The ChArMEx/ADRIMED project. radiative effect and impact on the Mediterranean climate

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1 The ChArMEx/ADRIMED project Aerosol direct/semi-direct radiative effect and impact on the Mediterranean climate LA, LISA, LOA, CNRM, LSCE, LAMP, LATMOS, ENEA, LPC2E, LPCA, ICTP, Leibniz Inst., Univ. Catalunya,, Univ. of Granada, Univ. Istanbul 7th International workshop on sand/duststorms and associated dustfall ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

2 Context (1) A consensus exists among climate simulations the Mediterranean region is identified as one of the most prominent Hot-Spots in future climate change projections - Over land, the warming is within the range of 4 to 5 C in summer. - Over the sea, the warming is within the range of 2 to 3.5 A substantial future drying in all seasons and areas of the Mediterranean region -> favorable conditions to increase aerosol load ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

3 For the time, most of climate simulations have been conducted using GCM not totally able (coarse resolution) to represent this complex region Complex Polluted Aerosol regional structure Context (2) GCM (~200 km) RCM (~25 km) (Courtesy D. Paronis) Aerosol-radiation RegCM March 2008 (Courtesy P. Nabat) Aerosol-radiation High North-South Surface Albedo variability Cooling Heating ADRIMED -> Regional Climate Model (RCM) approach, Increase horizontal resolution ( km) & long-term simulations RCM evaluated and improved using experimental data will be used to evaluate the aerosol direct forcing and climatic effect ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

4 Context (3) All aerosol types (dust, pollution, smoke) are able to significantly change the Med. radiative budget! smoke -> Sea-surface dimming associated with atmospheric Forcing for all aerosol types! pollution Aerosol direct & semi direct effects have to be included in climate simulations Dust - Necessary important step before investigating possible climatic feedbacks of aerosols on the Med. climate - Radiative focring is directly linked to physical-chemical-optical properties, vertical structure and mixing ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

5 ADRIMED will address the following scientific questions : -What is the phys.-chem.-optical properties of the main Mediterranean aerosols (mineral dust, anthropogenic and smoke aerosols)? -> focus on absorbing properties! (1) (2) -What is the mixing of aerosols over the basin and the possible impact on absorbing properties? Direct and semi-direct radiative effects - What is the aerosol direct radiative forcing (at local and regional scales) at the surface, TOA & into the atmosphere (SW & LW)? - What is the associated diabatic heating rate (SW & LW)? climatic impacts - Investigate how the modifications of the radiative budget due to aerosols affect the ocean-atmos. evaporation fluxes, dynamical processes and the Med. hydrological cycle for past, present ( ) and future time ( )? (3) -> interaction with HyMEx ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

6 Secondary sites Super sites : Lampedusa and Cap Corsica AND Secondary sites : Baleares Minorca, Granada, Lecce & Rome ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

7 Surface Observations at Ersa & Lampedusa during Special Obs. Period (SOP1 2013) Aerosol Physical properties : DMA (fine) and OPC (coarse) number size ditribution Aerosol Chemical properties : DKTI, ACSM Aerosol Optical properties : 1λ PAX (total extinction & scattering), MAAP, 3λ nephelometer (scat.), 7λ aethalometer (abs.), PSAP (abs.), AERONET/PHOTON (whole-column 4λ AOD, AODabs., SSA, refractive index) Aerosol mixing : HVTDMA, ATOFMS Radiative fluxes : pyranometer (SW), pyrgeometers (LW) Aerosol vertical profiles : Lidar obs. Ersa Lampedusa (ENEA Group) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38 4/8

8 Aircraft observations during Special Obs. Period (SOP 1) Aircraft observations onboard the ATR-42 & F-20: - Aerosol physical properties - Aerosol chemical composition and mixing - Aerosol optical properties - Upwards and downward SW & LW fluxes - Vertical structure (LNG) - Aerosol load and aerosol-clouds microphysical properties (OSIRIS) ATR-42 and F-20 operations -> ATR-42 : 10 June - 05 July -> F-20 : 17 June - 05 July ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

9 List of ATR-42 instruments Instruments Aerosol Parameters CAPS 1-λ Extinction ( s) CPC Nb. concentration ( s) SMPS Fine nb. size distrib. ( 90 s) FSSP Nb size distrib. OPC Coarse nb. size distrib. ( s) PSAP 3-λ Absorption ( 30 s) SP2 BC concentration (30 s) CCN CCN concentration (1-180 s) Filters Chemical analyses ( 30 min.) Nephelometer 3-λ Scattering ( s.) Aethalometer 7-λ Absorption (1-2 min.) PLASMA 7-λ AOD ( s.) CO, O 3 concentrations T, RH, wind, SW & LW fluxes ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

10 (ATR42 + F20) (ATR 42 + F20) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

11 Overview of ATR-42 flights during ADRIMED F28 F34 F33 F29-30 F31-32 F38-39 F35-36 F42 F41 ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

12 In most of cases : SW & LW radiative fluxes above and below aerosol layers have been estimated : -> useful to constrain 1D and 3D Rad. Transf. models ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

13 Example 1 vertical sounding over Corsica (Flight 19-20th # 33-34) (LaMP group) Extinction up to ~ 150 Mm-1 between Sardaigna and Corsica ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

14 Example 2 Flights over Lampedusa (#35,36,38,41-42) ATR Vertical Profils (Courtesy LISA) V041: Cagliari Lampedusa (Courtesy LISA) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars > Comparisons of ATR & F20 profiles with surface lidar observations -> 1D Optical closure -> 1D radiative transfer modeling for different aerosol layers (SW&LW) See C. Denjean presentation 14/38

15 Aircraft operations have been really successful High number of «moderate» dust events -> AOD between 0.3 to 0.7 (visible) One «moderate» polluted event (4th July) Obs. of sea salt aerosols One intense aged smoke event First conclusions Smoke on andaircraft dust aerosols Operations No «intense» (AOD 1) dust and pollution events No flights near dust sources High number of coupled ATR42 & F20 observations! First PLASMA/ATR obs. -> vertical profiles of AOD (B. Torres presentation) First in-situ CAPS (1-λ ext.) and SP2 (rbc conc.) observations onboard ATR CAPS & nephelometer allows high frequency of aerosol 1-λ absorption and 1-λ SSA obs. 3, 6, 4, 2 vertical ATR profiles over Ersa, Lampedusa, Minorque & Grenade surface-sites ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

16 ADRIMED will address the following scientific questions : -What is the phys.-chem.-optical properties of the main Mediterranean aerosols (mineral dust, anthropogenic and smoke aerosols)? -> focus on absorbing properties! (1) (2) -What is the mixing of aerosols over the basin and the possible impact on absorbing properties? Direct and semi-direct radiative effects - What is the aerosol direct radiative forcing (at local and regional scales) at the surface, TOA & into the atmosphere (SW & LW)? - What is the associated diabatic heating rate (SW & LW)? climatic impacts - Investigate how the modifications of the radiative budget due to aerosols affect the ocean-atmos. evaporation fluxes, dynamical processes and the Med. hydrological cycle for past, present ( ) and future time ( )? (3) -> interaction with HyMEx ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

17 ChArMex/ADRIMED : Regional Climate Models (RCM) Orography GCM (~200 km) RCM (~25 km) RegCM4.3 model (ICTP) RegCM4.3 includes a complete interactive aerosol scheme ( > Dust, OC, BC, SS, SU in external way) (Solmon et al. 2008) no ocean atmos. coupling for the time BUT this is scheduled with ROMS in RegCM5 Sea-Atmos. Med. CNRM RCSM (Meteo-France, S. Somot group) Now : updated 4-D Aerosol Climatology datas for & HIST periods (Nabat et al., AMT, 2013) ALADIN-Climat is a Ocean-Atmos. coupled model (NEMO-MED) Possibility of climate projections using GCM Possibility of Climate projections using GCM (ECHAM, ARPEGE, ) forcing forcing (ARPEGE) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

18 ADRIMED / ChArMEx-WP4 : RCMs simulation design Forced by Reference RegCM ERAIN reanalysis ALADIN dust scheme SOP0 & 1 Comparisons & evaluations with : -> SOP obs. -> meso-scale (MNH, CHIMERE, COSMO-MUSCAT) models Step 1 ERAIN reanalysis RegCM ALADIN Aerosol direct radiative effect and climatic impact for multi-year ( years) RCM simulations Step 2 If we detect a «physical signal» on meteorogical field due to additionnal aerosol forcing Forced by CNRM RCP RegCM ALADIN Future Step 3 Nabat et al., ACPD, 2012b ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

19 Evaluation of RegCM & ALADIN for dust event -> example of ChArMEx SOP0 TRAQA P. Nabat presentation See P. Nabat presentation Some important differences in simulated dust AOD RegCM & ALADIN SSA consistent with AERONET data Too much vertical diffusion in RegCM -> Some test using new PBL schemes are ongoing ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

20 ALADIN-Climat multi-year simulations First ocean-atmosphere «coupled» simulations -> period No interactive aerosols! > New aerosol climatology (Nabat et al., 2013) (P. Nabat PhD HyMEx ChArMEx, MF, LA) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

21 The CNRM Regional System Model (RCSM) Approach : Regional Climate Modeling with ocean-atmosphere coupling PhD P. Nabat (MF-LA, S. Somot group) Average 2003/2009 AOD 2003/2009 Aerosol surface SW direct radiative forcing Realistic AOD climatology (Nabat et al., 2013) used in ALADIN-Climat Important decrease of SW surface radiation over the basin T 2m : F-AER - F-NO T 2m : C-AER - C-NO Evolution of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) : Impact on land surfaces Annual decrease between -0.3 and -0.6 C Precipitation : F-AER - F-NO Precipitation : C-AER - C-NO Aerosols tend to reduce the hydrological cyle : especially in the coupled configuration! (indirect effect is not taken into account) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

22 3-D Modeling ChArMEx/ADRIMED conclusions & perspectives Simulation for SOP1 aerosol events : SOP 1 RCM simulations are starting for evaluating physical-optical properties, vertical structure and SW-LW radiations SOP 1 is a good opportunity to make comparisons between fine (< 10 km) resolution models (MNH, COSMO- MUSCAT, CHIMERE) and RCMs ( 25 km) used in ADRIMED. Modelling collaborations (WRF, RAMS, ) are welcome! «Climate» simulations for multi-year period : RegCM ( ) simulations (not shown) using interactive aerosol scheme -> not totally satisfactory and new simulations are needed before investigating aerosol-climate interactions on long-term simulations First ALADIN-Climate ( ) simulations in coupled mode have highlithed the role of the ocean-atmos. coupling on the aerosol-hydrological cycle! New ALADIN-Climate simulation with interactive dust scheme (tested during SOP 0&1a) are scheduled for «climate» time scale ( years ERA-INT) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

23 Thank you for your attention ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

24 The 27 july 2013 case: a dust transport event over the Mediterranean area CHIMERE development and modelling G.Réa, S.Turquety, R.Briant, S.Mailler and L.Menut (Laboratoire de Méeorologie Dynamique, CNRS, UPMC, ENS, Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France) Regional modelling of anthropogenic, biogenic, dust and fires emissions and transport - Meteorology: WRF v3 over Europe and Africa - Chemistry-transport: CHIMERE Fires emissions - Daily forecast during the summer 2013 for the CHARMEX campaign and IOPs selection - Analysis and scenarios studies on aerosols Burned area deduced from MODIS Rapid- Fire product + High resolution vegetation fires emission model [Turquety et al., 2013, GMDD] AOD MSG/Seviri (ICARE data center) CHIMERE simulation: [right] Vertical cross section of dust concentrations (longitude 3W) [bottom] dust load from surface to 3km AGL (in ug/m2) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38

25 Most of Med. aerosols have been observed Date N Flight fichier SAFIRE Flight Aerosol Type (vis. extinction) 30/05/2013 as ATR_1Hz-test_tmp_ _as txt 06/06/2013 as /06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as D54 pollution (20-40 Mm-1) 16/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Minorque dust & seasalt (20-60 Mm-1) 16/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Grenade dust & seasalt (30-80 Mm-1) 17/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Minorque dust & seasalt-pp mixed? (40-90 Mm-1) 17/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Cagliari seasalt (30 Mm-1) & low dust 19/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Corse dust (30-40 Mm-1) 20/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as D54 dust ( Mm-1) 22/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Lampedusa dust ( Mm-1) 22/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Lamp -> Cagliari dust ( Mm-1) 24/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Pb electrique # 28/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Lampedusa dust & BB ( Mm-1) 28/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Lampedusa -> Cagliari dust ( Mm-1) 30/06/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as calib radiomètre # 02/07/2013 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Lampedusa dust ( Mm-1) 03/07/13 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Lampedusa dust ( Mm-1) 04/07/13 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Cagliaria -> Bastia dust (30-70 Mm-1) 04/07/13 as ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_ _as Bastia/Cap/Gêne/Cagl. pollution (20 Mm-1) ChArMEx General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars /38