CHAPTER 12 Archaeological Survey at Quinney Farm and Papcke Fields, Walworth County by Jocelyn Boor, Kira Kaufmann, Robert J.

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1 CHAPTER 12 Archaeological Survey at Quinney Farm and Papcke Fields, Walworth County by Jocelyn Boor, Kira Kaufmann, Robert J. Jeske The 2000 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field School conducted an archaeological survey of the Quinney Farm and Papcke Fields located in Walworth County, Sugar Creek Township. The areas walked include fields in the NE 1/4 of Section 30, Township 3 North, Range 16 East (Figure 12.1). The goals for the pedestrian survey were to: 1) provide students with the opportunity to identify, recover and map archaeological materials under several different (but controlled) conditions, 2) to ascertain the presence and boundaries of any archaeological sites, and 3) to determine if further investigation is needed. These goals were accomplished during this project. The three-day survey located 12 potential sites on Quinney Farm and 14 potential sites on the adjacent Papcke fields. Two field sites were determined after further examination to contain only natural materials. State site numbers for the remaining 24 archaeological sites have not been received as of this writing. Physical Setting Walworth County lies within the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands physiographic province (Martin 1965: 221). The project area is located in the Kettle Interlobate Moraine (Paull and Paull 1977: 164). The topography is characterized by rolling terrain, small rises, small wetlands, and small ravines and marshes, and is adjacent to tributaries of Sugar Creek and to the Sugar Creek floodplain. The soils for the survey region are in the Miami-McHenry association: well-drained soils with a subsoil of clay loam and silty clay loam. The soils were formed in the loess and the underlying sandy loam to loam is glacial till on the uplands (Haszel 1971: 3). Pre-European vegetation would have been dominated by oak forest on the edge of a large stretch of marsh (Goldstein and Kind 1983: 21). Previous Research No previously reported sites were located within the project area or within a one-mile radius of the project area. Approximately 10 sites were located within a five-mile radius of the project area. No previous archaeological surveys have been conducted within the project area. 156

2 Dodge Jefferson Washington Waukesha Ozaukee Milwaukee = Project Location R ock R acine Walworth Kenosha Papke 4 Papke 3 Papke 2 Papke 5 Papke 1 Papke 8 Papke 6 Papke Quinney 5 Papke 9 Papke 10 Papke 11 Quinney 7 Quinney 8 Quinney 2 Papke 13 Quinney 1 Papke 14 =project areas Shovel Probe Area Quinney 1 Quinney 3 0 Meters 500 N Figure Location of project area and USGS 7.5 minute Delavan topographic quadrangle showing site locations.

3 158 Archaeological Context Quinney Farm was established by John and Bridget Quinney, Irish immigrants who arrived in Walworth County in the 1840s (R. Quinney, personal communication). The original farmstead, consisting of a house and outbuildings was built approximately 400 meters east of the current house and was torn down in the 1940s. A second farmhouse foundation is also within 400 meters. The existing bungalow house was built in , and is surrounded by several outlying buildings including a barn with an attached granary, shed, corncrib, chicken coop, and silo. The farm consists of approximately 104 acres, and 100 of these are rented out to area farmers. The property currently belongs to Richard and Ralph Quinney. Although it is clear that the two historic foundations and currently occupied house represent significant historic and archaeological sites, they were not recorded for this project and will be examined in a future report. The Papcke fields are an adjacent property farmed by C. Papcke and owned by L. Olson. Both owner and tenant gave permission for an archaeological survey of approximately 220 acres. Three farmsteads consisting of at least one house and associated outbuildings each currently exist within the project area. Approximately 90% of the project had been recently planted in corn affording 100% surface visibility. Approximately 5% of the project was harvested grasses affording 80% surface visibility; and 5% of the project area was no-till beans with 30% surface visibility. Field Methods The survey was conducted on June 7 through June 9, 2000 by Project Director Dr. Robert J. Jeske, four teaching assistants, and students from the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee s archaeological field school class. U.S.G.S. quadrangle topographic maps with plotted site locations, on file at the Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, were checked to identify any previously recorded sites within or adjacent to the project area. Local residents were interviewed for archaeological information. Pedestrian survey was conducted at 10 meter intervals in selected fields. Surface visibility varied from 80% in fields with harvested grasses (Quinney Field sites 1-4) to 100% in the plowed and recently planted cornfields (all other sites). All cultural materials and a sample of natural materials were collected during the survey. The retrieval of any cultural materials resulted in a 5x5 meter surface survey of the immediate area to collect additional artifacts (if any) and to determine

4 159 probable site boundaries. No subsurface testing was conducted to augment this surface inspection. Identified sites were plotted using a GPS hand held receiver for better accuracy. Results The pedestrian surface survey yielded both prehistoric and historic archaeological material. Twenty-four archaeological sites were identified in the field and given field designations by owner or farmer s last name and a number. All recovered materials are curated at the Archaeological Research Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. Diagnostic materials were recovered from seven sites. Archaic sites include Papcke 2 and 7. Late Archaic sites include Quinney Farm and 5, 12 and Papcke 4 and 9. One Early Woodland site was identified, Papcke 3. The rest of the prehistoric sites are of unknown date. The historic sites appear to be mid-18th through 19 centuries. Two other field sites, Quinney Farm 6 and Papcke 12, were determined to contain only natural materials and were not recorded as archaeological sites. The soils in the survey fields were found to be very deflated and eroded due to agricultural activities. The possibility of significant subsurface finds at any of the prehistoric sites is probably low. However, based on informant, historical, and initial survey data, the three farmsteads of the Quinney property are very likely eligible for the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district under Criterion D. We plan on producing a nomination form for the properties in the near future. Site Descriptions Quinney Farm 1 is a small scatter of historic material (Figure 12.1, Table 12.). The site occupies approximately 0.5 acres on slightly rolling terrain west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. The historic artifacts were undiagnostic. One fragment of white earthenware has part of a maker s mark, which is currently being researched. Both pieces of stoneware have a brown glaze, and one is a rim fragment. The scarcity of artifacts indicates that the site can be interpreted as a historic debris scatter.

5 160 Table Quinney Farm 1 artifacts recovered. White container glass Earthenware, white 2 3 Stoneware Metal, tool handle Metal, tool piece Quinney Farm 2 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.2). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on slightly rolling terrain west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. Prehistoric undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The chert biface (Figure 12.2) has been reworked or retouched along one edge and is of a very quartz-like material. The source may be local. The biface cannot be identified with a specific type category. The scarcity of artifacts and chert debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic scatter of unknown age. Table Quinney Farm 2 artifacts recovered. Non-flake chert debitage Chert biface Quinney Farm 3 A multicomponent prehistoric and historic site was located within the project area (Figure 12.1, Table 12.3). The site occupies approximately 0.5 acres on slightly rolling terrain west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. Prehistoric and historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The stoneware piece is a rim sherd with a black glaze. The scarcity of artifacts indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric isolated find with an isolated historic find.

6 161 Table Quinney Farm 3 artifacts recovered. Chert flake Stoneware Quinney Farm 4 is a small scatter of historic material (Figure 12.1). The site occupies approximately 1.0 acres on slightly rolling terrain west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. Historic undiagnostic artifacts and faunal remains were recovered from the surface (Tables 12.4, 12.5). An intact white porcelain beehive insulator inscribed "PAT D. K.MUTTER FEB " on the top was recovered, with a fragment of a second insulator of the same type. One stoneware rim piece was recovered, for a vessel that was 25 cm in diameter. The artifact types indicate that the site can be interpreted as a historic debris scatter, possibly a refuse area. Table Quinney Farm 4, Faunal remains Mammal bone, jaw fragment (raccoon?) Mammal tooth (pig?) 1 5.4

7 162 Table Quinney Farm 4 artifacts recovered. Clear container glass White container glass Brown container glass Amethyst container glass Aqua container glass 1 7 Black container glass Other glass, clear Porcelain, white, figurine Stoneware Porcelain, white, insulator Metal tool, file fragment Metal, tool fragment Cut nail Barbed wire fragment Metal, other Coal/slag/cinders Quinney Farm 5 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1,Table 12.6). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acre on a slight rise west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. One prehistoric diagnostic artifact was recovered from the surface. The diagnostic artifact has been identified as a Durst type point (Figure 12.2) dating to the Late Archaic period (Justice 1987: ). The point consists of a local chert material and displays evidence of burning. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a Late Archaic lithic scatter.

8 163 Table Quinney Farm 5 artifacts recovered. Hafted biface, chert Non-flake chert debitage White earthenware Quinney Farm 6 Field recorded site number six was determined to contain only natural materials after study in the lab. Therefore, on the basis of artifactual evidence, this area is interpreted as a not being an archaeological site and is not discussed further. Quinney Farm 7 is a small scatter of historic material (Figure 12.1, Table 12.7). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on a slight rise west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. Historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts indicates that the site can be interpreted as a historic debris scatter. Table Quinney Farm 7 artifacts recovered. White container glass Brown container glass Clear flat glass Quinney Farm 8 A multicomponent site was located within the project area (Figure 12.1, Table 12.8). The site occupies approximately 0.5 acres on a slight rise west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. Prehistoric and historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as an unknown prehistoric lithic debris scatter with a historic debris scatter.

9 164 Table Quinney Farm 8 artifacts recovered. Non-flake chert debitage White earthenware Stoneware Kaolin pipe stem fragment Quinney Farm 9 is a small scatter of historic material (Figure 12.1, Table 12.9). The site occupies approximately 0.5 acres on a slight rise west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. Historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts indicates that the site can be interpreted as a historic debris scatter. Table Quinney Farm 9 artifacts recovered. Green container glass White container glass Brown container glass Amethyst container glass Other, container glass Earthenware, white Porcelain, white, doorknob Metal, other, decorated Quinney Farm 10 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, 12.10). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on rolling terrain west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. Prehistoric and historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The fragment of white porcelain displays a blue transfer print on one side; identification to type is pending. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic scatter of unknown age with one isolated historic artifact.

10 165 Table Quinney Farm 10 artifacts recovered. Flake chert debitage Non-flake chert debitage Porcelain, white Quinney Farm 11 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.11). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on a slight rise west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. The insulator fragment(figure 12.3) is similar to those retrieved from Quinney Farm 4. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic scatter of unknown age with one isolated historic artifact. Prehistoric and historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. Table Quinney Farm 11 artifacts recovered. Non-flake chert debitage Porcelain, white, insulator Quinney 12 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.12). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on a slight rise west of a wetland/marsh area and north of a tributary to Sugar Creek. A prehistoric diagnostic artifact was recovered from the surface. The hafted biface is similar to Bottleneck Stemmed type (Justice 1987: ). However, the biface from this site has more of a corner notch than those identified in Justice (Figure 12.2). Bottleneck Stemmed points date to the Late Archaic time period (Justice 1987:126). The hafted biface is made of a white speckled local chert material. The chert uniface artifacts could not be identified to a specific type. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric Late Archaic lithic scatter.

11 166 Table Quinney Farm 12 artifacts recovered. Uniface, chert Hafted biface, chert Flake chert debitage Papcke 1 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.13). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on rolling terrain adjacent to a small wetland just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic debris scatter of unknown age. Table Papcke 1 artifacts recovered. Flake chert debitage Non-flake chert debitage Papcke 2 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.14). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on slight rise adjacent to a small wetland ravine just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The chert biface could not be identified to a specific type due to a broken base (Figure 12.2). However, it is interpreted as most likely belonging to the Archaic time period. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a lithic debris scatter of unknown age. Table Papcke 2 artifacts recovered. Biface, chert Flake, chert debitage Papcke 3 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.15). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on slight rise adjacent to a small wetland ravine just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain

12 167 area. One prehistoric diagnostic artifact was recovered from the surface. The hafted biface (Figure 12.2) is identified as an Adena point type dating to the Early Woodland time period (Justice 1987: ). The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as an Early Woodland lithic debris scatter with an isolated historic artifact. Table Papcke 3 artifacts recovered. Hafted biface 1 17 Non-flake chert debitage Metal, horseshoe 1 1 lb. Papcke 4 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.16). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on a slight rise adjacent to a small wetland ravine just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. One prehistoric diagnostic artifact was recovered from the surface. The biface (Figure 12.2) is identified as being similar to a Matanzas type dating to the Late Archaic (Justice 1987: ). The biface is made of a deep red hixton silicified sandstone material. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a Late Archaic lithic scatter. Table Papcke 4 artifacts recovered. Biface, Hixton silicified sandstone Non-flake chert debitage 7 49 Papcke 5 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.17). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on a slight rise adjacent to a small wetland ravine just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric and historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric isolated find with an isolated historic find.

13 168 Table Papcke 5 artifacts recovered. Uniface Earthenware, white Papcke 6 A multicomponent site was located within the project area (Figure 12.1, Table 12.18). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface and one prehistoric isolated find (Figure 12.2). The white earthenware pieces include six rim fragments, which are currently being studies for vessel diameter. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a historic debris scatter with a prehistoric isolated find. Table Papcke 6 artifacts recovered. Biface Non-flake chert debitage Shell fragment Earthenware, white Stoneware Tin, decorated 1 1 Papcke 7 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.19). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres) on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The hafted biface (Figure 12.2) could not be identified to a specific type due to the broken tip and base, and is made of a white speckled local chert material. It is probably Archaic in date. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic scatter of unknown age.

14 169 Table Papcke 7 artifacts recovered. Hafted biface Non-flake chert debitage Papcke 8 A multicomponent site was located within the project area (Figure 12.1, Table 12.20). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric and historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric unknown lithic scatter and historic debris scatter. Table Papcke 8 artifacts recovered. Non-flake chert debitage Clear container glass 1 11 Aqua container glass Porcelain electric insulator Metal, unknown Papcke 9 is a small prehistoric site (Figure , Table 12.21). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. One prehistoric diagnostic artifact was recovered from the surface. The hafted biface (Figure ) was identified as a Brewerton Corner Notched point type dating to the Late Archaic period (Justice 1987: ). The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a Late Archaic lithic scatter.

15 170 Table Papcke 9 artifacts recovered. Hafted biface Non-flake chert debitage Papcke 10 is a small scatter of historic material associated with Papcke farmstead (Figure 1, Table 12.22). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. The site is directly north of a currently occupied farmstead. Historic undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. Five of the white earthenware pieces have maker s marks that indicate the pieces are mid-1800s imported British pottery. The density of artifacts and debris indicates that the site was most likely associated with habitation or occupation of the adjacent farmstead, and can be interpreted as a historic debris scatter associated with an adjacent farm. Table Papcke 10 artifacts recovered. Clear container glass Green flat glass Clear fused glass 1 10 Earthenware, white Porcelain, white Stoneware Glass/white earthenware conglomerate Burnt white earthenware Papcke 11 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.23). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic debris scatter of unknown age.

16 171 Table Papcke 11 artifacts recovered. Flake chert debitage Lithic, unknown Papcke 12 Recorded in the field as a site, this area was determined to contain only natural materials after study in the lab. Therefore, on the basis of artifactual evidence, this area is interpreted as a not being an archaeological site and is not discussed further. Papcke 13 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.24). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic debris scatter of unknown age. Table Papcke 13 artifacts recovered. Flake chert debitage Papcke 14 is a small prehistoric site (Figure 12.1, Table 12.25). The site occupies approximately 0.25 acres on gently rolling terrain just south of the Sugar Creek floodplain. Prehistoric undiagnostic artifacts were recovered from the surface. The scarcity of artifacts and debris indicates that the site can be interpreted as a prehistoric lithic debris scatter of unknown age. Table Papcke 14 artifacts recovered. Flake chert debitage Earthenware, white Stoneware Metal, tool Metal, unknown

17 172 Shovel Probe Survey In the spring of 2001, a survey crew shovel tested a small knoll overlooking the the marshes on the sugar Creek floodplain (Figure 12.1). This knoll was suspected by the landowner to have been occupied and perhaps used as a cemetery by historic Potawatomi, based on his memory of his grandmother s childhood recollections. Shovel probes were not designed to locate graves, but to check for the possibility of habitation debris. The datum for the grid was the northeast corner of the survey area and had UTM coordinates e, A ten meter by ten meter grid was employed in the survey, with north to south transects placed every 10 meters to the east of the datum. The surveyors excavated a 40cm in diameter cone of dirt approximately 35-40cm deep, depending upon individual soil stratigraphy. All materials were passed through 6.3mm mesh screen. Probes were placed every ten meters south of the baseline until the marsh was encountered. A total of 80 probes were excavated between the road and the marsh. No cultural materials were recovered. Future work, including the use of non-intrusive, remote sensing equipment for the location of burials, is planned for the future. Conclusions As a result of this investigation, twenty-four newly discovered archaeological sites will be reported to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. The sites identified range in time from the Archaic period to the Historic period. Two obvious patterns emerge from the prehistoric sites discovered during this survey: First, the prehistoric sites are virtually all Archaic, primarily Late Archaic. No ceramics, and only a single Early to Middle Woodland point were recovered from the survey. Second, the prehistoric sites are virtually all isolated finds of projectile points or very small scatters of lithic debitage. The upland location near the large expanse of marsh associated with Sugar Creek suggest that area was utilized primarily as a short term hunting or other task-specific area. The lack of large sites and Woodland materials is noteworthy. Late Woodland sites are not unknown from upland areas in other parts of southeast Wisconsin, but there are none in this particular area. Future work will explore the suggested chronological land use differences in Walworth County. The historic sites provide us with an abundant source of research and educational material. Both Richard and Ralph Quinney have provided a wealth of historic information, and we intend to follow out their family history through a combination of historical and archaeological techniques. Future work is planned to test all of the historic farmsteads with the overall goal of tracing the economic and social patterns of the local landscape.

18 173 Figure Hafted bifaces from the project area. L-R: Brewerton Corner Notch (Papke 9), Bottleneck Stemmed (Quinney 12), Matanzas (Papke 4), Durst (Quinney 5), Adena (Papke 3).