GIS GIS ETM+

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1 GIS 1388 Vol.1, No.1, Spring GIS Iranian Remote Sensing & GIS ETM+ * GIS GIS -4 88/8/9 : 88/4/30 :.. ). (.... ( ). ETM+. (LSU)...V_I_S : soodabeh_namdari@yahoo.com GIS : *

2 Weng. ETM Guangzhou Xiao. Zhujiang 2005 Moddy Guangdong Pearl River Delta ETM+ TM. Weng Dengsheng ASTER. Indianapolis Crane Xian Las Vegas Tampa Bay 7 5 Weng (LST). Landscape. Amiri. 1. Urban Heat Islands 2. Land Surface Temperature -1 1 (UHI)...(Sobrino et al., 2004)... Rao (1972). NOAA Roth AVHRR (UHI) 1993 Gallo. AVHRR 40

3 ETM+.. ETM ) 7 ETM+ (2002/08/09. ETM+ 8 ETM+ 6. (). 1. Maximum Likelihood Classification 2. Principal Component Analysis ETM+ TM (2007). / NDVI Akbari TM. 1 (MLC) 2 (PCA).. ) (.. 41

4 L( ) Gain DN Bias 255 (1) = DN,(L max L min) / Gain Gain Lmin=Bias. Headerfile Bias L (.2 BT = BT k11282 / 71 = K2 =L 666/09 ( Wm sr m ) K BT K In L (2) (2). ( 11/5).(Sobrino et al., 2001). NDVI. NDVI :0/2 > NDVI ( 1. Surface emissivity. 1/ Unmixed ETM+ (High Gain) Stathopoulou and ).(Cratalis, :(Landsat Data User Hanbook, 2006) 6 (.(1) (Wm sr m )

5 ETM+ ( = k / m / sec ) = 1/ j/ k) : 7 Celsius / Kelvin (7) Smith (1986) ETM+ 6. (Ts) (Ta) Akbari, ).( Garcia-Cueto. (TAIR) (SRT). 8 AIR T / / SRT (8). 0/978 NDVI :0/5 < NDVI ( 0/5 0/985. :0/2 NDVI 0/5 ( : 3 P ( P ) d 1 V V S V (3) = s = v = Pv Sobrino et al., ) (4) :(2004 NDVI NDVI Pv NDVImax NDVI NDVI max 0/ 5 NDVI min / 0 2 min min 2 (4) = d. (5) 1 1 d ( )( P )F s V V (5) (Sobrino et al., 1990) = F. 0/55 Artis and ) (6) (Carnahand, 1982 Ts BT /{ 1[( BT / )*ln ]} (6) = = BT =h hc / k p ( 11/5) =c ( / 34 j.sec) )

6 (Rickard, 2003). (9) R n i fkrik i k 1 (9) = i i =Ri Endmember =k = fk Endmember = Rik Endmember =ei i Endmember.(Weng et al., 2004) (RMS) Weng et ) 10 8 :(al., Ridd V-I-S Ridd V-I-S ) ( ).( RMS ER / m m 2 i i 1 (10) = m = ER ETM Vegetation-Impervious surface-soil 2. Linear Spectral Unmixing 3. Subpixel 4. Linear Mixing Model (Ridd 1995) V-I-S.1 2 (LSU)

7 ETM+ ETM+ (MNF) EM EM EM EM.2.(Changshan, 2003) End member. (11) (11) (impervious) F(dark surface) F(light surface) e = F(impervious) (Ridd 1995; Ji and Jensen 1999) () Ji and Jensen ) /.(

8 (1 ).(4 ) 47/29-51/47..1 ( ) 15/42-26/54 26/54-35/48 35/48-41/48 41/48-47/29 47/29-51/47.4 =F(dark surface) =F(light surface).lsu = E LST UHI LSU (3 ). Smith (1986) 1.(2 ).... ETM+.3 46

9 ETM+ ETM+ EM V-I-S. 1 LSU (K_MEAN) ETM+ RMS.(6 ) ) ( ETM+ (6) (8) 0/98 0/80 (Tst) Tst Ts Ta Ta / / Ts Ta / / Tst R 2 0/80 0/ EM ETM Unsupervised Classification 47

10 EM.6 LSU -4-3 V-I-S EM EM V-I-S V-I-S. EM LSU. EM 6. RMSE. EM.. (11)

11 ETM LST LSU. UHI. 3. LST. R 2..(4 ) RMS. 0/ (0/02 ) NDVI 97 ETM+ ) 0/05 Pvalue (.(8 ) NDVI NDVI LST.3 LST = 44 / 37-11/94 V -1/ 85I + 1 / 89 S R 2 0/34 49

12 .4 - LST= 47/70 + 0/66 S 0/61 I 10/82V LST=45/38-3/36 S- 2/28I 19/50V LST=48/6-2/07 S-1/17I -29/35V LST=41/65 + 4/27 S - 0/06I 12/37V LST=44/47 + 0/58 S + 2/25I 11/42V LST=46/40 + 3/20 S-1/34I-13/05V LST=46/59-0/04 S-0/14I -8/29V R 2 0/58 0/67 0/52 0/72 0/59 0/62 0/ /5 + 6/92 I 8/47 V 38/66 + 2/81 I 9/54 V R 2 0/75 0/59 :...(5 )

13 ETM+.... ETM+ : ETM+. ETM+. V-I-S EM

14 ( )... ETM+. NDVI. LSU... 52

15 ETM+. LSU Weng.. Xiao, Moody

16 -5 Akbari, H. 2000, Study of Thermal Distribution Pattern Using TM Thermal Data in Tehran City, M.Sc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modears University. Amiri, R., Alimohamadi, A., and Alavipanah, S.K. 2007, Study of Spatio Temporal Variation of Temperature in Relation to Land Use/cover Using TM and ETM + Data in Tabriz, J. of Environmental Studies, 43: Artis, D.A. and Carnahan, W.H., 1982, Survey of Emissivity Variability in Thermography of Urban Areas, Remote Sensing of Environment, 12: Chander, G. and Markham, B., 2003, Revised Landsat-5 TM Radiometric Calibration Procedures and Postcalibration Dynamic Ranges, IEEE Transactionson Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41(11): Changshan W.U., 2003, Remote Sensing, Geograhical Information Systems, and Spatial Modeling for Analyzing Public Transit Services, Columbus, Ohio University of Ohio. Gallo, K.P., McNab, A.L., Karl, T.R., Brown, J.F., Hood J.J. and Tarpley, J.D. 1993, The Use of NOAA AVHRR Data for Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 32 (5): : ETM+... ASTER ETM+.. 54

17 ETM+ Gallo, K.P. and Tarpley, J.D., 1996, The Comparison of Vegetation Index and Surface Temperature Composites for Urban Heat- island Analysis, International Journal of Remote Sensing. 17(15): Ji, M. and Jensen, J.R., 1999, Effectiveness of Subpixel Analysis in Detecting and Quantifying Urban Imperviousness from Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery, Geocarto International, 14(4): Landsat 7 Science Data Users Handbook, 2006, URL: handbook_toc.html Nakamura, M., 2002, Evaluation of Vegetation for Mitigating Thermal Impact on Urban Area Using Remote Sensing (in Japanese), Unpublished Master s Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo. Rao, P.K., 1972, Remote Sensing of Urban Heat Islands from an Environemtal Satellite, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 53: Rao, P.S., Gavane, A.G., Ankam, S.S., Ansari, M.F., Pandit, V.I. and Nema, P., 2004, Performance Evaluation of a Green Belt in a Petroleum Refinery: a Case Study, Ecological Engineering 23(2): Roth, M., Oke, T.R. and Emery, W.J, 1989, Satellite Derived Urban Heat Islands from Three Coastal Cities and the Utilization of Such Data in Urban Climatology, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10 (11): Rickard, 2003, Time-frequency and Time-scale Representations of Doubly Spread Channels, Ph.D. Thesis, Fine Hall Library, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA: Dissertations/Theses. Ridd, M.K., 1995, Exploring a V-I-S (vegetation.impervious surface.soil) Model for Urban Ecosystem Analysis through Remote Sensing: Comparative Anatomy for Cities, Int. J. Remote Sens., 16: Smith R.M., 1986, Comparing Traditional Methods for Selecting Class Intervals on Choropleth Maps, Prof Geogr 38(1): Sobrino, J.A., Caselles, V. and Becker, F., 1990, Significance of the Remotely Sensed Thermal Infrared Measurements Obtained Over a Citrus Orchard, ISPRS Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 44: Sobrino, J.A., Raissouni, N., and Li, Z. L., 2001, A Comparative Study of Land Surface Cmissivity Retrieval from NOAA Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, 75: Sobrino, A., Juan, C., Jiménez-Muñoz. and Leonardo Paolinib, 2004, Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5, Remote Sensing of Environment, 90:

18 Stathopoulou, M. and Cartalis, C., 2007, Daytime Urban Heat Islands from Landsat ETM+ and Corine Land Cover Data: An Application to Major Cities in Greece, Int. J. Remote Sens., Voogt, J.A. and Oke, T.R., 2003, Thermal remote sensing of urban climates, Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(3): Weng, Q., 2003, Fractal Analysis of Satellite- Detected Urban Heat Island Effect, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(5): Weng Q., Lu D., and Schubring J., 2004, Estimation of Land Surface Temperature Vegetation Abundance Relationship for Urban Heat Island Studies, Remote Sens Environ 89(4): Weng, Q., Liu, H. and Lu, D., 2007, Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis, United States, Urban Ecosyst, 10: Xian, G. and Crane, M., 2006, An Analysis of Urban Thermal Characteristics and Associated Land Cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas Using Landsat Satellite Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, 104: Xiao, J. and Moody, A., 2005, A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Fractional Green Vegetation Cover within a Desert-to- Upland Transition Zone in Central New Mexico, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment, 98 (2-3):