Science of Natural Disasters: Earthquakes! 6 April Rebecca Clotts Department of Geology, University of St Thomas
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1 Science of Natural Disasters: Earthquakes! 6 April 2016 Rebecca Clotts Department of Geology, University of St Thomas 1
2 What is an earthquake? An episode of ground shaking Any earthquakes today? 2
3 Causes of Earthquakes 1 Slip on a FAULT (fracture on which sliding occurs) Formation of a new fault 3
4 Causes of Earthquakes 2 Movement of magma in a volcano Explosion of a volcano 4
5 Causes of Earthquakes 3 Giant Landslide 5
6 Causes of Earthquakes 4 Extraterrestrial Impact Events 6
7 Causes of Earthquakes 5 Humans 7
8 Causes of Earthquakes 5A Humans: Dams Photo from U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 8
9 Causes of Earthquakes 5A Humans: Dams 9 Photo from Prospect Magazine
10 Causes of Earthquakes 5B Humans: Liquid Waste Injection 10
11 Causes of Earthquakes Image from USGS 11 5B) Humans: Liquid Waste Injection
12 Causes of Earthquakes 12 5B Humans: Liquid Waste Injection
13 Causes of Earthquakes 13 5B Humans: Liquid Waste Injection
14 Causes of Earthquakes 5C Humans: Coal Mining Photo from Earth Magazine Maps from Wikipedia 14
15 Causes of Earthquakes 5D Humans: Liquid Extraction 15
16 Causes of Earthquakes 5E Humans: Nuclear testing Figure from BBC News 16
17 Causes of Earthquakes 5E Humans: Nuclear testing 17
18 What causes faults? 18
19 Earth s Interior 19
20 The CRUST 20
21 The MANTLE 21
22 OUTER CORE Made of IRON and NICKLE Very dense (~11 g/cm 3 ) Liquid because of high temperature (4,700 C or >7,000 F) 22
23 INNER CORE Same composition as outer core, more dense (~13 g/cm3) Hotter temperatures SOLID due to intense pressure 23
24 Making Plate Tectonics Happen 24
25 What causes plates to move? Energy Source? Mantle Convection: Primordial heat & radioactive decay 25
26 Sea Floor Spreading 26
27 Lithospheric Plates 27
28 How do geologist identify lithospheric plates?
29 Where are the Earthquakes? 29
30 Rocks Break Rock Deformation! Earth s internal heat - Tectonics forces squeeze, stretch, bend, and break rock in the lithosphere
31 What happens?
32 What happens? The Elastic Rebound Theory Stresses build, rock next to fault bends, until it suddenly breaks 32 s/animation.php?fla
33 Features of Earthquakes Epicenter Focus 33
34 Features of Faults Fault Scarp displacement of the ground surface 34
35 Features of Faults 35
36 Features of Faults Displacement the amount of slip on a fault Vertical OR horizontal 36 photograph by G. K. Gilbert
37 Where do earthquakes occur? 37
38 When an earthquake occurs Epicenter Movement on a fault releases energy that travels outward as waves Focus 38
39 When an earthquake occurs SEISMIC WAVES are produced 39
40 Seismic Waves: Body Waves 40
41 Seismic Waves: Surface Waves 41
42 Seismic Waves & Earth s Interior P waves S waves 42
43 43
44 Seismic Waves - Ground Shaking 44
45 Seismic Waves Determine Magnitude Amount of energy released 45
46 Seismic Waves - Magnitude 46
47 How large was the largest earthquake ever recorded? You are here 47
48 Earthquake Hazards 1) Ground behaviors 2) Secondary hazards Ground Shaking Ground Rupture Liquefaction Tsunami 48
49 Seismic Waves Locate Epicenter 49
50 Seismic Waves Locate Epicenter B A C 50
51 Earthquake Predictions Short Term 51
52 Earthquake Predictions Long Term 52
53 Earthquake Predictions Long Term 53
54 Earthquake Risk 54
55 New Madrid Earthquakes 16 Dec 1811 M = Jan 1812 M = Feb 1812 M = 7.5 Image from USGS 55
56 A 19th-century print of New Madrid earthquake chaos. (Granger Collection, NYC) The screams of the affrighted inhabitants running to and fro, not knowing where to go, or what to do the cries of the fowls and beasts of every species the cracking of trees falling...formed a scene truly horrible, wrote one resident; -Smithsonian magazine,
57 CAUSE of the New Madrid Earthquakes 57
58 New Madrid Seismic Zone NOW 58
59 Earthquakes: What s going to happen? Image from USGS 59
60 So then Earthquakes in Minnesota Seismicity Map to 2016, from USGS 60
61 So then Earthquakes in Minnesota Epicenter Mo/day/yr Lat. Long. Felt area (km2) Intensity Mag Nearest Town 1 Long Prairie VI-VII 5 2 New Prague 12/16/ VI St. Vincent 12/28/ II-IV New Ulm 2/5-2/12/ v.local VI ? 5 Red Lake 2/6/ V Staples 9/3/ VI-VII Bowstring 12/23/ IV Detroit Lakes 1/28/ IV Alexandria 2/15/ V Pipestone* 9/28/ Morris* 7/9/ VI Milaca* 3/5/ Evergreen* 4/16/ Rush City* 5/14/ Nisswa* 7/26/ v.local III 1 16 Cottage Grove 4/24/ v.local III-IV Walker 9/27/ v.local II 2 18 Dumont* 6/4/ V-VI Granite Falls* 2/9/ V
62 The Great Lakes Tectonic Zone 62
63 Earthquake Risk 63
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