Batteries and Raw Materials: the Challenges of Extracting the Right Elements from Naturally occurring Minerals
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1 Batteries and Raw Materials: the Challenges of Extracting the Right Elements from Naturally occurring Minerals Alan R Butcher Professor in Geomaterials & Applied Mineralogy Geological Survey of Finland
2 Definitions Natural Critical Raw Materials as defined by the EU Battery Mineral Battery Element Battery Metal
3 Definitions Natural Critical Raw Materials as defined by the EU Battery Mineral Battery Element Battery Metal Naturally-occurring mineral within a rock that contains an element, essential for current battery production. Natural element, found in the Periodic Table, that is useful for battery manufacture. Element used in the manufacture of batteries, which is also a metal. Eg. Graphitic schist C - Carbon Co - Cobalt
4 Definitions Battery chemicals? Natural Critical Raw Materials as defined by the EU Manufactured for battery end-use Battery Mineral Battery Element Battery Metal Battery Material Battery Component Naturally-occurring mineral within a rock that contains an element, essential for current battery production. Natural element, found in the Periodic Table, that is useful for battery manufacture. Element used in the manufacture of batteries, which is also a metal. Man-made material, often from natural sources, that is created specifically for battery manufacture. Component of a manufactured battery. Eg. Graphitic schist C - Carbon Co - Cobalt Cobalt hydroxide Cathode
5 Battery Elements & Metals C Carbon Anode Li Lithium Electrolyte Co Cobalt Cathodes Ni Nickel Cathodes Mn, Al, Fe, P, Cu, V, Nd, Dy, Pr
6 Battery Components All ultimately sourced from naturally-occurring minerals Image credits and idea - Keliber Oy
7 Batteries from Rocks Rocks-Minerals Materials Components Image credits - Keliber Oy
8 5 years Cobalt Commodities with relatively low existing production capacity, and prominent use in lithium batteries, have seen stellar performances in the last few months. 5 years Newall & Dennis (2017) Lithium
9 Source: Lux Research
10 Battery Elements & Minerals C Carbon is found as naturally-occurring native mineral 1 mineral Li Pure lithium is not found in nature 2 forms
11 Battery Elements & Minerals C Carbon is found as naturally-occurring native mineral 1 mineral Li Pure lithium is not found in nature 2 forms Co Pure cobalt is not found in nature 30+ minerals Ni Pure nickel is not found in nature 50+ minerals
12 Graphite
13 Carbon is found as a native element mineral Battery Minerals Graphite is found in economic quantities in geological deposits Mineral Graphite Chemical formula C Type of Mineral Natural element Geological context Metamorphic Processing Crushing & grinding Flotation Physical separation Product Pure Graphite Mining Review Africa 2015
14 Lithium-bearing minerals
15 Pure lithium is not found in nature Battery Minerals Lithium minerals found in economic deposits Mineral Spodumene Chemical formula LiAl(SiO 3 ) 2 Type of Mineral Silicate Pyroxene Group Geological context Pegmatite Processing Concentration α Spodumene β Spodumene Temperatures of C Li 2 CO 3 Product Lithium carbonate digitalfire.com From the Greek, spodumenos, meaning "burnt to ashes, when refined for use
16 Pure lithium is not found in nature Battery Minerals Other lithium sources Material Gypsum-halite-calciteglaserite-clay aquifers with brines (saline groundwater) Geological context Continental brines The Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia contains the largest lithium reserve on the planet
17 Pure lithium is not found in nature Battery Minerals Other lithium sources Material Gypsum-halite-calciteglaserite-clay aquifers with brines (saline groundwater) Geological context Continental brines Processing Evaporation in manmade brine ponds over 1-3 years Product Lithium chloride Brine ponds and processing areas of the Soquimich lithium mine on the Atacama salt flat, northern Chile Ivan Alvarado/Reuters
18 Pure lithium is not found in nature Battery Minerals Other lithium sources Material Gypsum-halite-calciteglaserite-clay aquifers with brines (saline groundwater) Geological context Continental brines Processing Evaporation in manmade brine ponds over 1-3 years Product Lithium chloride Brine ponds and processing areas of the Soquimich lithium mine on the Atacama salt flat, northern Chile Ivan Alvarado/Reuters
19 Cobalt-bearing minerals
20 Battery Minerals Pure cobalt is not found in nature 26 primary minerals contain cobalt 40 secondary minerals can contain cobalt Common cobalt minerals found in economic deposits Mineral Chemical formula Type of Mineral Geological context Carrollite CuCo 2 S 4 Sulphide Sediment - hosted Cobaltite CoAsS Sulphide Magmatic - sulphide Linnaeite Co +2 Co +3 2S 4 Sulphide Magmatic - hydrothermal Skutterudite CoAs 3 Arsenide Hydrothermal - volcanogenic Erythrite Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 8H 2 O Arsenate Hydrothermal - volcanogenic Asbolene (Ni,Co) 2-x Mn 4+ (O,OH) 4 nh 2 O Oxide Residual - lateritic After BGS 2009
21 Battery Minerals Common cobalt minerals found in economic deposits Mineral Chemical formula Type of Mineral Geological context Product Carrollite CuCo 2 S 4 Cobaltite CoAsS Sulphide Sulphide Sediment - hosted Magmatic - sulphide Cobalt hydroxide Industrial mining Newall & Dennis (2017) Al Barazi et al 2017 BGR Report Commodity TopNews 53 (2017)
22 Battery Minerals Common cobalt minerals found in economic deposits Mineral Chemical formula Type of Mineral Geological context Product Carrollite CuCo 2 S 4 Sulphide Sediment - hosted Cobalt copper concentrate Artesanal mining Al Barazi et al 2017 BGR Report Commodity TopNews 53 (2017)
23 Sedimenthosted stratabound copper deposits, Central Africa BGR 2017, S&P 2017
24 Summary
25 Battery Elements, Minerals, Rocks, Processing & Products Elements Minerals Geological context Processing Products Carbon Graphite Carbon-rich metamorphic rocks Flotation & gravity separation Spherical, flake graphite Lithium Spodumene LiAl(SiO 3 ) 2 Pegmatite deposits Brine deposits Heat treatment alpha-beta Precipitation in brine ponds Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Clay / shale deposits Cobalt Carrollite CuCo 2 S 4 Cobaltite CoAsS Sediment-hosted Hydrothermal - volcanogenic Magmatic sulphide Laterite Manganese nodules from sea floor Flotation & gravity separation Cobalt hydroxide, cobalt sulphate, cobalt copper concentrate, or cobalt carbonate Nickel Limonite (Fe,Ni)O(OH) Garnierite H 2 O(Mg,Ni) 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Laterite High T P autoclave, acid leach, SX-EW, electrowinning Nickel sulphate or metal Pentlandite (Ni,Fe) 9 S 8 Magmatic sulphide Flotation & smelting Sulphide concentrate
26 Why should we Be Worried about all this?
27 Technology Innovation will Change Supply & Demand Landscape Car Manufacturer Ni Li Co Ni Li Co Mn Ni Li Co Mn Li Fe PO 4
28 Are These Estimates Realistic? If they are, we need to get finding more minerals, quickly!
29 Resources within Finland Cobalt Nickel Kevitsa Sakatti Ferrovan, Keliber and Sotkamo Silver Finnish Minerals Group Ltd Kylylahti
30 Resources within Finland Cobalt Nickel Lithium Kevitsa Sakatti Ferrovan, Keliber and Sotkamo Silver Finnish Minerals Group Ltd Kylylahti
31 Refining in Finland Freeport Cobalt Oy global network World s largest cobalt refinery is in Kokkola
32 Mawson Resources Palokas Prospect, Rajapalot Project, Lapland
33 A New Look at Minerals & Materials for Future Sources C Graphene Innovation! Xenotime YPO 4 Dy Co Over 60 minerals! Monazite (Ce,La)PO 4 Pr Bastnäsite (REE)CO 3 F Nd Amblygonite Apatite Tourmaline Lepidolite Petalite (Li,Na)AlPO 4 (F,OH) Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH,F,Cl) 2 XY 3 Z 6 (T 6 O 18 )(BO 3 ) 3 V 3 W K(Li,Al) 3 (Al,Si,Rb) 4 O 10 (F,OH) 2 LiAlSi 4 O 10 Li Over 20 minerals!
34 Cornish Lithium, UK LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM MINERALISED BRINE WATER The company is focused on exploring for lithium within the hot springs that naturally occur beneath the surface in and around Cornish granites, with the aim to create a new mining industry in the region. Over 2,000 years of mining history!
35 The Future
36 Cross-Disciplinary Research Battery minerals Battery metals Battery Products Battery Solutions Volvo Earth Scientists Minerals Engineers Materials Scientists Design Engineers Minerals, Materials & Products - all by design
37 Anouncement of GTK Funding Additional funding for GTK to strengthen the battery cluster The Finnish Government increases the funding framework of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) by one million euros. In the Government session on spending limits held on 11 April 2018, it was decided that additional funding of one million euros be proposed for GTK. One of the goals of this additional funding is to identify the battery mineral resources and potential in order to strengthen Finland s battery cluster. Finland has excellent opportunities to become a leading country in the European battery market, Director-General Mika Nykänen, Geological Survey of Finland. 4 April 2018
38 Kiitos!
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