INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 1, No 1, 2010

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1 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Artificial Recharge Zone in Sivaganga District, Tamilnadu, India Balachandar.D 1, Alaguraja.P 2, Sundaraj.P 1, Rutharvelmurthy.K 1, Kumaraswamy.k 1 1. Department of Geography Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India 2. Department of Geology Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,Tamil Nadu, India alagugeo@gmail.com ABSTRACT Water has become a scarce resource all over the world. Water resources of Earth can be classified as surface water and ground water in which groundwater is the main source for the domestic purpose and agriculture. The study area Sivaganga district falls in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu, it comprises of major town such as Tirupattur, Karaikudi, Devakottai and having 30 & 34 villages respectively. The study area covers an area of sq.km. It falls in between North Latitudes of and and east Longitudes of and Preparation of digital geological data from Geological survey of India (GSI) for the study area. Aim and objectives of the work is preparation of various thematic data such as Drainage, Drainage density, Lineament, Lineament density, Geomorphology,Land use and Land cover using Landsat data.using Digital Image processing, the supervised, unsupervised Classification, band ratioing, filtering and NDVI Techniques for updating the above all thematic maps. Assigning Weightages to the above thematic maps and its classes. Integration of all above thematic maps based on the Weightages and Identification of selection of suitable site for artificial recharge to the study area. P 143 R 52 Date: , P 143 R 53 Date: , Geological Data Satellite: TM and SRTM, SOFTWARE USED ArcGIS 9.3 version.envi: 4.3 version. The data sources like satellite and topographic data and other secondary data were used for generation of various spatial parameters. The development and assessment of geology, geomorphology, natural resources need précised maps. The specific purposes maps are often referred as thematic maps because they contain information about a single object or theme, to make the thematic data easy to understand. The main task of the current study the primary and secondary data are assembled together in GIS platform. The spatial data are assembled in digital format and properly registered to take the spatial component referenced. The namely sensed data provides more reliable information on the different themes. Hence in the present study various thematic maps were prepared by visual interpretation of satellite imagery, SOI Top sheet. All the thematic maps are prepared 1:250,000, 1:50,000 scale. For the study area, artificial recharge sites had been identified based on the number of parameters loaded such as 4, 3, 2, 1 & 0 parameters. Again, the study area was classified into priority I, II, III suggested for artificial recharge sites based on the number of parameters loaded using GIS integration. These zones are then compared with the Landuse and Landcover map for the further adopting the suitable technique in the particular artificial recharge zones. Key words: Geology Map, Land use and Land cover, parameters loaded using GIS integration 1. Introduction Water has become a scarce resource all over the world. Water resources of Earth can be classified as surface water and ground water. The total volume of ground water is only 0.65 % of the total water availability of the globe. Groundwater is the main source for the domestic purpose 84

and agriculture. Hence, the ground water is the precious resources, in order to ensure a sensible use of groundwater the proper evaluation and management is required.

Further, due to various anthropogenic activities, the surface water resources too substantially stand prone for pollution.

Further, the contamination of the continental aquifers due to Industrial and domestic pollution, Depletion induced quality deterioration, Over pumping triggered salt water intrusion along the coastal

2 and agriculture. Hence, the ground water is the precious resources, in order to ensure a sensible use of groundwater the proper evaluation and management is required. The phenomenal population explosion and the resultant needs could not be satisfied with available surface water resources. Further, due to various anthropogenic activities, the surface water resources too substantially stand prone for pollution. Hence, the man has started mining the groundwater massively, such massive mining of groundwater has lead to the drastic decline of water table the World over. Further, the contamination of the continental aquifers due to Industrial and domestic pollution, Depletion induced quality deterioration, Over pumping triggered salt water intrusion along the coastal aquifers etc., has caused serious in adequacies in groundwater resources too. Hence the Geoscientists, the World over, have started studying the anatomy, morphology, functions, performance etc of the groundwater reservoirs. 1.1 Study Area The study area Sivaganga district falls in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu, it comprises of major town such as Tirupattur, Karaikudi, Devakottai and having 30 & 34 villages respectively.the study area covers an area of sq.km. It falls in between North Latitudes of and and east Longitudes of and and covering the topographic sheet no. 58 J7, J8, J11, J12, J16, O1, K1, K5, K6, K9, K10, K13, K14. Figure 1: Image showing study area location 85

using the Remote Sensing and GIS techniques Preparation of digital geological data from Geological survey of India (GSI) for the study area.

3 FCC IMAGE OF THE STUDY AREA 1.3 Aim and Objectives Figure 2: Image showing study area satellite image The foremost aim and objectives of the current study is to prepare different thematic data for Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu using the Remote Sensing and GIS techniques Preparation of digital geological data from Geological survey of India (GSI) for the study area. Preparation of various thematic data such as Drainage, Drainage density, Lineament, Lineament density, Geomorphology Land use and Land cover using Landsat data 2. Methodology For the study the following primary and secondary data has been collected : Survey of India topographic data from 58 J7, J8, J11, J12, J16, O1, K1, K5, K6, K9, K10, K13, K14 on 1: 50,000 scale.etm (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) data P 143 R 52 Date: , P 143 R 53 Date: , Geological Data Satellite: ETM and SRTM, SOFTWARE USED ArcGIS 9.3 version.. ENVI: 4.3 version. The data sources like satellite and topographic data and other secondary data were used for generation of various spatial parameters. The development and assessment of geology, geomorphology, natural resources need précised maps. The specific purposes maps are often referred as thematic maps because they contain information about a 86

single object or theme, to make the thematic data easy to understand. The main task of the current study the primary and secondary data are assembled together in GIS platform.

4 single object or theme, to make the thematic data easy to understand. The main task of the current study the primary and secondary data are assembled together in GIS platform. The spatial data are assembled in digital format and properly registered to take the spatial component referenced. The namely sensed data provides more reliable information on the different themes. Hence in the present study various thematic maps were prepared by visual interpretation of satellite imagery, SOI Top sheet. All the thematic maps are prepared 1:250,000, 1:50,000 scale. 2.1 Drainage and drainage density map The drainage map was prepared from the satellite images with inputs from the topographical map. A drainage map was digitized on 1:10,000 scales. The drainage Density map was prepared in Arc MAP, which was finally classified into different classes varying from very low to very high density. The zones of high drainage density will have poor groundwater prospects and gradually the zones of lower and lower drainage density zones will have better groundwater prospects. The drainage density map is shown in figure3 below Figure 3: Drainage density map 87

Figure 4: Drainage map 2.2 Lineament and Lineament Density Map Lineaments are the linear, rectilinear, curvilinear features of tectonic origin observed in satellite data.

All these linear features were interpreted from the satellite data and the lineament map prepared for Sivaganga district.

In geological these are usually faults, joints, or boundaries between stratigraphic formations.

$Most of these lineaments were attributed either to faults or to fracture systems that were controlled by joints (fractures without relative offsets).$ $fractions of a meter to a few meters apart. These lineaments tend to disappear locally as individual structures, but fracture trends persist.$

5 Figure 4: Drainage map 2.2 Lineament and Lineament Density Map Lineaments are the linear, rectilinear, curvilinear features of tectonic origin observed in satellite data. These lineaments normally show tonal, textural, soil tonal, relief, drainage and vegetation linearity and curvilinerities in satellite data. All these linear features were interpreted from the satellite data and the lineament map prepared for Sivaganga district. Lineaments are any linear features that can be picked out as lines (appearing as such or evident because of contrasts in terrain or ground cover on either side) in aerial or space imagery. In geological these are usually faults, joints, or boundaries between stratigraphic formations. Lineaments anything that showed as a roughly straight lie in an image was suspected to be geological structure. Most of these lineaments were attributed either to faults or to fracture systems that were controlled by joints (fractures without relative offsets). Lineaments are well known phenomena in the Earth s crust Rocks exposed as surfaces or in road cuts or stream outcrops typically show innumerable fractures in different orientations, commonly spaced fractions of a meter to a few meters apart. These lineaments tend to disappear locally as individual structures, but fracture trends persist. The orientations are often systematic meaning, that in a region, joint planes may lie in spatial positions having several limited directions relative to north and to horizontal. According to Ramsamy et.al (1986) lineament is defined as long linear or curvilinear features which are structurally tectonically controlled and can be seen only through aerial photographs or satellite imageries. The lineaments are detected on images by taking into consideration by various terrain characteristics like drainage association straight these in stream, valleys, vegetation, tone differences are typical geomorphic expressions of lineaments. In the study area most of the 88

lineaments are showing NNW SSE, direction. From the lineament data the density was drawn and the lineament density map was prepared and categorized into high, low and medium. 2.

6 lineaments are showing NNW SSE, direction. From the lineament data the density was drawn and the lineament density map was prepared and categorized into high, low and medium. 2.3 Geology Map Figure 5: Lineament density map The geology map was prepared by using already existing geological data collected from the geological survey of India map (the resource map of Tamil Nadu) with the scale of 1: The most of the area is occupied by sandstone, clay, and fluvial sediments. Period Age Litho group Lithology Quaternary Holocene to Alluvium,Colluvi Fluvial and Fluvial marine Recent um sediments Tertiary Miopliocene Sand stone Calcareous sandstone, Clay, Boulder bed Laterite Archean Precambrian Crystalline complex Charnockite, Garnet Silliminate Graphite Gneiss, Garnetiferrous Feldspathic Gneiss, Hornblende Biotite Gneiss, Calc Granulite, Pulankurichchi Granite, Kottampatti Granulite, Quartzite,PurpleConglomerate. 89

$top soil followed by weathered zone, fractured zone and DBR.$ The present study area maximum top soil thickness is 7 meter (source Groundwater P.W.

7 2.3.1 Subsurface Geology In general subsurface of hard rock terrain is composed of top soil followed by weathered zone, fractured zone and DBR. The present study area maximum top soil thickness is 7 meter (source Groundwater P.W.D). The thickness weathered zone ranging between 0.5 to 55 meters. Figure 6: Lineament map Figure 7: Geology map 90

$Groundwater mainly occurs in the colluvium cover and especially secondary pore spaces created by the jointing, fracturing, fissuring and weakening of rocks.$

8 2.4 Geomorphology Map The major part of the study area composed of crystalline rock. Groundwater mainly occurs in the colluvium cover and especially secondary pore spaces created by the jointing, fracturing, fissuring and weakening of rocks. Groundwater potentiality is very promising in alluvial areas. Geomorphologically the study area has special credential owing to the occurrence of multiple landforms. Based on the photo recognition techniques study area geomorphology map has prepared on 1:50000 scale using Landsat satellite data. The following geomorphic features such as structural hill, erosional plateau, shallow pediment, medium pediment, deep pediment, bazada, delta, upland, flood plain and interlobal Structural Hills Figure 8: Geomorphology map The structural hills controlled with complex folding, faulting, criss crossed by numerous joints / fractures, which facilitate some infiltration and mostly act as run off zones. The northern part of the study area occupied by intricately folded charnokites and gneiss and fringes of the area have developed conspicuous slopes encircling them Valley Fills Normally the valleys found in denudo structural hill provinces will neither be having a preferred shape nor shape less architecture. However the valleys act as active basin or trough to receive the eroded sediments, diving down the slope such as the valley fill having the 91

9 unconsolidated materials, which can store more water and support lot of vegetation. Since this valleys are found all along the foothill they appeared in the satellite imagery as reddish tone due to the presence of vegetation in an irregular pattern. The stream which originates from the hill ranges, on reaching narrow valleys, because of the sudden obstruction caused by the valleys, it dumps the sediments in valleys and thus causes the formation of colluvial fills. When the rivers flow down the foot hills, they bring the slope wash materials and dump them along their courses. Thus the colluvial fills, comprise small pebbles, gravels, rock fragments and sand. Colluvial fills are found all along the hill ranges. These can be identified on satellite imagery by its red tone and texture. The red tone is due to high moisture content and vegetation Pediments Pediments are the rugged surface of the plain which normally support vegetation but the fracture present will support the water deposition. Based on the thickness of the soil, pediments can be classified into three types namely, i) Rocky pediment, ii) Shallow pediment, iii) Moderate iv) PedimentDeep pediment Rocky Pediment Rock Cut materials on the plain surface are called pediment. ROCKY PEDIMENT It is also called Shallow Pediment If soil is developed up to 15 cm we can call shallow pediment. Pediment at shallow depth which show medium grey tone and medium texture in the satellite FCC imagery Moderate Pediment The thickness of top layer (weathered zone) is more than that of shallow pediment. Pediment at medium depth which show greenish red tone and irregular/regular texture in the satellite FCC imagery Deep Pediment Pediments at deep depth show dark red to dark green tone and smooth texture in the satellite FCC imagery. The deep pediments are favorable for vegetation growth. This is mainly formed de to high weathering and highly favorable climatic conditions. The thickness of weathered zone varies from m and favors a good amount of water to circulate within this zone before reaching the deep fracture zone.in the study area, rocky pediments are covering the vast area of the southern part. 2.5 Land Use / Land Cover The land use land cover study area has been attempted in order to identify and map the various types of land use/land cover classes in the area by visual interpretation. The classification 92

10 system was developed by Remote sensing Agency (NRSA 1990), Land use refers to man s activities and various use which are carried on land Land cover refers to Natural vegetation, Water bodies, rock / soil, artificial cover and other resulted due to land transformation. Land use classification of the specified area using remotely sensed data. In the present study land use/land cover map has been prepared on 1:50,000 scales using ETM data. Land use map was prepared from satellite data using the photo recognition elements such as Tone, Texture, Drainage, Structural fabric and Relief found in the image and comparing it with topographic sheet. It was further confirmed by limited field check The following are the different Land use/land cover classes of the study area Built up land (town, village), crop land, dry crop land, fallow land, plantation, dense forest, fair dense forest, forest blank, scrub forest, open forest, tea plantation, land with scrub, land with out scrub, barren rock, sheet rock, mining, reservoir, river, tank. 2.6 Crop Land Crop lands occur on varieties of terrain, often association with terrain pattern such as river plains. The Tonal contrast of crop land varies from bright red to red depends upon the healthy of the crop. In the present study area, crop lands are found in the southern corner of the imagery. It can be either Khraif or Rabi or Khraif+Rabi crops. In the study area some places dry crop lands demarcated based on the tonal variation. The area under agricultural tree crops, planted adopting certain agricultural management techniques. This includes tea, coffee, coconut, eucalyptus, etc., in the study area these plantations are found all over the imagery. It is identifies by dark red tone and its peculiar square pattern. 2.7 Land with Scrub Scrub land occurs mostly on the uplands and also terrain with varying lithology and landforms in association with foot hill or piedmont slope, uplands and plains with gentle to moderate slopes, uplands and plains with cultural lands. In satellite imagery, it appears as light yellow to greenish blue tone. Land with scrubs is sparsely distributed in the northern part of the imagery. It s showing irregular shape and smooth texture in the satellite imagery. 93

2.8 Land without Scrub Figure 9: Land use/ Land cover map They occupy relatively higher ground without scrub. These lands indicate high erosive nature.

11 2.8 Land without Scrub Figure 9: Land use/ Land cover map They occupy relatively higher ground without scrub. These lands indicate high erosive nature. These are eroded lands and exclude hilly and mountainous terrain. It is identified by its peculiar white to light bluish tone, irregular shape, size and scattered nature. 2.9 Reservoir/Tank/Canal These are natural or man made enclosed water body with a regular flow of water. Reservoirs are larger than tanks / lakes are used for generating electricity, irrigation and for flood control. Tanks are smaller in aerial extent with limited use than the former. Canals are inland waterways used for irrigation and sometimes for navigation River / Streams It is naturally formed and regular flow of water in particular direction based on the slope and structures it includes small stream to a big river and its branches, it may be perennial or non perennial. 94

3. Result and Conclusion Figure 10: Identification of Artificial Recharge Zone map The groundwater conditions in hardrock terrain are multivariate due to the heterogeneous nature of the aquifer owing

12 3. Result and Conclusion Figure 10: Identification of Artificial Recharge Zone map The groundwater conditions in hardrock terrain are multivariate due to the heterogeneous nature of the aquifer owing to the varying composition, compaction and density of weathering. The study area comprises the Precambrian sequence of Quartzite, charnockite and various gneisses. These rock types are folded to some extend with their axis disposed in NNE SSW to ENE to WSW direction and the dip of foliation ranges from 50 to 70 into the direction. The trend direction is N S in its course, it is not having any major structural disturbance and because of high dip amount of water flows very steeply. So the water level fluctuation varies from 80 to 120m.Groundwater management of the area is essentially large volume of data from various sources. The identification of artificial recharge sites are interdependent on various parameters like geomorphology, lithology, lineament density, slope, soil, etc. By using Remote sensing technology, thematic data has been integrated for evaluation of groundwater potential zones for the study area. For the study area, artificial recharge sites had been identified based on the number of parameters loaded such as 4, 3, 2, 1 & 0 parameters. Again, the study area was classified into priority I, II, III suggested for artificial recharge sites based on the number of parameters loaded using GIS integration. These zones are then compared with the Landuse and Landcover map for the further adopting the suitable technique in the particular artificial recharge zones. 95

13 4. References Anbazhagan, S., (2002). Remote sensing and GIS based hydrological studies in Kinzig Basin, Germany, Geomatics 2002, Conference on IT enabled spatial data services, Center for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, T.N., India, pp Arun, K., et. al., (2002). Integrated remote sensing and GIS in groundwater recharge investigation and selection of artificial recharge sites in hard rock terrain. Cohran, R. (1981). Artificial Recharge and Its Potential for Oklahomas Ogallala Aquifer. Oklahoma Water Resources Board, May, Oklahoma. Dvoracek, M. J. (1969). Use of Wells and Pits to Recharge Underground Formations in Semi arid Areas. Int. Conf. on Arid Lands in a Changing World, June 3 13, Univ. of Arizona Tucson, Arizona. Gadkari, A.D. (1978). Artificial Recharge to groundwater in the Drought Prone Area of Maharashtra, Proc. Sym. Study and Management of Water Resources in Arid and Semiarid Regions. Physical Research Laboratory, 5 18 April, Ahmedabad, Today and Tomorrow s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. Pp Jayakumar, R. and Ramasamy, SM. (1996). Groundwater Targeting in Hard rock Terrain Through Geomorphic Mapping: A case study in part of South India. Asian Pacific Remote Sensing and GIS Journal, Vol.8, No.2, Jan.'96. pp Krishnamurthy. J, Manavalan, P. and Saivasan, V. (1992). Application of digital enhancement techniques for groundwater exploration in a hard rock terrain. International Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol.13, No.15. pp Kumanan, C.J., Ramasamy, SM. and Palanivel, K. (2000). A new Genetic GIS Based Groundwater Targetting in Theni, Madurai, Dindigul Districts of Tamil Nadu, India. State Conf. on Groundwater exploration Techniques, 30 31, March, National College, Tiruchirappalli. pp Palanivel, K. (2000). Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Resources Prospecting and Conservation parts of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Ph.D. Thesis, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli. Palanivel, K. and Ramasamy, SM. (2001). Folded Structures and groundwater Flow in Hard rock Aquifer Systems in Parts of Western ghats, Tamil Nadu, India IGC 2002, Feb , International Groundwater Conference on Sustainable Development and Management of Goundwater Resources in Semi Arid Region with special reference to hard rocks, (Ed. M. Thangarajan, S.N.Rai and V.S. Singh): pp

14 Pettijohn, W.A. (1981). Introduction to Artificial Groundwater Recharge. EPA 600/ Oct., Robert S. Kar Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma. Ramasamy, SM., Thillai Govindarajan, S. and Balasubramainan, T. (1989). Remote Sensing based Appropriate Methodology for Groundwater Exploration A Study of Pre Cambrians in South India. Proc. Vol. International Workshop on Appropriate Methodologies for Development and Management of Groundwater, 28 Feb 4 Mar, NGRI, Hyderabad, pp Sathish, A., and Batharinath, M.S., (2000). Remote sensing in integrated resources management a study in Bethamangala watershed, Karnataka, India, ICORG, pp Singh, K.P. and Tewari, B.S. (1978). Hydrogeological Investigation in Mahilpur Block in Punjab with Special Reference to Artificial Recharge. Bulletin of Indian Association, Chandigarh, 11(1). pp Sivanappan, R.K. (1995). Recharging the Groundwater Sources. Proc. Vol. on Int. Conf. on Water Management Organized by Confederation of Indian Industry, Dec.8 9, Chennai, pp Subramanian, P. (1992). Hydrogeology and its Variations in the Granites and Associated Rock Formations in India. Pro. of Workshop on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater in Granitic Terrain. 19th Oct., Bangalore. pp Vasudevan, S. (1995). Comparative evaluation of Thematic, Numerical and GIS modeling: An analysis through hard rock aquifer data of Vellar Basin, central Tamil nadu, India. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Bharathidasan University. Venkatachalam, P., Murthy, C.V.S.S.B.R., Chowdhury, S. and Sharma, L.N. (1991). Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping Using GIS Approach. Asian Pacific Remote Sensing Journal, 4, No.1, pp Warner, J.W. and Moreland, J A. (1972). Artificial Recharge in the Waterman Canyon East Twin Creek Area, San Bernardino County, California Open File Report, Nov. U.S. Geol. Surv. Menlo Park, California. 97

Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Madurai District, Tamilnadu, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Madurai District, Tamilnadu, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques Alaguraja.P 1, Durairaju.S. 2 Yuvaraj.D 1, Sekar.M 1 Muthuveerran.P 1 Manivel.M 1, Thirunavukkarasu.A