INTERACTIVE SCIENCE NOTEBOOK

Transcription

1 INTERACTIVE SCIENCE NOTEBOOK The Set-Up Notebook Requirements: At least 70 pages. College Rule Single Subject If you do NOT have a notebook, take notes on what needs to be put on each page, and do the Set-up for Homework.

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3 NUMBER EACH PAGE The inside cover is (0)-zero Then (1) right Flip Then (2) left and (3) right Flip Then (4) left and (5) right And so on until the end! The EVEN is always on the LEFT And the ODD is always on the RIGHT when you FLIP!

4 NB Page 1 Student Name: Class: (Biology- CP or H) Period: Semester: 2 nd Inside Cover Notebook Rules: Quick Write:

5 NB Page 2 NB Page 3 Notebook pages are always EVEN on the LEFT Notebook pages are always ODD on the RIGHT

6 PAGE 1 (TOP HALF ONLY): NOTEBOOK RULES Student Name: Class: (Biology- CP or H) Period: Semester: 2 nd Notebook Rules: 1. Bring the Notebook EVERYDAY to class 2. No RIPPING pages, but it s okay to add EXTENSIONS 3. Follow the page format and stay on assigned page. 4. Clean, Clear, & Colorful 5. When in doubt, Ask the teacher.

7 CLASS EXPECTATIONS Quick Write Bottom Half What do you want this semester to look like? What role are you going to play in maintaining a respectful classroom?

8 NBpg 2 Page Unit 5 Evolution Table of Contents Score 1 Notebook Information /10 2 Table of Contents /10 3 DSJ /10 4 Uniformitarianism Vs Catastrophic Activity /10 5 Changes to our Earth Notes /

9 NB Page 4 Uniformitarianism Vs Catastrophism Video 1: Video 2: Earth s Story: Catastrophism: Evidence: Examples: Uniformitarianism Evidence: Examples: Real Life: NB Page 5

10 Video 1

11 NB Page 4 Questions 1 & 2 What are three things you saw in video 1? What do all of the clips in video 1 have in common?

12 Video 2

13 NB Page 4 Questions 3 & 4 What are three things you saw in video 2? What do both videos have in common?

14 Changes to our Earth

15 NB Page 5 Earth s Story For 1000s of years humans have wondered about Earth s history. Two main view points: 1. The Earth was shaped suddenly 2. The Earth was shaped slowly over billions of years. This argument is known as catastrophism vs uniformitarianism.

16 NB Page 5 Catastrophism Catastrophism- principle that states all geologic change occurs suddenly Evidence: Biblical floods, asteroid strikes and other catastrophes created mountains, canyons, and seas.

17 NB Page 5 Examples of Catastrophism Earthquakes Tsunamis Volcanic Eruptions

18 NB Page 5 Uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism- principle that states the same geologic processes shaping Earth today have been working throughout Earth s history. Evidence: Weathering, erosion and other geologic processes happen slowly. Therefore the Earth must have been shaped slowly.

19 NB Page 5 Examples of Uniformitarianism weathering- the breakdown of rock erosion- the movement of weathered rock deposition- the dropping off of weathered rock **** these all happen in many ways more on this later

20 NB Page 5 Real Life Earth has been shaped by a combination of catastrophism & uniformitarianism. Most geologic change is slow & gradual. But catastrophes have contributed to shaping Earth.

21 NB Page 4 Copy and Complete Catastrophism Uniformitarianism Real life How does the Earth change? How fast do the changes take place? What evidence do we have?

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27 COPY Questions into notebook:

28 FOSSIL RECORD EQ: What can a fossil tell you about life long ago? SKETCH: Story: FOSSIL RECORD Warm-Up: What is evolution? What does it mean to evolve over time? Fossil Record: Summary:

29 NB Pg: 8-9 EQ: What can a fossil tell you about life long ago? Warm Up- What is Evolution? What does it mean to evolve over time? What proof would you need to know this has been happening for all of time?

30 Create and write a story to explain this image. Be prepared to share it out

31 Overview of the Geology 1. Geology is the science of the lithosphere, including the Earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes. 2. Geology provides tools to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks found in a given location. 3. Geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole, and also to demonstrate the age of the Earth. 4. Geology provides the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and the Earth's past climates.

32 FOSSILS AND ANCIENT LIFE Fossils provide information about extinct species species that have died out. Fossils can be large and perfectly preserved as an entire animal. They can also be as small as bacteria, developing embryos, or pollen grains. Many fossils are just fragments of an organism teeth, pieces of a jawbone, or bits of leaf. Sometimes an organism leaves only trace fossils casts of footprints, burrows, tracks, or even droppings. Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rocks, some are preserved in other ways, such as in amber.

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34 What can fossils reveal? 1. What part of the animal has been preserved? 2. What can paleontologists infer from fossils?

35 Relative Dating 1. Which index fossil is found in all three locations? 2. Using the index fossils shown, determine which layers are missing from each location.

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40 Overview of the Fossil Record 1. A rich record of thousands of fossils show clear evolutionary paths. 2. These include fossils of extinct ancestral species transitional fossils showing crucial changes in form, such as water-based animals evolving to live on land; and many forms of human ancestral species. 3. Fossils found in the bottom layers of the Earth's sediment are the oldest.

41 4. Organisms are found in the following order: - modern organisms - mammals - reptiles - amphibians - fishes - invertebrates - Trilobites - simple multicellular organisms - eukaryotes - prokaryotes 5. The Fossil Record can account for many apparent gaps because organisms need to die under the right conditions to be preserved and protected from scavengers that might eat them.

42 Exit ticket: With a different color, write down any additions/changes to your story.

43 Welcome Back! Mon., 1/22/19 Warm-Up What is happening in this image? - Spend 3 minutes discussing this with your table group. - Write your ideas on a whiteboard. - Be prepared to share out your ideas

44 Video: Fossils: Rocking the Earth Title: Life NB pg What are some things that can be fossilized? 2. How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution?

45 Where did life start? Things to think about How do you know? What does all life have in common? Where does everything come from? What are a few examples of the last organisms to evolve? How did you know?

46 What do the birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles all have in common? They all come from This is what we call a Common Ancestor

47 In your own words What is a Common Ancestor? Common Ancestor: an ancestor that two or more descendants have in common

48 What is a common ancestor of Draw one common ancestor and two decendants into your notebook

49 How does this happen?!?

50 Speciation and Common Descent What is happening? Can you think of what would cause this? (more to come on this later) Speciation: Formation of new species Common Descent: All species-living and extinct-are united by descent from ancient common ancestors

51 POGIL: Evidence for Evolution Exit Ticket: up to #5 Finish for homework

52 Welcome Back! Wed., 1/23/19 EQ:What do homologous structures and similarities in development suggest about the process of evolutionary change? 1. Take out notebook 2. Open up to page ADD title: Homologous Body Structures 4. Pick up a whiteboard for you and your partner.

53 No Bones About it! Comparing Bones Activity 1.In your group,you will use the cards in the stack and place them into categories 2.You will decide how to SORT them and use the whiteboard to label your categories. 3. Make sure to pay attention to details. 4. You can use the skeletal system diagrams as a reference.

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55 Homologous Structures (Draw) 1. Homologous structures have similar forms and develop from the same embryonic tissues. TItle: Homologous Structures NBK PG: They provide strong evidence that organisms have descended, with modifications, from common ancestors. Some homologous structures no longer serve important functions in descendants. HW: Read Textbook pgs: AND summarize in 4-6 sentences.

56 Overview of Homologous Structures 4. Homologous structures, such as the fins of whales and the hands of monkeys, demonstrate that while a species may use structures for different purposes, the species shared a common ancestor. 5. The natural world is full of examples of homologous structures, which the theory of natural selection predicts should be the case SAME STRUCTURE, DIFFERENT USES

57 Why do we have a tailbone if we don t have tails? Vestigial Structures: Structures that serve no function but were useful structures in earlier ancestors Examples: Ear muscles Human tailbone Appendix

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59 Vestigial Structures in Other Animals Blind Mole Rats have tiny eyes that are covered by a thin layer of skin, rendering the eyes useless (top) The Emu, Ostrich, Cassowary, and Penguin are all incapable of flight yet they have wings (right) Baleen whales have very small, unformed hind legs that were most likely used to walk on land (bottom)

60 Welcome Back! Friday, 1/25/19 EQ: What does embryology suggest about the process of evolutionary change?

61 The Facts of Embryology: There is usually a difference in form between embryo and adult. Structures that are repeated (e.g., segments, limbs) are similar in the embryo, but specialize and diverge in the adult. Different species in the same class, like mammals, often have very similar embryos, even if the adult forms are very different.

62 Principles of Embryology Adult variations appear at a rather late stage in development In larger, evolving groups, for example, the forelimbs might be legs in an ancestral species, but would be modified as flippers, arms, wings, etc. at a late stage in development; but the pattern in the embryonic stage would remain similar if not unchanged.

63 Comparing embryonic development of different animals helps determine evolutionary relationships in nature Embryonic Evidence of Evolution Closely related species have similar embryological development Structures appear in the embryonic stages that serve no purpose and are not present in the adult

64 Example: Vertebrate Embryos All have gills which eventually become ear canals All have tails/tailbones All pass stages which represent larval fish

65 Review Homologous Structures

66 Analogous Structures Analogous structures are those structures in different species which perform the same function, have similar appearance and structure but are not evolved together; therefore do not share a common ancestor When classification of species began with taxonomy, species were grouped together if they looked similar This led to the wrong classification of species because all similar looking structures are not evolved at the same time Just because species look alike does not mean they are evolutionarily related

67 Examples of Analogous Structures Analogous structures evolve due to convergent evolution when different organisms adapt to the same environment 1. Wings of an insect and wings of a bird 2. Fins of a fish and a penguin 3. Limbs of humans, horses, and dolphins

68 Conclusion It does not depend only on appearance to determine which species are closely related, it takes more than just looks. However, analogous structures act as evidence that the theory of natural selection persist and the adaptations accumulate over time. Summary: Read pg to add all the evidence for evolution in your summary.

69 Foldable: Evidence for Evolution Write our the four types of evidence we went over this week. On the inside, you need to have at least 3 bullet points of information

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85 Video Questions: 1. Consider the term fitness. How does it relate to natural selection? 2. Explain natural selection in bacteria and how it can relate to antibiotic resistance?

86 Welcome Back! Thursday, 2/7/19 NB page: 22 TXTBK pgs EQ: How is evolution defined in genetic terms? Warm Up Question: A bird lives on an island that is covered in cacti. Draw and describe the beak it would have to help it survive in its environment. Justify your answer.

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91 POLYGENIC TRAITS- traits controlled by two or more genes Ex: Human height The symmetrical bell shape of this curve is typical of polygenic traits. A bellshaped curve is also called a normal distribution Summary:

92 How Natural Selection Works NB pg: 23 TXTBK. Pgs EQ: How does natural selection affect polygenic traits?

93 Use the following slides to fill in this table Type Definition Example Directional Selection Stabilizing Selection Disruptive Selection

94 Directional Selection Directional Selection selective pressures favor one phenotype - Most often seen where there are environmental changes. Individuals having this phenotypic trait are more likely to survive and reproduce, so it becomes more frequent in the population. Ex: Giraffe necks. Dark vs. Light colored moths.

95 Stabilizing Selection Stabilizing Selection selective pressures favor the middle of the phenotypic range. Opposite of disruptive selection. Reduces diversity in a species. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA. Ex: Infant birth weight in humans. Infants that are on either end of the spectrum (large and small) have increased mortality. Infants in middle of the range are most likely to survive and pass on their genetic

96 Disruptive Selection Disruptive Selection selective pressures favoring extremes on both ends of the phenotypic range Does not favor mid-range/intermediate phenotypes. Increases diversity in a species. Ex: Darwin s finches Midsized seeds became scarce on the Galapagos Birds were forced to rely on large or small seeds Adapted to have unusually large, or unusually small, beaks

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99 Video Questions: 1. Give an example of the bottleneck affect. 2. Give an example of the founder effect. 3. What type of population is more vulnerable to genetic drift? Why? Summary:

100 Welcome Back! Fri., 2/8/19 NB pg. 23 TXTBK pgs EQ: What types of isolation led to the formation of new species?

101 Speciation Speciation the formation of a new species Members of the same species must be able to mate and produce fertile offspring Mating and, therefore, gene flow, might stop between two parts of population if it splits Once populations can t reproduce, speciation can occur Occurs for several reasons

102 Video Questions: 1. WHat are Pre-zygotic barriers? - Give three examples 2. What are post-zygotic barriers? - Give three examples

103 Behavioral Isolation

104 Behavioral Isolation

105 Geographic Isolation

106 Temporal Isolation

107 Blue-Footed Booby of the Galapagos Island

108 Video: The Origin of Flight