bkpl!"#$ `l O!" = = = = = ! == !"#$% ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH

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1 = = = = = 7 =!"#$% 5 ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH Vol. 7 No. May!"67-79 () -7-7 bkpl!"#$ `l O!"!==!"#$%&'()*+,-./ =ONMMQQ =! CO δ C!"#$%&'()*+ CO!"#$%&'( δ C!"# CO!"#$%&'()*+,'-./!" CO!"#$% ENSO!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,-.La Nin a CO!"El Nin o!"#$co!"#$%!" ENSO! δ C!"#$%&'(CO!"#$%&'()*+,-./,!"#$%&'(!ENSO!" CO δ C!"!!"X6 ==!"#A = ==== 8!"!"#$%CO!"#$%&'&!()*+",-. 997!"#$ 9!"#$CO!"#$%&'()!"!"#$%&'( CO!"#$!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()CO!"!8 ppm J6 885 ppm!"#6!"#$%&'!"!".76 xz!"#$%&'()!"#$%& '()*+,-./!"!"#$%&'()*+,-# CO!"#$%&'()*+,--(./!"#$%& xz!" L!!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+ CO!"#$Scripps!"#SIO 5!"#$%&'()*+!CO!"7! δ C!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'( ====!"#$% CO!"#$%&'!"#$%&! xjsz!"#!"#!"#$%&'()* CO δ C xjsz x7z!o!"#! --8= -6-!!" #$%&'CCSF7-!"#$%&'()QD6F!"#$%&'()*+,-! 967!!"#$%& czxchen@nuist.edu.cn Adv. Clim. Change Res.,, 7 (): 7J77 7

2 = = = = = 7 =SIO! CO Table Global atmospheric CO observation stations of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) /m /ppm!"# /ppm Alert ALT 88N 6W Point Barrow PTB 79N 566W La Jolla Pier LJO 9N 7W Mauna Loa MLO 9N 555W Cape Kumukahi KUM 9N 59W Christmas Island CHR N 578W Samoa SAM 5S 7W Kermadec Islands KER 9S 779W Baring Head BHE S 75E South Pole SPO 8959S 8W CO!"#$%&'()*+,-./ I=!"#$%&'()*+,/!"#$%&'( CO!"# xi8z CO!"#$%&!"#$%!"#$%&ENSO!"#$PDO x5i9jz!!"#$%&'()*+,#-. xz!"#$%&'()*+,-./#$' xz!sst xz!" xz!" x5z!"# CO!"# CO!"#$%&!"#$%! xi5i8z!"#$%&'()*!"# J!" J!"# CO xz!"#$%& CO δ C!"#$%&' CO!"#$%&'!"#$!"#$%&' CO δ C!"#$%& CO!"#!"#$%&'()!"CO δ C!"#$ CO!"!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,- CO! CDIAC, CPC, N== `l O!"#$%&' ====CO 8!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()CO 8 ppm!"#!!!"#$%&'()*+,-./!!"#$%&'(")*+,"-./ 8!"#$%&.5 Gt C/a!"#!.5 Gt C/a!"#$ CO 6 Gt C!"#$%& 958!"!"#$%CO!"#$%&'(.5 ppm CO!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()!"# J J!" CO!"#$%! CO!"#$%&'()*!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+", x6z!"#" x7j8z!"#$%&co!"!"#$!"#$%&co!"#%!"#$%&'()*+!!"#$%&'()*+,- xz 7 Adv. Clim. Change Res.,, 7 (): 7J77

3 !ENSO!"#$ CO!" 7!" /Gt C CO /ppm CO /(ppm/a) ! CO! δ C! MLO CO MLO δ C!"#$%!"#$% 7 J J5.5 J6. J6.5 J7. J7.5 J8. J8.5 δ C/.6.. J. J. J.6!"# / CO δ C!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%& MLO CO!"#$% Fig. The historical variations of atmospheric CO, δ C, global mean temperature and anthropogenic emissions (The curve in the inset denotes yearly growth rate of atmospheric CO observed at MLO) ====85!"CO δ C!"#!"#$%&δ CSuess δ C85 J6.5!"#$!" J8!"#!" CO!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'!"# CO δ C!"#$!"# ====!"#$ %&'()*!"# CO x9z CO!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()*+ xz!"#$%&'()*+, CO!"#$%&'!"#$%&$'!"# L!"#$% O== `l O!"#$%& ====! CO!"#$%&'()*!"#$%!"#$%!"985 8!" CO!"#$%!"#$%&!" Alert!"#$%!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'()*+,-./ CO!!"#$%& CO!"#$%&#'()*+,-!"!!"#$%&'()*+,-!"CO!"8!"#$%!"#SIO!"#$Zhou x5j6z!"#$%&'()*+, -./ CO!"#$%&'()*+,(!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%& '!"#$%&'(! xiiz SST!"#$%&!"# CO!!"#$%&' xi7z ====!CO δ CJ7J9! CO δ C J8 xjz CO δ C!"#!"#$%&' δ C J5J8!"# CO δ C!!" CO!"#$%&'()*+,!"# CO δ C!"#$%!"#$ δ C!"#$% CO!"# CO!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'!"#$% CO!"#CO /5 xz!"#$%!"#$ CO!"#$%&' ====!"!"#$%&'( )*!"#$%&'()*+",$%- Adv. Clim. Change Res.,, 7 (): 7J77 7

4 = = = = = 7 CO /ppm CO /ppm (a) PTB J7. J7. J7. J8. 5 J8. J8. J J7. (c) SAM J8. J8. δ C/ δ C/ CO /ppm CO /ppm 8 J7. 75 (b) MLO J8. J8. J8. 75 J7. (d) SPO J J8. SIO!"# CO! δ C!!"#$ Fig. The time series of atmospheric CO ( solid line) and δ C (dashed line) at selected SIO stations δ C/ δ C/!"#$%&'()*+ CO!"# x8iz!" CO δ C!"#$!"#$%&'!"#$%&!!"#$ CO!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+,-./( P==! `l O!"#$ ==== CO!"#$%&'(&)*!"#$%&'()*!"#$%& xiiiz!"#$%&'! CO!"#$%&'(!")*+ Keeling xz!"#$%&'()*+!"co δ C!"#$%& 7!"#$!"#$%&58 Gt C CO!"!"#$%& CO!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'( CO δ C!"#$%&!" C A (i, j) = C (ij) J C (ijj); C A (i, j) = C (ij) J C (ijj) () C A C A = C C!" CO δ C!"#$%&'i!j! ==== P!"#$%& CO C A C A!SIO MLO!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'( NOAA CO!!"#$% C A!"C A!! !"#$%& Nino.!"# SSTA! C A SSTA!"#$%& C A El Nin o!"#$ La Nin a!! ENSO!"#$ CO! ENSO!"#$C A!"#$ ENSO C A!"# La Nin a!"# El Nin oenso!"#$%& C A!"#$!"# ENSO!"#!"#$%&SPO!"#$!"#$%&'998999!El Nin o!"#$%&'()*+,!- El Nin o!"# SST!"#$%&'(DIC!"#$!"#$%&'( DIC!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()! CO!!"#$%&'(!" #$% xz!"#$%&'( CO La Nin a!"sst 7 Adv. Clim. Change Res.,, 7 (): 7J77

5 !ENSO!"#$ CO!" 75 DIC!"#$%&'!"#$%&!"#$%&CO xiz!" ENSO!"# $%&'()*+!"#$%&'()*+!"#$!"CO!"!"# C A C A!"#$%&'(ENSO!"!"#$%&'()*+,-./ ENSO!"#$%&'()* CO xz!"#$%&'() CO!"! CO!"#$%&'()*+!", ==== ENSO C A!"#$%&'()!"#!"#!"#$%&'()*+,- C A /ppm C A /ppm 7 6 (a) PTB 5 J J J (b) MLO (c) SAM J J J J J J SSTA/ SSTA/... J. J. J.... J. J. J.... C A / C A / C A /ppm J J SSTA/ J. J. C A / C A /ppm J (d) SPO J Nino. SSTA C A C A C A C A J J J SSTA/ J.... J. J. J. C A /! C A C A Nino. SSTA!"=E!"#$%&'()*+,-./F Fig. The time series of the annual increment of monthly CO and δ C at different latitudes with Nino. SSTA (Two thick shaded bars on the abscissa denote the volcano eruption periods of El Chichon and Pinatubo, respectively) Adv. Clim. Change Res.,, 7 (): 7J77 75

6 = = = = = 76!"#$% 98! El Chichon 99 Pinatubo!!"#$%& C A!"#!"#ENSO!"#$% IPCC!" Pinatubo!"#! CO xz!"#$%co!"#!"!"#$%&' CO CO!CO!" CO!!"#$%&'()*!"CO!"#$%!"#$%&' xz!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%!"#$%&'()*'(+,-./!"#$%&'()*'+,-. x5z!"#$co!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+,-.+/!"#$%& xiz!"#$%!"#! CO!"#$%&' CO!"#$%&'()El Chichon!"# MLO!"# C A!" Pinatubo!"#$%&'$()*+,-!"#$%&'($)!"#$%& C A C A!"#$%&!"#$%&'!"MLOSAM!"#$El Chichon!"#!" PTB SPOC A C A!"#$ Pinatubo!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+,-C A!"!" L!"#$%&!"#$!"#$ δ C!"#$%&! Pinatubo!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&' x5z!"#$%&!"#$%&'(c A!"#$!"#$%& L! SST!"!"#$%&'()*+ CO! x 7J8z!"#$%&'()*!"!"#$%&' ENSO!"#$%!"#$%CO δ C!"#$%!"! 99!"#$%!"#$%.5 Gt C/a x5z!"#$ δ C! Q==!" ==== CO!"#$ ENSO! La Nin a!"#$%&el Nin oco!"# δ C!"# CO!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'() ENSO!"!"#$%&'CO!" x8ii8z!"#$%&'()*+,- x8z!"!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$% x8z ENSO!"!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()*+ x7z ====!"#$%& CO!"! ENSO!"#$%!"#$ CO δ C!"#$%&'!"#$%&'!"#$%&"'!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'(")*+,"-./! [] IPCC. Climate change 7: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 7 [],,,. IPCC!"#$%&'( δ C!"#$%=[J].!"#$%, 8, (6): 69J 75 [] Keeling C D, Bacastow R B, Carter A F, et al. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO transport based on observed wind,, analysis of observational data [M]//Peterson D. Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and western Americas. Geophysical Monograph Ser.55. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 989: 65J6 [] Siegenthaler U. El Nin o and atmospheric CO [J]. Nature, 99, 5: 95J96 [5] Zhou L, Conway T J, White J W C, et al. Long-term record of atmospheric CO and stable isotopic ratios at Waliguan observatory: background features and possible drivers, 99J [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 5, 9, GB [6] Zhou L, White J W C, Conway T J, et al. Long-term record of atmospheric CO and stable isotopic ratios at Waliguan observatory: seasonally averaged 99J source/sink signals, and a comparison of 998J record to the selected sites in the Northern Hemisphere [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 6,, GB 76 Adv. Clim. Change Res.,, 7 (): 7J77

7 !ENSO!"#$ CO!" 77 [7] Keeling R F, Shertz S R. Seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle [J]. Nature, 99, 58: 7J77 [8] Sabine C L, Feely R A, Millero F, et al. Decadal changes in Pacific carbon [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 8,, C7 [9] Rayner P J, Francey R J, Langenfelds R, et al. Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO, delta C- and O-/N- observations [J]. Tellus, 999, 5B: J [] Feely R A, Takahashi T, Wanninkhof R, et al. Decadal variability of the airjsea CO fluxes in the equatorial Pacific ocean [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 6,, C8S9 [] Feely R A, Wanninkhof R, Takahashi T, et al. Influence of El Nin o on the equatorial Pacific contribution of atmospheric CO accumulation [J]. Nature, 999, 98: 597J6 [] Yang X, Wang M X. Monsoon ecosystems control on atmospheric CO interannual variability: inferred from a significant positive correlation between year-to-year changes in land precipitation and atmospheric CO growth rate [J]. Geophysical Research Letters,, 7 (): 67J67 [] Sabine C L, Feely R A. The oceanic sink for carbon dioxide [M]// Reay D, Hewitt N, et al. Greenhouse gas sinks. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing, 7: J9 [] Braswell B H, Schimel D S, Linder E, et al. The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability [J]. Science, 997, 78: 87J87 [5],,,.,! CO!"#$ [J].!"#$%"!&, 5, (): 9JPVV [6] Chen Z, Babiker I S, Chen Z X, et al. Estimation of interannual variation in productivity of global vegetation using NDVI data [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,, 5: 9J59 [7] Le Quere C, Orr J, Monfray P, et al. Interannual variability of the oceanic sink of CO : from 979 through 997 [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle,, (): 7J65 [8] Peylin P, Bousquet P, Le Quere C, et al. Multiple constraints on regional CO flux variations over land and oceans [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 5, 9, GB [9] Novak G. Global warming not caused by CO [R/OL]. 5 [-- 5]. [] Woodwell G M, Wittaker R, Reiners W A, et al. The biota and the world carbon budget [J]. Science, 978, 99: J6 [] Peylin P, Ciais P, Denning A, et al. A -dimensional study of δ 8 O in atmospheric CO : contribution of different land ecosystems [J]. Tellus, 999, 5B: 6J667 [] Dixon R K, Brown S, Houghton R A, et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems [J]. Science, 99, 6: 85J9 [] IPCC. Climate change : the scientific basis. Contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, [] McPhaden M J, Zebiak S E, Glantz M H. ENSO as an integrating concept in earth science [J]. Science, 6, : 7J75 [5] Krakauer N Y, Randerson J T. Do volcanic eruptions enhance or diminish net primary production? Evidence from tree rings [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycle,, 7 (): 8 ENSO, Volcanic Activities and Interannual Variations of Atmospheric CO Chen Zhongxiao, Cheng Jun (Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China) Abstract: Based on the observations of atmospheric CO and its δ C, the characters of seasonal and interannual variations of atmospheric CO were analyzed in different regions. The trends of atmospheric δ C were used to distinguish whether the dominative influential factor for the variations of atmospheric CO is from the terrestrial or the ocean. The results show that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO are mainly influenced by ENSOrelated change of terrestrial vegetation primary production, not by oceanic sink. And the intensity of La Nin a has more effect on atmospheric CO than that of El Nin o. The atmospheric CO increase would decrease after volcano events, which even conceal ENSO effects. The synchronized decrease in atmospheric δ C increase after volcano eruptions indicates that it is likely due to the increase of oceanic uptake or the weakening of terrestrial respiration resulted from persistent decrease of surface temperature. Key words: ENSO; volcanic activity; atmospheric CO ; δ C; seasonal variation; interannual variation Adv. Clim. Change Res.,, 7 (): 7J77 77