Water, that currently bathes Site 593, forms between the two fronts. Map adapted from
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1 Supplementary Figure 1. Location bathymetry map of DSDP Site 593 (this study) in the Tasman Sea. Position of important frontal regions is also shown. Antarctic Intermediate Water, that currently bathes Site 593, forms between the two fronts. Map adapted from Elmore et al. (ref. 1).
2 Supplementary Figure 2. Summary of previously-published Mid Pleistocene nannoplankton records. a, Orbital eccentricity 2, showing prolonged insolation minima at ~0.8 Ma due to minimum tilt. b, assemblage % small placoliths (which includes small Gephyrocapsa, along with other small species) from various sites 3,4,5. c, % of small Gephyrocapsa from Sites 1087 (South Atlantic 6 ), MD (SW Pacific 7 ) and 1209 (North Pacific 8 ). Yellow bar indicates the approximate position of the diachronous global benthic foraminiferal extinction (as in Fig. 1).
3 Supplementary Figure 3. Nannoplankton and extinct benthic foraminiferal assemblages compared at the same sites. a-b, DSDP Site 593 (this study). c, ODP Site 980 (ref. 9). d, ODP Site 980 (this study). Note how dominance of small Gephyrocapsa within nannoplankton is coincident with low abundance of the benthic foraminifera extinction group in both ocean basins in distal locations. Yellow bar indicates the approximate position of the diachronous global benthic foraminiferal extinction.
4 Supplementary Figure 4. Age model for DSDP Site 593. Plots show the correspondence between δ 18 O C. wuellerstorfi from DSDP Site 593 (blue; left axis; this study) with the LR04 10 benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O global stack (black; right axis). Average analytical reproducibility for 18 O of the calcite standard is <0.1. Numbers refer to isotope stages.
5 Supplementary Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope photographs of selected abundant taxa from the elongate uniserial Extinction Group. 1. Chrysalogonium deceptorum (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm); 2-3. Cribroconica stimulea (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 4. Chrysalogonium rudis (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); 5. Chrysalogonium rudis
6 (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); 6. Orthomorphina perversa (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 7. Orthomorphina perversa (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm); 8. Mucronina compressa (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm); 9. Mucronina compressa (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm); 10. Staffia tostata (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); 11. Staffia tostata (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); 12. Siphonodosaria pomuligera (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 13. Siphonodosaria pomuligera (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 14. Strictocostella matanzana (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); Siphonodosaria jacksonensis (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 17. Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm); 18. Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 19. Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm); 22. Stilostomella fistuca (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 23. Stilostomella parexilis (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); Strictocostella scharbergana (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 26. Strictocostella scharbergana (593Z, 3H, 6W, cm); 27. Ellipsoglandulina labiate (593Z, 3H, 4W, cm); 28. Pleurostomella alternans (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm); 29. Pleurostomella alternans (593Z, 3H, 2W, cm). Scale bars in μm.
7 Supplementary Table 1. Age/depth tie points used to construct the age model between 0.4 and 1.1 Ma for DSDP Site 593. These are based on visual comparison to the LR04 benthic foraminiferal 18 O stack 10 unless noted above, see Supplementary Fig. 4. Core Depth (m) Age (Ma) Reference Ref AMS- 14 C (refs. 11,12) Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study This study Potaka Tephra (This study) Base of Jaramillo (ref. 13) This study
8 Supplementary References 1. Elmore. A. C. et al. Antarctic Intermediate Water properties since 400ka recorded in infaunal (Uvigerina peregrina) and epifaunal (Planulina wuellerstorfi) benthic foraminifera. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428, (2015). 2. Laskar, J. et al. A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. 428, (2004). 3. Marino, M., Maiorano, P. & Lirer, F. Changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages during the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution. Mar. Micropaleontol. 69, (2008). 4. Marino, M., Maiorano, P., Lirer, F. & Pelosi, N. Response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to paleoenvironmental changes through the mid-pleistocene revolution at Site 1090 (Southern Ocean). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 280, (2009). 5. Marino, M., Maiorano, P. & Flower, B. P. Calcareous nannofossil changes during the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution: Paleoecologic and paleoceanographic evidence from North Atlantic Site 980/981. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 306, (2011). 6. McClymont, E. L. et al. Alkenone and coccolith records of the mid-pleistocene in the south-east Atlantic: Implications for the U K 37 index and South African climate. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, (2005). 7. Mancin, N., Hayward, B. W., Trattenero, I., Cobianchi, M. & Lupi, C. Can the morphology of deep-sea benthic foraminifera reveal what caused their extinction during the mid-pleistocene Climate Transition? Mar. Micropaleontol. 104, (2013). 8. Lupi, C., Bordiga, M. & Cobianchi, M. Gephyrocapsa occurrence during the Middle Pleistocene transition in the Northern Pacific Ocean (Shatsky Rise). Geobios 45, (2012).
9 9. Hayward, B. W. et al. The last global extinction (Mid-Pleistocene) of deep-sea benthic foraminifera, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Spec. Publ. 408 (2012). 10. Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ 18 O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003 (2005). 11. Nelson, C. S. in Initial Reports DSDP 90 (eds Kennett, J. P. et al.) (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986). 12. Dudley, W. C. & Nelson, C. S. Quaternary surface-water stable isotope signal from calcareous nannofossils at DSDP Site 593, Southern Tasman Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol. 13, (1989). 13. Cooke, P. J., Nelson, C. S. & Crundwell, M. P. Miocene isotope zones, paleotemperatures, and carbon maxima events at intermediate water-depth, Site 593, Southwest Pacific. New Zeal. J. of Geol. Geop. 51, 1 22 (2008).
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