Towards prediction of fines captures
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1 Towards prediction of fines captures over the wide range of depositional environments occurring simultaneously in a typical facility Luca Sittoni, Jill Hanssen, Hugo van Es, Jan van Kester, Rob Uittenbogaard, Cees van Rhee, Han Winterwerp, Arno Talmon
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4 Beaches and deltas scales and types Kachemak Bay in Alaska. Source Flickr - NOAA
5 Beaches and deltas scales and types Kachemak Bay in Alaska. Source Flickr - NOAA Mangoky River, Malagasy Republic. Source: internet
6 Beaches and deltas scales and types Kachemak Bay in Alaska. Source Flickr - NOAA Mangoky River, Malagasy Republic. Source: Internet Shell Beach. Source: Google Maps
7 Beaches and deltas scales and types Alaska, Source Flickr - NOAA Mangoky River, Malagasy Republic. Source: Internet Shell Beach, Source: Google Maps Runoff from cultivated field near Pigeon Point, CA. Source: Gary Parker e-book morphodynamic.
8 Beaches and deltas scales and types Sand dominated beaches Shell Beach. Source: Google Maps
9 Beaches and deltas scales and types Fines dominated beaches From B. Pirouz, ACT Williams, Australia
10 Beaches and deltas scales and types Fines dominated beaches Discharge Point 1200 m Self-formed Channel (Steady State, Total Transport) From B. Pirouz, ACT Williams, Australia
11 Beaches and deltas scales and types Fines dominated beaches Discharge Point 1200 m Self-formed Channel (Steady State, Total Transport) After the Channel formed its final shape, dimensions and slope, no further deposition occurs in the channel! From B. Pirouz, ACT Williams, Australia
12 Existing model Wax Lake Delta
13 Existing model Wax Lake Delta Start movie
14 Existing model Western Scheldt example Evaluate capability of model to create morphology from flat-bed Given tide and landboundaries Example: Western Scheldt
15 Existing model Western Scheldt example Initial flat bathymetry Modelled, 15 yrs Modelled, 30 yrs Modelled, 200 yrs
16 Existing model Western Scheldt example Initial flat bathymetry Modelled, 15 yrs Modelled, 30 yrs Modelled, 200 yrs
17 Simulated stratigraphy alluvial beaches / deltas Geleynse et al., 2011
18 initial Basecase Low River Discharge High River Discharge -0.10Ini_VolFrac_1 (From property) BC _VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ql_VolFrac_1 (From property) Qh_VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ini_VolFrac_1 (From property) BC _VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ql_VolFrac_1 (From property) Qh_VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ini_VolFrac_1 (From property) BC _VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ql_VolFrac_1 (From property) Qh_VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ini_VolFrac_1 (From property) BC _VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ql_VolFrac_1 (From property) Qh_VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ini_VolFrac_1 (From property) BC _VolFrac _1 (From property ) Ql_VolFrac_1 (From property) Qh_VolFrac _1 (From property ) 1.10 Coupling to Sub-surface models (Petrel) SSTVD Core 1 Core 3 Core 5 D3D01 [SSTVD] SSTVD Core 2 D3D02 [SSTVD] SSTVD Core 4 D3D04 [SSTVD] SSTVD D3D03 [SSTVD] SSTVD D3D05 [SSTVD] Net/Gross 1 Sand 0 Silt Courtesy of J.E.A. Storms
19 Different environments / tailings characteristics Whole Tails t ~ 0 t ~ 30 m t ~ 4 h (Weak) NST
20 Tailings vs processes FFT ADW TT WT CT NST Thin Tailings Paste Solids content, Viscosity, SFR
21 Tailings vs processes Newtonian Non-Newtonian (Thixotropy) (Consolidation) Turbulent Laminar FFT ADW WT CT TT NST Sand Settling Thin Tailings Paste Solids content, Viscosity, SFR
22 Tailings vs processes Newtonian Non-Newtonian (Thixotropy) (Consolidation) Turbulent Laminar FFT ADW WT CT TT NST Sand Settling Thin Tailings Paste Solids content, Viscosity, SFR Delft3D Open Source Delft3D - Slurry
23 Delft3D Open Source Delft3D - Slurry Main processes in Delft3D Relevant to tailings beaches Shallow water, quasi 3D Coupled hydrodynamic, sediment transport and morphology Track bed changes and composition Multiple grain size (up to 99?), different equations for fines (cohesive) and sand (non-cohesive) Variable input in time series, liquid and solids discharge, sediment composition, number of discharges Density driven flow, i.e. turbidity currents Non-Newtonian Open source Upgrade to Delft3D-slurry Specific tailings / slurry rheology Sheared-induces sand settling Laminar turbulent transition Consolidation Thixotropy
24 Tailings rheology, function of sand & clay Clay: built from aggregates o Water content to fines o Self-similar (fractal dimension) o Depending on type of clays Granular material o Sand and/or silt o Enhances friction in fluid viscous o linear concentration concept (Bagnold)
25 Shear Stress Tailings rheology, function of sand & clay Models developed in different fields (natural muds, mining) Rheological Model Discipline Authors Fluid type Solids effect 1 Nature: mud flats / siltations C. Kranenburg J.C. Winterwerp Hershel-Bulkley exponential with Bagnold type linear concentration 2 Oil sands tailings W. Jacobs W.G.M. van Kesteren Bingham exponential with Bagnold type linear concentration 3 Thick slurries A.D. Thomas Bingham Krieger-Dougerty type Bingham Hershel-Bulkley Shear Rate
26 Tailings rheology, function of sand & clay Rheological Model Shear Stress and viscosity 1 Fractal dimension theory 2 water content to the fines (W/PI) 3 Viscosity enhancement and empirical fit 2 (3 ) n f clay y Ay exp water clay 2 a 1 a 1 3 nf clay w A exp water clay B y W y = Ky exp PI B W W Wclay w K exp PI PI A C y p 1 fines sa y water fines k yield sa max fines sa exp D 1 k water visc sa max clay activity
27 Tailings rheology, function of sand & clay Suitability of the 3 models tested with AD Thomas 1999 data STS= Sand to Total Solids
28 Sheared-induced sand settling ( ) gd w w (1 k ) (1 k ) 2 n s cf s, eff s,0 sol sol 18 apparent cf n
29 Model testing in 1DV-mode Constant slurry discharge down a 1% beach Uniform fines and sand composition at discharge Fines are not allowed to settle (carrier fluid remains constant) Sand settles depending on shear rate Current testing in laminar regime Feedback loop: Slurry (sand + fines) rheology influence flow regime and shear rate Shear rate influence sand settling Sand settling influence slurry rheology Interested in flow field and sand concentration (or SFR) distribution
30 1DV model verification Cs_w = 40 %; SFR = 0.25; Ty = 40 Pa; rho = 1330 kg/m 3 TT? Ca 1,000 m down the slope
31 1DV model verification Cs_w = 40 %; SFR = 0.25; Ty = 40 Pa; rho = 1330 kg/m 3 TT? Ca 1,000 m down the slope Gelled bed layer
32 1DV model verification Phemenological similar to Sanders and Spelay open channel tests Gelled bed layer
33 1DV model verification Comparison with field flume Pirouz et al Model 1
34 Implementation of 1DV model to different tailings types 1. Cs_w = 40 %; SFR = 0.25; Ty = 40 Pa; rho = 1330 kg/m 3 TT 2. Cs_w = 67.5 %; SFR = 5, Ty = 30 Pa; rho = 1725 kg/m 3 NST
35 Testing TT strong rheology, low sand 100 m
36 Testing TT 200 m
37 Testing TT 300 m
38 Testing TT 400 m
39 Testing TT 500 m
40 Testing TT 600 m
41 Testing TT 700 m
42 Testing TT 800 m
43 Testing TT 900 m
44 Testing TT 1000 m
45 Testing NST weaker rheology, high sand 100 m
46 Testing NST 200 m
47 Testing NST 300 m
48 Testing NST 400 m
49 Testing NST 500 m
50 Testing NST 600 m
51 Testing NST 700 m
52 Testing NST 800 m
53 Testing NST 900 m
54 Testing NST 1000 m
55 Test in 2DV (older version of Delft3D slurry) 2DV simulations on beach slope (a long flume test!), constant 1m 3 /s/m slurry flow rate. 40 mins of beach deposition. 1m 3 /s/m 400m, 0.7% (Strong) NST (Weak) NST Whole Tails
56 elevation (m) SFR SFR Test in 2DV (older version of Delft3D slurry) Whole Tails-like: SFR 1.1; Density = 1,251 kg/m 3 ; 32 % Cw NST-like: SFR 5; Density = 1,725 kg/m 3 ; 67.5% Cw Whole Tails Weak rheology NST Different scale distance (m) distance (m)
![base of weaker NST flows not sufficient for bed formation -1.0-1.05-1.1 velocity [m/s] Whole Tails (Strong) NST (Weak) NST -1.0-1.05-1.1 sand concentration [kg/m3] Whole Tails (Strong) NST (Weak) NST -1.](/docs-images/76/73158140/images/57-5.jpg "15-1.15-1.2-1.2-1.25-1.25-1.3-1.3-1.35 0 59 0.5 1-1.35 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400")
57 Test in 2DV (older version of Delft3D slurry) Sand Concentration and Velocity Profiles: note plug velocity structure in NST slurries (contrast with Whole Tails) nearly all sand in Whole Tails settles out and forms immobile bed layer modest increase in sand content near base of weaker NST flows not sufficient for bed formation velocity [m/s] Whole Tails (Strong) NST (Weak) NST sand concentration [kg/m3] Whole Tails (Strong) NST (Weak) NST
58 Today Next Steps
59 New model in 2DV and calcs of Fine Captures 2016 Whole Tails Compute fines capture NST
60 Comparison with COSIA 2014
61 Comparison with COSIA 2014
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63 sand frac. 3D Newtonian Tailings Delta General trends: sandier discharge sandier deposit finer grained deposits away from channels
64 But are all the process in there?
65 Delft3D may be able to
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