at
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