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1 TSUNAMI To Survive from Tsunami

2 ADVANCED SERIES ON OCEAN ENGINEERING Series Editor-in-Chief Philip L- F Liu (Cornell University) Published Vol. 18 Beach Nourishment: Theory and Practice by Robert G. Dean (Univ. of Florida, USA) Vol. 19 Saving America s Beaches: The Causes of and Solutions to Beach Erosion by Scott L. Douglass (Univ. of South Alabama, USA) Vol. 20 The Theory and Practice of Hydrodynamics and Vibration by Subrata K. Chakrabarti (Offshore Structure Analysis, Inc., Illinois, USA) Vol. 21 Waves and Wave Forces on Coastal and Ocean Structures by Robert T. Hudspeth (Oregon State Univ., USA) Vol. 22 The Dynamics of Marine Craft: Maneuvering and Seakeeping by Edward M. Lewandowski (Computer Sciences Corporation, USA) Vol. 23 Theory and Applications of Ocean Surface Waves Part 1: Linear Aspects Part 2: Nonlinear Aspects by Chiang C. Mei (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, USA), Michael Stiassnie (Technion Israel Inst. of Technology, Israel) and Dick K. P. Yue (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, USA) Vol. 24 Introduction to Nearshore Hydrodynamics by Ib A. Svendsen (Univ. of Delaware, USA) Vol. 25 Dynamics of Coastal Systems by Job Dronkers (Rijkswaterstaat, The Netherlands) Vol. 26 Hydrodynamics Around Cylindrical Structures (Revised Edition) by B. Mutlu Sumer and Jørgen Fredsøe (Technical Univ. of Denmark, Denmark) Vol. 27 Nonlinear Waves and Offshore Structures by Cheung Hun Kim (Texas A&M Univ., USA) Vol. 28 Coastal Processes: Concepts in Coastal Engineering and Their Applications to Multifarious Environments by Tomoya Shibayama (Yokohama National Univ., Japan) Vol. 29 Coastal and Estuarine Processes by Peter Nielsen (The Univ. of Queensland, Australia) Vol. 30 Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management (2nd Edition) by J. William Kamphuis (Queen s Univ., Canada) Vol. 31 Japan s Beach Erosion: Reality and Future Measures by Takaaki Uda (Public Works Research Center, Japan) Vol. 32 Tsunami: To Survive from Tsunami by Susumu Murata (Coastal Development Inst. of Technology, Japan), Fumihiko Imamura (Tohoku Univ., Japan), Kazumasa Katoh (Musashi Inst. of Technology, Japan), Yoshiaki Kawata (Kyoto Univ., Japan), Shigeo Takahashi (Port and Airport Research Inst., Japan) and Tomotsuka Takayama (Kyoto Univ., Japan) *For the complete list of titles in this series, please write to the Publisher.

3 Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering Volume 32 TSUNAMI To Survive from Tsunami Susumu Murata Coastal Development Institute of Technology, Japan Fumihiko Imamura Tohoku University, Japan Kazumasa Katoh Musashi Institute of Technology, Japan Yoshiaki Kawata Kyoto University, Japan Shigeo Takahashi Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan Tomotsuka Takayama Kyoto University, Japan World Scientific N E W J E R S E Y L O N D O N S I N G A P O R E B E I J I N G S H A N G H A I H O N G K O N G TA I P E I C H E N N A I

4 Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite , Hackensack, NJ UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering Vol. 32 TSUNAMI: TO SURVIVE FROM TSUNAMI Copyright 2010 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN ISBN Printed in Singapore.

5 Foreword This book introduces an oral tradition passed down about the damages from a tsunami that occurred in Sri Lanka more than 2,000 years ago. In Japan, Lafcadio Hearn, who adopted the Japanese name Yakumo Koizumi, recounted the Ansei Nankai Earthquake Tsunami of 1854 in his work A Living God. His description of the event, translated into Japanese, was included in pre-war elementary school textbooks in Japan and has also been made into a set of illustrated picture cards used for disaster prevention education. However, Koizumi s work is not always a reliable description of the tsunami. The website of the Japan Meteorological Agency, which refers to A Living God, warns that, depending on the mechanism that causes a particular earthquake, a high tsunami wave may rush in without first retreat of sea water. People all over the world saw television or Internet images of the disaster caused by the Great Indian Ocean Tsunami, which occurred in December, This tsunami was generated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, but it also reached countries bordering the Indian Ocean that had felt no earthquake tremors, causing many fatalities. The aims of this book are to inform future generations about the damages that tsunamis caused and to spread accurate and scientific knowledge concerning these natural phenomena, to save as many lives as possible if a tsunami occurs. The book consists of two parts. Part I: How to Survive a Tsunami describes the characteristics of tsunami and gives examples of damages caused by tsunami. Part II: Tsunami Behavior and Forecasting contains scientific descriptions of tsunami, for those who want more detailed knowledge. The prologue section contains various questions about tsunami, which readers are invited to try their hand at answering. Leading researchers in the fields of tsunami and disaster prevention served on the editorial committee and many researchers also contributed v

6 vi Foreword to the articles. I am grateful to all of them for their cooperation in the preparation of this book. Susumu Murata, Committee Chairman TSUNAMI: To Survive from Tsunami Editorial and Publication Committee Coastal Development Institute of Technology October 2008

7 Foreword vii TSUNAMI: To Survive from Tsunami was written in the hope of saving as many lives as possible in the event of a tsunami. The Great Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 2004, which hit Indonesia and many countries around the Indian Ocean, left over 300,000 people dead or missing. Most of the fatalities were tsunami victims. Tsunami attackes after an earthquake, or even when no earthquake has been felt. In this part of the book, the authors aim to give readers a virtual tsunami experience by reporting the findings of numerous on-site surveys just after the disaster and giving detailed descriptions of various mechanisms related to tsunami, and the damage tsunami causes. They also desire to instruct how to prepare for and deal with tsunami. The book composed of two parts was written by leading researchers in the fields of tsunami and disaster prevention. The first part describes the characteristics of tsunami and gives examples of damages caused by tsunami. The second part contains scientific descriptions of tsunami, for those who want more detailed information. TSUNAMI: To Survive from Tsunami was written in the hope that readers will learn what they should do to survive in case of a tsunami.

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9 Editorial Staffs and Authors The editorial and publication committee invited leading researchers in the fields of tsunami and disaster prevention as contributors to the articles. We would like to introduce all contributors to the publication project as follow: Editorial and Publication Committee of TSUNAMI Coastal Development Institute of Technology Committee Chairman Editorial Staff Authors MURATA Susumu IMAMURA Fumihiko KATOH Kazumasa KAWATA Yoshiaki TAKAHASHI Shigeo TAKAYAMA Tomotsuka ARIKAWA Taro Senior Researcher, Port and Airport Research Institute (1.2(5)) FUJIMA Kouji Professor, National Defense Academy (4.3(1) (2)) HARADA Kenji Research Associate, Saitama University (3.2) HIRAISHI Tetsuya Managing Executive, Port and Airport Research Institute (1.2(3), 2.4) HUKAZAWA Yoshinobu Counselor for Disaster Prevention, Fire and Disaster Management Agency (3.4) IMAMURA Fumihiko Professor, Tohoku University (1.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.3) KATOH Kazumasa Visiting Professor, Musashi Institute of Technology (Prologue, Epilogue) KAWATA Yoshiaki Professor, Kyoto University (3.1) ix

10 x Editorial Staffs and Authors KIMURA Katsutoshi Professor, Muroran Institute of Technology (3.1) KOSHIMURA Shun-ichi Associate Professor, Tohoku University (3.4) KUMAGAI Kentaro Senior Researcher, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (1.2(4)) MAKI Norio Associate Professor, Kyoto University (3.3) MATSUTOMI Hideo Professor, Akita University (1.5, 2.3) SHIMOSAKO Kenichiro General Manager, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (4.3(3)) TAKADA Masayuki Director for Engineering Planning, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (3.5) TAKAHASHI Shigeo General Manager, Port and Airport Research Institute (1.1, 1.2(1), 2.2) TAKAHASHI Tomoyuki Associate Professor, Akita University (3.3) TAKAYAMA Tomotsuka Managing Director, Coastal Development Institute of Technology (2.1, 4.2) TOMITA Takashi Senior Researcher, Port and Airport Research Institute (1.2(2), 2.5) YOMEYAMA Haruo Senior Researcher, Port and Airport Research Institute (1.6) (Authors are listed in alphabetical order and the numbers in parentheses show the sections in charge.)

11 Contents Foreword... Editorial Staffs and Authors... v ix Prologue... 1 Part I How to Survive a Tsunami Examples of Tsunamis and Tsunami Disasters Case Studies of Actual Tsunami Disasters Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster Hokkaido Nansei-oki Earthquake Tsunami Disaster (Japan, 1993) Case Study What Separated Life and Death? Damage to Buildings Damage by Ships and Other Floating Objects Knowledge for Tsunami Survival Tsunamis and the Coast Tsunami Currents and the Danger to Humans How Houses are Washed Away Effect of Natural Objects Effect of Artificial Structures Prevention and Mitigation of Tsunami Disasters Viewpoint of Disaster Prevention (Preparedness) Countermeasures by Hardware Countermeasures by Software Transmission of Experience and Education Regional Efforts to Implement Comprehensive Tsunami Countermeasures 225 xi

12 xii Contents Part II Tsunami Behavior and Forecasting Occurrence and Amplification of Tsunamis Mechanism of Tsunami Occurrence Amplification and Attenuation of Tsunamis at Coast Tsunami Run-up and Wave Force Tsunami Simulations and Forecasting Systems Tsunami Simulations Tsunami Forecasting Systems and Their Evolution Future of Tsunami Forecasting Systems 293 Epilogue Index