Soil Mechanics 2015/2016

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1 Soil Mechanics 2015/2016 EXERCICES CHAPTER The figure represents a 15 m-high retaining wall build to sustain an 8 m-thick sand ( sorra ) layer above a 7 m-think clay ( argila ) layer. The position of the water table and an extensive distributed load at the surface are indicated in the figure. Sketch, showing relevant values, the long-term ground pressure on the retaining wall. 5.2 a) Using the plastic collapse theorems find the upper and lower bounds of the depth H c that a clay material can be excavated with undrained conditions, leaving a vertical cut, with C u being the undrained shear strength and γ the specific weight of the soil. C u γ H b) Repeat question a) when the excavation is flooded with water to level H. c) Repeat question a) for drained conditions using c' (cohesion in terms of the effective stresses) and φ' (friction angle in terms of the effective stresses). Assume that the soil can resist tensile stresses (dry soil). To solve this problem use the following mechanism and stress discontinuity lines: Slip line Stress discontinuity lines

2 5.3 The study of the failure load of shallow foundations can be done by applying the plastic collapse theorems. Consider the Upper Bound Theorem (UBT) and the following failure mechanism proposed by Hill in 1950: HILL (1950) This mechanism is slightly different from the one proposed by Prandtl in 1921 that he solved using the method of characteristics: PRANDTL (1921) Consider the mechanism proposed by Hill and apply the UBT with drained conditions to find an estimate of the failure load, p, as a function of the problem variables.

3 5.4 The objective of this problem is to study the failure behaviour of clay that has cracked due to desiccation. In this case, the cracks appear when the clay between the cracks is still saturated and, therefore, the classical hypotheses of Soil Mechanics for saturated soils can be applied. a) Consider first an uncracked, saturated horizontal clay soil, with undrained shear strength C u, without weight. A distributed band load of intensity f and width B is applied, assuming 2D plain strain conditions. Apply the Lower Bound Theorem (LBT) with undrained conditions and obtain an estimate of the failure load f. It is known that the exact value is f = (2+π)C u. The value obtained using the LBT is larger, smaller or equal than this value? Justify your answer. b) Consider now a cracked clay soil. The cracks do not hold water and have a depth enough to have an impact on failure. Consider the soil without weight and with undrained shear strength C u. As in the previous question, a distributed band load of intensity f and width B is applied, assuming 2D plain strain conditions. Apply the Lower Bound Theorem (LBT) with undrained conditions and obtain an estimate of the failure load f. Knowing that the unconfined compressive strength of the clay is q u, obtain the value of f as a function of q u. Compare this value of f with the one obtained in the previous question. c) Consider now the case of a vertical slope on saturated clay that is cracked in its surface. The cracks have a known depth d. The soils has a specific weight γ and undrained shear strength C u. Apply the Upper Bound with undrained conditions and obtain the maximum height of the slope assuming that the cracks do not hold water. Propose a mechanism that is consistent with the presence of cracks. How does the result change if the cracks are full of free water? Assume that the cracked soil weights approximately the same as the intact soil, for cracks either empty or full of water.

4 5.5 The figure represents a concrete diaphragm wall used to sustain the adjacent ground. The vertical cut H is maintained by embedding the wall a depth αh. A possible failure may be triggered by a uniform horizontal displacement δw of the wall. In this case, the left side of the figure makes an active pressure, and the right side resists with a passive pressure. Assume that there is no friction between the wall and the ground. The basic parameter in the design of this type of cantilever walls is the valued of embedding, once the value of H has been fixed. In this problem an estimate of the embedding will be determined using the Upper Bound Theorem with drained conditions and with the following assumptions: a) Assuming that the slip lines are straight lines with orientations following the Rankine theory for active and passive pressure, obtain the expression that would allow calculating α assuming dry soil. Particularize for c' = 0, φ' = 30 and solve in this case for α. Is this value larger or smaller than the actual failure value? b) Assume now that the water table is at the ground surface., both at left right of the wall. Therefore, there will be a steady flow from A to C, that can be assume downwards vertical between A and B, and upwards vertical between B and C. Assume also that the gradient is constant at all points between A and C, so that the piezometric level at B can be obtained by linear interpolation of the values at A and C. With these flow conditions and using the same failure mechanism, obtain the new expression allowing to calculate the value of α. Apply to the case c' = 0, φ' = 30. Compare with the result obtained in a).

5 5.6 Consider the Plastic Collapse Theorems applied to the stability analysis of shallow tunnels. Part 1: a) Figure 1 shows a proposal for a failure mechanism of the cross-section of a tunnel. For this mechanism, obtain an upper bound of the external load on the surface, q s, that the ground resists in undrained conditions as a function of the dimensions of the problem, C u, and q t (stress applied by the tunnel support to the ground). Particularize for values θ = 45 and θ = 90. Which of these two cases provides a more realistic bound? For this case, sketch the relationship (q s q t )/C u as a function of C/D, assuming weightless soil. Comment on how the angle θ corresponding to the more realistic mechanism could be estimated, in general. b) Propose a different failure mechanism, with undrained conditions, and check its compatibility. c) Propose a failure mechanism with drained conditions for the same geometry, and check its compatibility.

6 Part 2: a) Figure 2 shows the longitudinal geometry of a tunnel, considered 2D (plane strain). To study the front stability of the tunnel, the Lower Bound Theorem with undrained conditions will be used. For that purpose, two stress discontinuity lines are suggested (dash lines). Assume that the tunnel support is very stiff and does not affect the stress distributions. The value of q t represents now the stress acting on the tunnel front. In these conditions, obtain a lower bound of the failure load q s as a function of the problem variables indicated in the figure (q s > q t ). b) Obtain the condition that must be satisfied to avoid failure when the stress applied to the tunnel front is q t = q s + γ(c + D/2) (q t > q s )

7 5.7 Find a lower bound of the failure load t acting on the embankment of the figure, using a stress distribution that includes the two fans of discontinuity lines as shown. The material is clay with properties c' 0, φ' and C u. The self-weight may be taken as zero (γ = 0). It is not necessary to extend the stress distributions to the underlying rock layer. a) By imposing the yield condition between, and, find a relationship between t and q 2, for short- and long-term conditions. b) By imposing the yield condition between, and, find a relationship between t and q 1, for short- and long-term conditions. c) Which are the validity limits of the assumed stress distributions? Under which conditions the assumed stress distributions cause yielding of the whole embankment? 5.8 Use the upper bound theorem to estimate the failure load F in the case shown in the figure, with undrained conditions. Consider two cases: a) without ground-wall friction and b) with ground-wall friction (in this case, assume undrained shear strength in the ground-wall contact of C m = 50 kpa, as indicated in the figure). Justify all steps and all hypotheses you think necessary. q = 10 kpa C u = 100 kpa C m = 50 kpa F 8 m 5.9 Obtain, according to Rankine, the short- and long-term passive lateral pressure acting on the wall.

8 5.10 The figure represents a retaining wall supporting a fill made of two soils with the composition and properties shown in the figure. SKETCH, WITH APPROPRIATE VALUES: a) The long-term active pressure distribution on the wall b) The passive pressure distribution in the case the wall moves against the ground Use the Rankine hypothesis. 1 m 8 m NF Soil 1 Clayey sand c' = 10 kpa ϕ' = 30º γ nat = γ sat = 20 kn/m 3 Soil 2 Loose sand c' = 0 ϕ' = 28º γ sat = 18 kn/m With the purpose of supporting the advance front of tunnels in soft soils the pressurized shield technique can be used. This method introduces a pressure p against the advance facing of the tunnels. In situations of shallow ground cover, C, failure due to excessive pressure of the machine ("blow-up") may happen. In case of undrained failure, sketch three different failure mechanisms (assuming plane strain) to study failure using the upper bound theorem method, showing in each case the displacement vectors. Ground surface C Clay D Tunnel p Shield

9 Soil Mechanics 2015/2016 EXERCICES CHAPTER La figura representa un muro de 15 m de altura que sostiene un relleno de dos capas: una arena permeable de 8 m de potencia, sobre una arcilla. En la figura se indica la posición del nivel freático y la carga extensa en superficie. Dibujar, acotando valores, la ley de empujes a largo plazo. 5.2 a) Usando los teoremas del colapso plástico, hallar los límites superior e inferior de la profundidad H c con que se puede excavar una arcilla en condiciones no drenadas, dejando un corte vertical, siendo C u la resistencia al corte sin drenaje y γ el peso específico del suelo C u γ H b) Repetir el apartado a) en el caso de que la excavación se inunde de agua hasta la altura H. c) Repetir el apartado a) para condiciones drenadas usando c' (cohesión en términos de tensiones efectivas) y φ' (ángulo de fricción en términos de tensiones efectivas). Se supone que el suelo es capaz de resistir tracciones (suelo seco). Emplear para la solución los siguientes mecanismos y líneas de discontinuidad: Línea de deslizamiento Líneas de discontinuidad de tensiones

10 5.3 El estudio de la carga de hundimiento de cimentaciones superficiales puede realizarse mediante la aplicación de los teoremas del colapso plástico. Considere el Teorema de la Cota Superior (TCS) y el mecanismo de rotura siguiente: HILL (1950) Este mecanismo fue propuesto por Hill en 1950 y difiere ligeramente del mecanismo que propuso Prandtl en 1921 y que resolvió por el método de las características: PRANDTL (1921) Se pide: Considere el mecanismo propuesto por Hill y aplique el TCS en condiciones drenadas para hallar una estimación de la carga de rotura, p, en función de las variables del problema

11 5.4 Se desea estudiar el comportamiento frente a rotura de una arcilla agrietada por desecación. En esos casos, las grietas aparecen cuando todavía la arcilla que queda entre las grietas se encuentra prácticamente saturada, por lo que podemos aplicar las hipótesis clásicas de la Mecánica del suelo saturado a este material. a) Considere primero un terreno arcilloso no agrietado, horizontal y saturado, de resistencia no drenada constante y de valor C u, y sin peso. Se aplica una carga repartida de ancho B y valor f, considerando un problema en 2 dimensiones. Aplicando el Teorema de la Cota Inferior (TCI) en condiciones no drenadas obtenga una estimación de la carga de rotura f. Se sabe que el valor exacto es f = (2+π)C u. El valor que obtiene aplicando el TCI es mayor, igual o menor que ese? Razone la respuesta. b) Considere ahora un terreno arcilloso agrietado. Las grietas están sin agua y tienen una profundidad suficiente como para influir en la rotura. Considere el suelo sin peso y con resistencia no drenada C u. Como en el apartado anterior, se aplica una carga repartida de ancho B y valor f, considerando un problema en 2 dimensiones. Aplicando el Teorema de la Cota Inferior en condiciones no drenadas, obtenga una estimación del valor de f que produce rotura. Sabiendo que la resistencia a compresión simple de la arcilla es q u, escriba el valor de f en función de q u. Compare este valor de f con el obtenido en el apartado anterior. c) Considere ahora un talud vertical en una arcilla saturada que está agrietada en la zona superior. Las grietas tienen una profundidad d conocida. El suelo tiene peso (γ) y resistencia no drenada C u. Aplicando el Teorema de la Cota Superior en condiciones no drenadas, obtenga la altura máxima del talud suponiendo que las grietas no tienen agua. Proponga un mecanismo consistente con la presencia de las grietas. Cómo cambia el resultado si se supone que las grietas están llenas de agua libre? Suponga que el suelo agrietado pesa prácticamente lo mismo que el suelo intacto, tanto si las grietas están vacías como si están llenas de agua.

12 5.5 La figura representa una pantalla de hormigón que sirve de estructura de contención de tierras. El desnivel H se mantiene gracias al empotramiento de la pantalla αh. Una posible rotura del conjunto es la ocasionada por un movimiento horizontal uniforme δw de la pantalla. En este caso, la parte de la izquierda en la figura realiza un empuje activo, y la derecha resiste bajo empuje pasivo. Considere que no hay rozamiento entre la pantalla y el terreno. El parámetro básico en el diseño de estas pantallas en voladizo es el valor del empotramiento, fijado el valor de H. En este problema se desea obtener una estimación de dicho empotramiento aplicando el Teorema de la Cota Superior en condiciones drenadas en los siguientes supuestos: c) Suponiendo que las líneas de deslizamiento son rectas cuyas orientaciones coinciden con las obtenidas en la teoría de Rankine para empuje activo y pasivo, obtenga la expresión que permitiría evaluar α suponiendo suelo seco. Particularizar para c' = 0, φ' = 30 y despeje en este caso el valor de α. Este valor, es mayor o menor que el real de rotura? d) Suponga ahora que el Nivel Freático está en la superficie del suelo, tanto a la izquierda como a la derecha de la pantalla. Habrá pues un flujo de agua de A hacia C, que puede considerarse vertical y hacia abajo entre A y B, y vertical hacia arriba entre B y C. Suponga también que el gradiente es constante en todo el recorrido, de manera que la altura piezométrica en B se obtiene por interpolación lineal de los valores en A y en C. En estas condiciones de filtración, y utilizando el mismo mecanismo de colapso, determine la nueva expresión que permite estimar el valor de α. Aplique al caso c' = 0, φ' = 30. Compare con el resultado obtenido en el apartado anterior.

13 5.6 Considere los Teoremas de Colapso Plástico aplicados al análisis de la estabilidad de túneles poco profundos. Parte 1: a) En la figura 1 se propone un mecanismo de colapso para la sección transversal de un túnel. Obtenga para dicho mecanismo una cota superior de la carga exterior que resiste el terreno en superficie, q s, en condiciones no drenadas, en función de las dimensiones del problema, C u, y q t (tensión aplicada por el sostenimiento al terreno). Particularice para los valores de θ = 45 y de θ = 90. Cuál de estos dos casos da una cota más realista? Para ese caso, dibuje la relación (q s q t )/C u en función de C/D, suponiendo el suelo sin peso. Indique cómo podría estimarse el ángulo θ correspondiente al mecanismo más realista, en general. b) Proponga otro mecanismo de colapso diferente, en condiciones no drenadas y compruebe su compatibilidad. c) Proponga un mecanismo de colapso en condiciones drenadas para la misma geometría, y compruebe su compatibilidad.

14 Parte 2: a) En la figura 2 se presenta la geometría longitudinal de un túnel, considerada en dos dimensiones. Para estudiar la estabilidad del frente del túnel, se desea aplicar el teorema de la cota inferior en condiciones no drenadas. Para ello se sugieren dos líneas de discontinuidad de tensiones (líneas a trazos). Se supondrá que el sostenimiento del túnel es suficientemente rígido y no afecta a las distribuciones de tensiones. El valor de q t representa ahora una tensión ejercida sobre el frente del túnel. En estas condiciones, obtenga una cota inferior de la carga q s de rotura en función de las variables del problema indicadas en la figura. (q s > q t ) b) Obtenga la condición que se debe cumplir para que no se produzca rotura si se aplica una tensión en el frente del túnel igual a: q t = q s + γ(c + D/2) (q t > q s )

15 5.7 Se desea encontrar una cota inferior a la carga de rotura t que actúa sobre el terraplén de la figura, utilizando una distribución de tensiones que incluye los dos abanicos de líneas de discontinuidad de tensiones indicados. El material es arcilloso y sus propiedades son c' 0, φ' y C u, pudiéndose despreciar su peso (γ = 0). No es necesario extender las distribuciones de tensiones adoptadas al estrato rocoso. a) Imponiendo la condición de plastificación entre, y, hallar una relación entre t y q 2, a corto y largo plazo b) Imponiendo la condición de plastificación entre, y, hallar una relación entre t y q 1, a corto y largo plazo c) Cuáles son los límites de validez de las distribuciones de tensiones adoptadas? En qué condiciones las distribuciones de tensiones adoptadas causan la plastificación de todo el terraplén? 5.8 Utilitzar el teorema de la cota superior per a estimar la càrrega de trencament F en el cas que mostra la figura, en condicions no drenades. Considerar dos casos: a) sens fricció entre el terreny i el mur; i b) amb fricció entre el terreny i el mur (en aquest cas, suposar una resistència no drenada en el contacte terreny-mur de C m = 50 kpa, tal com s indica a la figura). q = 10 kpa C u = 100 kpa C m = 50 kpa F 8 m Justificar tots el passos i hipòtesis que creguis necessàries. 5.9 Obtenir, segons Rankine, l empenta lateral passiva sobre el mur, a curt i llarg termini.

16 5.10 La figura representa un muro de contención que soporta un relleno constituido por dos suelos con la composición y propiedades indicadas. DIBUJA, ACOTANDO VALORES: a) la distribución de empujes activos sobre el muro a largo plazo b) la distribución de los empujes pasivos en caso de que el muro se desplace hacia el terreno Utiliza las hipótesis de Rankine. 1 m 8 m NF Suelo 1 Arena arcillosa c' = 10 kpa ϕ' = 30º γ nat = γ sat = 20 kn/m 3 Suelo 2 Arena suelta c' = 0 ϕ' = 28º γ sat = 18 kn/m Con la finalidad de sostener el frente de avance de túneles en suelos blandos se puede utilizar la técnica del escudo presurizado. Este sistema introduce una presión p contra la cara de avance. En situaciones con poca cobertura de tierras, C, se puede producir una rotura por empuje excesivo de la máquina ("blow-up"). En el caso de rotura no drenada, dibujar tres mecanismos de rotura diferentes (suponiendo deformación plana) para estudiar la rotura con el método de la cota superior, indicando en cada caso los vectores desplazamiento.. Superficie C Arcilla D Túnel p Escudo

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