Supplement of The influence of upper-plate advance and erosion on overriding plate deformation in orogen syntaxes
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1 Supplement of Solid Earth, 9, , Author(s) 218. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. License. Supplement of The influence of upper-plate advance and erosion on overriding plate deformation in orogen syntaxes Matthias Nettesheim et al. Correspondence to: Todd A. Ehlers The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 4. License.
2 Upper Crust Lower Crust Lithospheric Mantle Wet Granite a Dry Diabase a Olivine aggregates b Density [kg m 3 ] Thermal Diffusivity k/ c [1 6 m 2 s 1 ] Heat Production [µwka 1 m 3 ] Viscosity Prefactor B [Pa s 1/n ] Activation Energy Q [kj mol 1 ] Stress Exponent n [1] Cohesion C [MPa] Friction Angle [ ] 15! 5 15! 5 1 Strain Weakening Interval [1].5!.55.5!.55 - a Carter and Tsenn (1987) b Hirth and Kohlstedt (23); Jadamec and Billen (212) Table S1. Overriding pate material parameters 1
3 (a1) straight-slab models (b1) indenter models (a2) -4-8 (a3) (c2) -8 (c3) (c1) straight-slab models indenter models (d1) Rock Uplift Rate [mm a -1 ] Temperature [ C] Material Uplift and Trajectories Total Velocity [mm a -1 ] at flow lines Model Temperatures Upper Crust Lower Crust (Moho) Subducting Plate straight-slab models indenter models (b2) (b3) (d2) (d3) Full Half No Upper Plate Advance Full Half No Upper Plate Advance Figure S1. Comparison of velocities and temperatures between straight-slab (left column) and intenter-type (right column) flat erosion models (models 1 6). Colored lines denote material layer boundaries. Panels (a1) (b3): Background colors denote vertical velocity component, material flow lines are colored by total velocity. Panels (c1) (d3): Background color show temperatures. Colored lines denote material layer boundaries. Plots show the increased and focused uplift around x =25 km created by the indenter and the corresponding temperature anomalies, which mostly correspond to deformation. 2
4 Standard Convergence (a) (b) (c) Fast Convergence A A B B (d) A A (e) B B i i Rock Uplift Rate [mm a -1 ], panel (a) Strain Rate [1-15 s -1 Upper Crust ], panel (d) Lower Crust (Moho) Subducting Plate S-line Rock Uplift Rate [mm a -1 ], panel (c) Strain Rate [1-15 s -1 ], panel (e) Figure S2. Comparison of standard and twice as fast convergence models (models 5 and 7) after 4 and 2 Myr modeling time, respectively (equal amount of material added to domain). Panels (a) and (c) show rock uplift rates, panels (d) and (e) strain rates at y =4 km and panel (b) shows surface rock uplift rates along y =4 km slice. Please note that all scales for fast convergence model are doubled (gray labels), but relative distribution of rock uplift and strain rates is almost the same. 3
5 (a) (b) (c) Apatite Zircon Zircon 7 FT (U Th)/He FT (d) Maximum Depth (e) Maximum Temperature (f) Maximum Pressure Thermochron Age (all systems) [Ma] Maximum Exhumation Depth [km] unreset Max. Temperature [ C] Max. Pressure [MPa] Figure S3. Thermochronometric cooling ages (Apatite fission track (T c 12 C), Zircon (U Th)/He (T c 18 C), and Zircon fission track (T c 24 C)), as well as physical exhumation parameters (maximum depth, temperature, and pressure) of the half advance indenter model (model 5) after 8 Myr simulation time. All observables clearly follow the pattern set by rock uplift rates of two bands to the front and back, as well as a region of localized uplift above the indenter (see Figs. 4b3 and 5b). Thermochronometric age is increasingly older with a higher closing temperature of the respective system (from left to right). The cooling ages above the indenter are slightly but consistently younger than those related to the pro and retro shear zone at the model front and back (y <2 km and y>6 km, respectively). 4
6 Model Topography Rock Uplift Max. Exhumation Depth (a) (b) (c) No Upper-Plate Advance Full Upper-Plate Advance (h) 8 (d) Elevation [km], panels (a), (h) Rock Uplift Rate [mm a -1 ], panels (b), (i) Rock Uplift Rate [mm a -1 ], panels (d), (f) (f) Max. Exhumation Depth [km], panels (c), (j) Max. Exhumation Depth [km], panels (e), (g) (e) (g) (i) (j) Fluvial Erosion Fluvial Erosion Total Erosion Figure S4. Comparison of rock uplift and exhumation depths with fluvial versus total erosion for no (model 1, upper half) and full (model 12, lower half) upper plate advance. (a) and (h) surface elevations, (b) and (i) rock uplift rates, and (c) and (j) exhumation depth after 6. Myr modeling time. Uplift is focused more toward the center for the no advance and more to the front and back for the full advance fluvial erosion model. (d), (e), (f), and (g) show the respective flat erosion results (models 4 and 6) for rock uplift rates and exhumation depth for comparison. Note the range is increased by factor 2 for those four plots (gray labels). 5
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