Graphite from discovery to resource Heilongjiang under the microscope
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1 Graphite from discovery to resource Heilongjiang under the microscope 5 th Graphite & Graphene Conference 8-9 December 2015 London Andrew Scogings, PhD Geology CSA Global Pty Ltd; KlipStone Pty Ltd
2 Natural Graphite Report: Strategic Outlook to 2020 This 500-page report reviews every major graphite producing and exploring company around the world, as well as detailing global exploration activity. It also contains an in-depth focus on graphene, including its production, supply and demand. Key topics include: Unique country supply reviews including: China, Brazil, India, North Korea, and Canada Major demand drivers Li-ion batteries, refractories, & emerging markets How will prices react? Historical analysis, supply and demand Critique of the graphene revolution The data for the report was collected from multiple locations using primary research including methods such as thin-section petrography, mine and plant visits. To download a sample of the report visit
3 Graphite -Discovery to Resource Trenching & outcrop samples Geophysics Drilling QA/QC Assay Petrography Geological domains Extractive metallurgy Resource model Resource classification
4 Exploration trenching Channel sampling outcrop Trenching and channel sampling Trench & Channel Channel Source: Ardiden Ltd Source: TanzOz Pty Ltd
5 Geophysics Versatile time domain EM (VTEM) Fixed loop EM (FLEM) Graphite Graphite deposit EM plates Source: IMX Resources
6 Exploration drilling Reverse circulation (RC) drilling RC samples in chip trays RC Chips Source: Kibaran Resources
7 Exploration drilling Diamond core drilling Drill core in core tray Source: IMX Resources Source: Hexagon Resources
8 Assaying Carbon may occur in several different forms in rocks, including organic carbon, carbonates or graphitic carbon The simplest way to analyse a sample for graphite is by loss on ignition (LOI) at 1,000 o C, determined as the percentage weight loss Impurities such as calcite that contains CO 2, or clay and mica that contain structural water, contribute to weight loss, resulting in apparently higher graphite content than anticipated Non-graphite carbon should be removed before assaying TGC Impurities can be removed by heating or acid wash Source: Mitchell (1993)
9 Source: Scogings & Coombes (2014) Why do QA / QC? This is where we want to be
10 QA / QC Standard sample Original vs Umpire Actual Expected Bias Source: Scogings & Coombes (2014)
11 Source: KlipStone Source: Hexagon Resources Petrography Polarising microscope Polished thin sections (30 micron) Camera Drill core RC chips Reflected light Transmitted light
12 Why Petrography? Not all graphite is created equal Mica Graphite
13 Why Petrography? Not all graphite is created equal Large graphite flake
14 Geological domains Grade and weathering domains Low Grade Zone 2 to 5% TGC Source: IMX Resources
15 Geological domains Low Grade Zone >2% cut-off High Grade Zone >5% cut-off Source: IMX Resources
16 Geological domains Oxide Zone - no Fe sulphides All sulphides are oxidised. Silicates are kaolinised Source: IMX Resources
17 Geological domains Transitional Zone kaolinised sillimanite, fresh Fe sulphides Source: IMX Resources
18 Geological domains Fresh Zone Unoxidised Fe sulphides, unaltered sillimanite Source: IMX Resources
19 Extractive metallurgy Lab rod mill Lab flotation Source: ALS Laboratory Perth
20 C Grade (%) % Distribution Extractive metallurgy Grade vs Recovery Flake size distribution micron 300 micron Mass Carbon Source: ALS Laboratory C Recovery Perth (%) Size (µm)
21 Why do metallurgical tests? Graphite price are related to specifications (purity and flake size) Source: Industrial Minerals Magazine
22 Why do metallurgical tests? JORC Code 2012 Clause 49 For (industrial) minerals that are defined by a specification, the Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve estimation must be reported in terms of the mineral or minerals on which the project is to be based and must include the specification of those minerals. Source: JORC 2012
23 Resource model Block model High grade zone Low grade zone Source: IMX Resources
24 Resource model Resource classification Criteria Inferred Resource Indicated Resource Measured Resource Can the resource be converted to a reserve? Must not be converted to an Ore Reserve Can be converted to Probable Ore Reserve Can be converted to a Proved or Probable Ore Reserve Quality of information Limited geological and sampling evidence Adequately detailed and reliable geological and sampling evidence Detailed and reliable geological and sampling evidence Geological and grade continuity between points Sufficient to imply but not verify Sufficient to assume Sufficient to confirm Source: Jacqui Coombes 2014 (pers. comm.)
25 Heilongjiang under the microscope Graphite flake size and metamorphic temperature European mine Norway & Germany Heilongjiang mine Luobei and Jixi Chinese exploration
26 Metamorphism Rule of Thumb Flake (grain) size increases with metamorphic grade Metamorphic grade: Low Grade High Grade Temperature o C o C >700 o C Volatiles High H 2 O Low H 2 O Rock type Slate / Schist Schist / Gneiss Gneiss / Granulite Grain size Fine-grained Coarse-grained Metamorphic facies Greenschist Amphibolite Granulite
27 Metamorphism Metamorphic facies Key minerals in graphitic rocks Greenschist Amphibolite Granulite Greenschist Muscovite / chlorite / biotite / Na feldspar Amphibolite Muscovite / biotite / amphibole / sillimanite /Na-Ca feldspar Granulite K feldspar / pyroxene / sillimanite / biotite / scapolite Source: Wikipedia
28 Global comparisons Graphit Kropfmühl Skaland (Trælen) Source: AMG Graphit Kropfmühl GmbH; Skaland AS
29 Global comparisons AMG Graphit Kropfmühl, Germany coarse grained, easy liberation. Low sulphide content. Diagnostic minerals = K-feldspar Source: AMG Graphit Kropfmühl GmbH
30 Global comparisons Skaland (Trælen), Norway coarse grained, readily liberated. Low sulphide content. Diagnostic minerals = Amphibole Source: Skaland Graphite AS
31 Source: Google Earth Heilongjiang Graphite schist Granite Graphite schist
32 Heilongjiang - Luobei Graphite schist Granite Graphite schist Source: Kibaran Resources
33 Heilongjiang - Luobei Luobei Scapolite Luobei Kibaran Source: Kibaran Resources
34 Source: Google Earth Heilongjiang - Jixi Huanyu Energy Pit Stockpile Graphite schist Plant Granite Graphite schist Tailings
35 Heilongjiang - Jixi Huanyu Energy Graphite schist Granite Graphite schist Source: Huanyu Energy
36 Heilongjiang - Jixi Huanyu Energy K-feldspar, Sillimanite Source: A Scogings
37 Source: Google Earth Heilongjiang - Jixi Jixi Puchen Plant A Plant
38 Heilongjiang - Jixi Jixi Puchen Granite vein Graphite schist Granite Graphite schist Oxidised ore Source: A Scogings
39 Heilongjiang - Jixi Jixi Puchen Biotite, Pyroxene Source: A Scogings
40 Source: Google Earth Heilongjiang - Jixi Jixi Liumao Plant Graphite schist Pit Granite Graphite schist
41 Heilongjiang mines Jixi Liumao Graphite schist Graphite schist Granite Graphite schist Source: A Scogings
42 Heilongjiang - Jixi Liumao Pyroxene, K-feldspar, Garnet L1 Source: A Scogings
43 Heilongjiang - Jixi Liumao Pyroxene, K-feldspar, Garnet L2 Source: A Scogings
44 Chinese Exploration Matrass Mining, Inner Mongolia Andalusite schist Matrass Mining,Geology map Source: A Scogings
45 Chinese Exploration Qingdao Hensen, Jixi K-feldspar, Pyroxene, Amphibole Source: A Scogings
46 Chinese Exploration Qingdao Hensen, Jixi K-feldspar, Pyroxene, Amphibole Source: A Scogings
47 Conclusions Exploration should follow a systematic plan from discovery through to resource definition Microscope examination is a useful tool to define geological domains and likely processing characteristics Metallurgical tests should be based on geological domains Clause 49 of the JORC Code 2012 states that industrial mineral resources must be reported by specification Graphite flake size increases with metamorphic grade (Rule of thumb) Heilongjiang has significant remaining flake graphite potential (not yet reached peak graphite production).
48 Thank you The following organisations are thanked for their help: AMG Graphit Kropfmühl GmbH Ardiden Ltd CSA Global Pty Ltd Hexagon Resources Ltd Huanyu Energy IMX Resources Ltd Jixi Puchen Graphite Kibaran Resources Ltd Matrass Mining Norwegian Geological Survey ProGraphite GmbH Qingdao Hensen Graphite Skaland Graphite AS TanzOz Pty Ltd
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