Features of the Frozen Earth... and Mars

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1 Fetures of the Frozen Erth... nd Mrs Levels V-VI Overview: Students review the processes involved in pingo, ice wedge polygon, nd Grdes 9-12 thermokrst formtion, nd then explore those fetures on the Mrtin surfce. (NOTE: Prior to this lesson, you my wish to complete the Level III-IV clssroom lesson Polygons, Pingos, nd Thermokrst! Oh my! which introduces the formtion process of polygons, pingos, nd explins thermokrst.) Objectives: The student will identify the common fctors between Mrs nd Erth tht enble permfrost. BSSD Stndrds Addressed: Science SC 5E.21.b (6E.21.b, 7E.21.b) The student demonstrtes n understnding of geochemicl cycles by pplying knowledge of the cycle to explin chnges in the Erth s surfce. GLEs Addressed: Science [9] SA1.1 The student demonstrtes n understnding of the processes of science by sking questions, predicting, observing, describing, mesuring, clssifying, mking generliztions, inferring, nd communicting. [10] SA1.1 The student demonstrtes n understnding of the processes of science by sking questions, predicting, observing, describing, mesuring, clssifying, mking generliztions, nlyzing dt, developing models, inferring, nd communicting. [9] SD1.2 The student demonstrtes n understnding of geochemicl cycles by pplying knowledge of the cycle to explin chnges in the Erth s surfce. Science Bsics: Fetures seen on the surfce of Mrs might remind permfrost scientist of wht he or she sees while looking t Alsk. Polygonl ptterns nd res where soils hve collpsed re fetures of both Alsk nd Mrs. Photos of Mrs show ter-drop shped islnds centered in smll vlleys, ncient shorelines, chnnels crved by floods, nd other fetures tht look s if existed on the Red Plnet. Though no is visible on Mrs, the Phoenix lnder melted icy soil in one of its lb instruments in Mterils: OVERHEAD: Ice Wedges OVERHEAD: Pingos OVERHEAD: Permfrost Fetures on Erth nd Mrs STUDENT WORKSHEET: Mrtin Permfrost ACMP 2008 UAF Geophysicl Institute C-1 Fetures of the Frozen Erth... nd Mrs

2 Activity Procedure: 1. Distribute STUDENT WORKSHEET: Mrtin Permfrost. Instruct students to red the rticle. As clss, discuss the rticle; sk students the following questions: A. Why do scientists think there is permfrost on Mrs? (The surfce of Mrs is covered with polygonl soil, which is indictive of permfrost.) B. Wht does the presence of permfrost on Mrs indicte bout its climte? (Much of Mrs is below freezing; there is ice in the soil.) C. Wht cn scientists do to verify tht there is indeed permfrost on Mrs? (Visit Mrs nd dig holes; investigte the surfce further to look for more fetures, etc.) 2. Explin thermokrst is the often irregulr topogrphy resulting from the melting of excess ground ice nd subsequent thw settlement. Thermokrst terrin often includes fetures such s depressions in the ground clled ls, lkes, nd mounds. Ice wedge polygons, common feture in permfrost terrin, often leve behind smll mounds when they melt clled thermokrst mounds, common chrcteristic of thermokrst terrin. 3. Remind students tht polygons form when soil contrcts, creting crcks. Show OVERHEAD: Ice Wedges. Ice wedges re formed when works its wy into the crcks during spring melt. As the freezes, it forms thin wedge of ice in the soil. In summer, the smll wedges of ice remin in the permfrost. In the winter, contrction crcks gin form in the soil. This cycle repets. Over time, verticl lyers of ice re formed. 4. In ddition to ice wedge polygons, pingos re common feture of permfrost zones. Pingos re smll hills or mounds consisting of core of ice. They re formed in two wys nd re differentited into two ctegories, closed-system pingos nd open-system pingos. 5. Show OVERHEAD: Pingos. Closed system pingos re formed when lke drins, leving snd tht is sturted. The very wet snd is squeezed under pressure by the surrounding nd ultimtely pushed upwrd, where it freezes, forming pingo. 6. The upwelling of ground contributes to the formtion of n open-system pingo. As pools ner the surfce of the ground, it freezes. The freezing cuses the to expnd, forcing the ground upwrd. Techer s Note: The upwelling of ground occurs through process clled rtesin pressure. Criticl Thinking Question: Informtion Processing Method Show OVERHEAD: Permfrost Fetures on Erth nd Mrs. Divide students into smll groups, nd sk them to list the similrities nd differences in the photogrphs. 7. Instruct students to nswer the three questions on STUDENT WORKSHEET: Mrtin Permfrost. Discuss students nswers to #3 s clss. Extension Ide: Instruct students to write skit or rdio script describing the scenrio of flying over Mrs nd seeing permfrost fetures. Students my introduce fntsy, but the focus should be on pingos nd polygons. Fetures should be ccurtely described nd inferences should be logicl nd explined. ([9-10] W4.2.1) As clss, explore Google Mrs t nd look for thermokrst terrin nd other permfrost fetures. ([9-11] SA1.1) ACMP 2008 UAF Geophysicl Institute C-2 Fetures of the Frozen Erth... nd Mrs

3 Answers: 1. C. Cold Climte 2. Answers will vry but should indicte fetures common to permfrost zones on Erth hve been found on Mrs. 3. Answers will vry. ACMP 2007 UAF Geophysicl Institute C-3 Climte Chnge Stinks!

4 Nme: Mrtin Permfrost Student Worksheet Levels V-VI Directions: Red the excerpt from the Alsk Science Forum below, nd nswer the following three questions. Alsk Science Forum, Februry 22, 1978 Mrtin Permfrost Article #218 by T. Neil Dvis This column is provided s public service by the Geophysicl Institute, University of Alsk Firbnks, in coopertion with the UAF reserch community. T. Neil Dvis is seismologist t the institute. The view from stellite circling some prts of Mrs is much the sme s tht from light ircrft flying over prts of Alsk. Polygonl soil nd the slumping fetures cused by repeted freezing nd thwing of the melting of ground ice re seen mny plces in Alsk. Two U. S. Geologicl Survey scientists, Michel H. Crr nd Gerld G. Schber, suggest tht similr fetures on Mrs indicte the existence of permfrost there, too. On hot Mrtin summer dy, the temperture t low ltitudes does rise bove freezing t middy. However, the verge (men nnul) temperture everywhere on Mrs is well below freezing. At ltitudes higher thn 40 degrees on Mrs (which would be bout the sme ltitude s northern Cliforni), ice in the soil is thought to be ble to exist permnently under present conditions. Photogrphs of ptterned (polygonl shpes) ground on Mrs do look remrkbly like those from Alsk. There is one mjor difference: the Mrtin polygons re up to 20 kilometers cross nd thus re 200 times bigger thn the lrgest Alskn polygons, which rrely exceed 100 meters. These nd other differences mke it impossible to be bsolutely certin tht the ptterned ground nd chotic terrin observed on Mrs ctully is cused by permfrost. Contrction of cooling mterils such s lvs cn produce similr fetures. Nevertheless, conditions on Mrs re so fvorble to the formtion nd retention of permfrost tht it is lmost certin to exist there. 1. Wht feture(s) does Mrs hve tht enbles permfrost? A. Ice B. Wter C. Cold climte 2. Why do scientists believe there is permfrost on Mrs? 3. Do you think behves the sme wy on Erth s on Mrs? Why or why not? ACMP 2008 UAF Geophysicl Institute C-4 Fetures of the Frozen Erth... nd Mrs

5 ACMP UAF Geophysicl Institute Permfrost Fetures of Erth nd Mrs Overhed Fetures of the Frozen Erth... nd Mrs

6 Pingos Overhed Closed-System Pingo Open-System Pingo 1. Lke 1. unfrozen sturted snd ground rises ground level 2. Lke drins under pressure 2. pools forced upwrd pingo ice 3. freezes nd expnds ACMP UAF Geophysicl Institute Fetures of the Frozen Erth... nd Mrs

7 Ice Wedges Overhed Ice wedges cn grow outwrd or upwrd: ground ctive lyer b c b ground ctive lyer c b b ACMP UAF Geophysicl Institute Fetures of the Frozen Erth... nd Mrs

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