314 Index. base interpretation, 50 base URI, 61 bottom concept, 43

Transcription

1 Index AAT. See Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) ABox. See assertional knowledge ACL. See Agent Communication Language (ACL) ADL. See Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Adobe Extensible Metadata Platform, 214 Agent Communication Language (ACL), 223 agent form, 220 adaptability, 222 autonomy, 221 coordination, 222 intelligence, 222 interactivity, 222 mobility, 222 wrapping, 223 Agent Special Interest Group, 220 Alexandria Digital Library (ADL), 277 Feature Type Thesaurus (FTT), 268 gazeetter, 277 Gazetteer Content Standard, 278 AL-family. See attributive language alphabet attributive language, 43 Datalog, 107 ANSI/NISO Z See Dublin Core (DC) antecedent SWRL, 116 application ontology, 27, 29 arbitrary negation, 43 Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), 242, 260 Art applications metadata Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA), 253 CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM), 255 ISO ISO 21127:2006 Reference Ontology for Cultural Heritage Information, 255 VRA Core Categories, 256 ontology Spatial Annotation Ontology, 249 Visual Features Annotation Ontology, 251 semantic annotation of art images, 260 thesaurus Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), 242 Getty vocabularies, 242 IconClass, 260 Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), 246 artificial intelligence, 11, 31 assertion, 40, 51 concept assertion, 51

2 314 Index consistency, 53 entailment, 54 inference problem, 54 realization problem, 54 role assertion, 51 assertional knowledge, 41, 51 at-least restriction, 43 at-most restriction, 43 atom SWRL, 115 TRIPLE, 122 atomic concept, 43 atomic formula. See atom atomic negation, 43 atomic process, 141 atomic role, 43 attribute, 58 attributive language, 43 alphabet, 43 arbitrary negation, 43 assertion, 51 concept assertion, 51 role assertion, 51 at-least restriction, 43 at-most restriction, 43 atomic concept, 43 atomic negation, 43 atomic role, 43 axiom, 49 equality, 49 inclusion, 49 bottom concept, 43 cardinality restriction, 43 concept description, 43 definition, 49 full existential quantification, 43 interpretation, 44, 51 intersection, 43 knowledge base, 51 language classes, 43 limited existential quantification, 43 model, 51 terminological axiom. See axiom union, 43 universal concept, 43 value restriction, 43 axiom, 49 equality, 49 inclusion, 49 base interpretation, 50 base URI, 61 bottom concept, 43 cardinality restriction, 43, 92 Catalogue Services Specification (OGC), 293 DescribeRecord, 293 GetCapabilities, 293 GetDomain, 293 GetRecordById, 293 GetRecords, 293 Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA), 253 category, 32 prototype theory, 33 RDF, 69 CDWA. See Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) Cerebra Engine, 210 CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM), 255 CIDOC CRM. See CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM) class OWL, 88 RDF, 69 RDF Schema, 71 class axiom, 95 class disjointness, 95 class equivalence, 95 class description, 89 complement, 94 enumeration, 89 intersection, 93 property restriction, 90 cardinality restriction, 92 maximum cardinality restriction, 92 minimum cardinality restriction, 92 quantified restriction existential restriction, 90 universal restriction, 91 value restriction, 92 union, 94 classification problem, 53 clause TRIPLE, 123 competency question, 159 complement, 94

3 Index 315 complex concept. See concept description composite process, 141 concept assertion, 51 concept description, 38, 43, 44 classification problem, 53 disjoint, 52 equivalent, 44, 52 inference problem, 52 instance, 54 interpretation, 44 most general concept, 53 most specific concept, 53 satisfiable, 52 subsumed, 52 unsatisfiable, 52 consequent SWRL, 116 consistency, 53 constant attributive language, 51 Datalog, 107 content, 58 Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM), 280 controlled vocabulary, 26 coordinate reference system (CRS), 267 CRS. See coordinate reference system (CRS) CSDGM. See Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) CYC, 193 microtheory, 193 OpenCYC subset. See OpenCYC Cycorp, 193 DAML, 31 DAML Library, 198 DAML+OIL, 31 DARPA Agent Markup Language. See DAML Datalog, 107 alphabet, 107 antecedent, 108 atom, 108 clause, 108 consequent, 108 constant, 107 fact, 108 head, 108 knowledge base, 108 mutually recursive rules, 108 predicate symbol, 107 range restricted variable, 108 recursive rule, 108 rule, 108 term, 107 variable, 107 datatype enumerated datatype, 98 OWL, 98 DC. See Dublin Core (DC) dc:. See Dublin Core (DC) vocabulary DC-Dot, 202 default namespace, 61 defined concept, 39, 49 definition, 39, 49 DescribeFeatureType, 279 DescribeRecord, 293 description language, 43 Description Logic, 35 DIF. See Directory Interchange Format (DIF) Directory Interchange Format (DIF), 303 disjoint class, 95 DL Implementation Group (DIG), 209 domain, 44 domain ontology, 27, 29 domain-task ontology, 29 Dublin Core (DC), 178, 231, 256 vocabulary, 64, 178 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI), 178 Earth Observation System (EOS), 298 EDR, 196 effects, 140 element, 58 empty content, 58 empty-element tag, 58 end-tag, 58 entailment, 54 Enterprise ontology, 184 enumerated datatype, 98 enumeration, 89 EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS), 298 HDF-EOS, 298 equality, 49 equivalent class, 95 equivalent sets of axioms, 49 Euro WordNet, 196

4 316 Index European Commission, 266 existential restriction, 90 expansion, 51, 53 Extensible Markup Language (XML). See XML extension, 50 extensional knowledge, 41 fact TRIPLE, 123 FaCT++, 210 feature, 266 Feature Type Thesaurus (FTT), 268 Federal Geospatial Data Committee (FGDC), 266, 302 FGDC. See Federal Geospatial Data Committee (FGDC) First-Order Logic, 36 FOAF, 231, See Friend of a Friend (FOAF) formal is-a hierarchy, 27 formal system, 9 formula, 122 fragment identifier, 59 frames, 27 Friend of a Friend (FOAF), 182, 231 FTP, 59 FTT. See Feature Type Thesaurus (FTT) full existential quantification, 43 GALEN, 197 Gartner, 197 gazetteer, 267, 277 ADL Gazetteer, 277 Geonames, 277 GEOnet Names Server (GNS), 277 Geospatial Names Information System (GNIS), 277 Getty Thesaurus of Geospatial Names (TGN), 277 standards ADL Gazetteer Content Standard, 278 Gazetteer Service Profile (OGC), 279 ISO 19112:2003 Spatial Referencing by Geospatial Identifiers, 278 Gazetteer Service Profile (OGC), 279 DescribeFeatureType, 279 GetCapabilities, 279 GetFeature, 279 GetGMLObject, 279 GCMD. See Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) generic and common sense ontology, 28 geodata.gov, 303 Geography Markup Language (GML), 296 Geonames, 277 GEOnet Names Server (GNS), 271, 277 geoportal, 300 NSDI geodata.gov, 303 geospatial applications gazetteer, 277 ADL Gazetteer, 277 Geonames, 277 GEOnet Names Server (GNS), 277 Geospatial Names Information System (GNIS), 277 Getty Thesaurus of Geospatial Names (TGN), 277 geoportal, 300 NSDI, 303 NSDI geodata.gov, 303 geospatial services HDF-EOS Web GIS Software Suite (NWGISS), 299 loosely coupled, 266 tightly coupled, 266 metadata Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM), 280 Directory Interchange Format (DIF), 303 ISO 10115:2003 Geospatial Services Metadata Standard, 285 topic categories, 285 ISO 10119:2005 Geospatial Services Metadata Standard, 290, 293 Services Entry Resources Format (SERF), 303 metadata catalogue, 293 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD), 303 ontology Ontology of Geography, 272 OpenCYC Selected Vocabulary and Upper Ontology Geography, 272

5 Index 317 Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology (SWEET), 274 spatial data infrastructure (SDI), 300 Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE), 300 taxonomy geospatial services taxonomy, 290 topic categories, 285 thesaurus Feature Type Thesaurus (FTT), 268 Getty Thesaurus of Geospatial Names (TGN), 277 geospatial data, 266 geospatial feature, 266 geospatial field, 267 Geospatial Names Information System (GNIS), 277 Geospatial One-Stop Initiative, 303 Geospatial Semantic Web, 265 geospatial services, 266 loosely coupled, 266 taxonomy, 290 tightly coupled, 266 geospatial Web service, 267 GetCapabilities, 279, 293, 296 GetDomain, 293 GetFeature, 279 GetFeatureInfo, 296 GetGMLObject, 279 GetMap, 296 GetRecordById, 293 GetRecords, 293 Getty Thesaurus of Geospatial Names (TGN), 277 Getty vocabularies, 242 Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), 242 Getty Thesaurus of Geospatial Names (TGN), 277 Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), 246 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD), 303 glossary, 26 GNIS. See Geospatial Names Information System (GNIS) Gnowsis, 237 GNS. See GEOnet Names Server (GNS) Goddard Agent Architecture, 223 Agenda, 224 Agent Reasoning, 224 Execution, 224 Modeling and State component, 224 Planning, 224 Goddard Core. See Goddard Flight Space Center extended Dublin Core GUM, 195 HDF-EOS, 298 HDF-EOS Web GIS Software Suite (NWGISS), 299 head SWRL, 116 Horrocks Ontology Development Method, 171 HTML, 30, 58 HTTP, 59 Hypertext Markup Language. See HTML IBM Integrated Ontology Development Toolkit, 212 IconClass, 260 inclusion, 40, 49 Indexing Agent, 236 individual attributive language, 44 OWL, 97 RDF Schema, 75 inference problem assertion, 54 instance testing, 54 testing entailment, 54 testing for consistency, 54 concept description Reduction to Subsumption, 52 Reduction to Unsatisfiability, 52 testing for disjointness, 52 testing for equivalence, 52 testing for satisfiability, 52 testing for subsumption, 52 informal is-a hierarchy, 27 information chunk, 231 information overload, 4 Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE), 300 architecture, 301 metadata, 301 input parameter, 140 INSPIRE. See Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE)

6 318 Index instance concept description, 54 RDF, 69 RDF Schema, 75 intentional knowledge, 41 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), 176 interpretation, 44, 51 base interpretation for acyclic terminology, 50 domain, 44 extension, 50 individual, 44 interpretation function, 44 model of set of assertions, 51 model of set of axioms, 49 satisfies assertion, 51 satisfies axiom, 49 intersection, 43, 93 IRIS, 237 ISO 10115:2003 Geospatial Metadata Standard, 285, 293 ISO 10119:2005 Geospatial Services Metadata Standard, 290, 293 ISO 15836:2003. See Dublin Core (DC) ISO 19112:2003 Spatial Referencing by Geospatial Identifiers, 278 ISO 21127:2006 Reference Ontology for Cultural Heritage Information, 255 ISO Technical Committee 211 (TC 211), 266 JENA, 211 KACTUS Project Ontology Development Method, 163 KAON2, 210 KIF. See Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) knowledge base, 41, 51 ABox, 51 assertional knowledge, 51 TBox, 49 terminology, 49 world description, 51 Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF), 185 knowledge representation ontology, 28 Knowledge Representation Ontology, 188 primitive categories, 188 Abstract category, 190 Absurd category, 190 Absurdity. See Absurd category Continuant category, 191 Independent category, 191 Mediating category, 191 Occurrent category, 192 Physical category, 192 Relative category, 192 Universal category, 190 KR Ontology. See Knowledge Representation Ontology Language Extended Lexicon (LEL), 164 layered model, 29 Lexicon Based Ontology Development Method, 163 Liberty Alliance Project, 133 lightweight ontology language. See ontology description language limited existential quantification, 43 literal, 62 Logic Programming, 105 Longwell, 237 Magpie, 238 MAILTO, 59 markup language, 29 markup ontology language. See ontology description language maximum cardinality restriction, 92 metadata, 7 Art applications Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA), 253 CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM), 255 ISO 21127:2006 Reference Ontology for Cultural Heritage Information, 255 VRA Core Categories, 256 definition Berners-Lee, 176 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), 176 editor Adobe Extensible Metadata Platform, 214 Dublin Core Metadata Editor DC- Dot, 202 generic ANSI/NISO Z39.85, 178 Dublin Core (DC), 178 Friend of a Friend (FOAF), 182

7 Index 319 Goddard Flight Space Center extended Dublin Core, 179 ISO 15836:2003, 178 Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS), 181 vcard, 181 Warwick Framework, 179 geospatial applications Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM), 280 Directory Interchange Format (DIF), 303 INSPIRE metadata, 301 ISO 10115:2003 Geospatial Metadata Standard, 285 ISO 10119:2005 Geospatial Services Metadata Standard, 290, 293 Services Entry Resources Format (SERF), 303 semantic desktop, 230 type, 176 metadata catalogue, 267 meta-property. See OWL property characteristics method ontology, 29 Methontology, 159 Ontology Development Environment (ODE), 160 microtheory, 193 Mid-Level Ontology (MILO), 272 MILO. See Mid-Level Ontology (MILO) Mind Map Tool suite, 213 minimum cardinality restriction, 92 Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE), 298 model, 51, 122 set of assertions, 51 set of axioms, 49 model block, 123 molecule, 122 most general concept, 53 most specific concept, 53 MPEG-7, 251 multi-agent system (MAS), 235 mutually recursive rules, 108 NAICS. See North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) name, 58 namespace, 60, 62 declaration, 61 default, 61 QName, 60 TRIPLE, 121 NASA Earth Observation System (EOS), 298 EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS), 298 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD), 303 Goddard Space Flight Center, 303 HDF-EOS Web GIS Software Suite (NWGISS), 299 Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE), 298 National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse Network, 302 National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), 302 geodata.gov, 303 Geospatial One-Stop Initiative, 303 National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse Network, 302 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 196 NSDI. See National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) OASIS. See Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) object, 62 Object Management Group (OMG), 220 ODP. See Open Directory Project (ODP) OGC. See Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) OIL, 31 OilEd, 203 OKBC. See Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC) OMG. See Object Management Group (OMG) OntoEdit, 203 On-To-Knowledge Project, 203 Ontolingua, 197 ontology, 8, 17 applications Art semantic annotation of art images, 260 geospatial geospatial Web service, 265 software engineering software agent, 219

8 320 Index classical vision, 32, 33 classification degree of generality, 27 application ontology, 27 domain ontology, 27 task ontology, 27 upper level ontology, 27 information represented, 28 application ontology, 29 domain ontology, 29 domain-task ontology, 29 generic and common sense ontology, 28 knowledge representation ontology, 28 method ontology, 29 task ontology, 29 upper ontology, 28 semantic spectrum, 26 controlled vocabulary, 26 express logical restrictions, 27 express value restrictions, 27 formal is-a hierarchy, 27 frames, 27 glossary, 26 heavyweight, 26 informal is-a hierarchy, 27 lightweight, 26 thesaurus, 26 definition Gruber, 17 Guarino, 8 Guarino, Carrara and Giaretta, 18 Maedche, 19 Merriam Webster, 17 Rudolf Gockel, 17 Sowa, 8, 18 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 19 description language, 9, 29 requirements, 82 development method, 185 development methodologies, 10 domain ontology Art Spatial Annotation Ontology, 249 Visual Features Annotation Ontology, 251 geospatial Ontology of Geography, 272 OpenCYC Selected Vocabulary and Upper Ontology Geography, 272 Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology (SWEET), 274 other EDR, 196 GALEN, 197 Gartner, 197 GUM, 195 SENSUS, 196 family resemblance, 32 library, 197 DAML Library, 198 Ontolingua, 197 SchemaWeb, 198 WebOnto, 198 method Horrocks Ontology Development Method, 171 KACTUS Project Ontology Development Method, 163 Lexicon Based Ontology Development Method, 163 Methontology, 159 Ontology Development 101, 167 Toronto Virtual Enterprise Method (TOVE), 158 Uschold and King Ontology Development Method, 156 tools editor OilEd, 203 OntoEdit, 203 Protégé, 203 knowledge management IBM Integrated Ontology Development Toolkit, 212 JENA, 211 Oracle 10g, 211 OWL API, 209 SESAME, 212 merging and comparison Prompt, 208 other Mind Map Tool suite, 213 PhotoStuff, 213 reasoner, 209 Cerebra Engine, 210 FaCT++, 210 KAON2, 210

9 Index 321 OWL Reasoning API, 209 OWL Validator, 211 Pellet, 210 Racer, 210 RacerPro, 210 visualization OWLViz, 207 upper level ontology CYC, 193 Knowledge Representation Ontology, 188 Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), 184 WordNet, 195 Ontology Development 101, 167 Ontology Inference Layer. See OIL Ontology of Geography, 272 Open Directory Project (ODP), 196 Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), 266 Catalogue Services Specification, 293 Gazetteer Service Profile, 279 Geography Markup Language (GML), 296 OpenGIS Services Framework (OSF), 295 OpenGIS Web Service 2 Initiative, 297 Web Coverage Service (WCS), 295, 299 Web Feature Service (WFS), 295 Web Map Service (WMS), 295, 296, 299 Web Registry Service (WRS), 295 Web Services (OWS) Architecture, 297 Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC), 204 OpenCYC, 194, 271 Selected Vocabulary and Upper Ontology Geography, 272 OpenGIS. See Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) OpenGIS Services Framework (OSF), 295 OpenGIS Web Service 2 Initiative, 297 Oracle 10g, 211 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), 133 OSF. See OpenGIS Services Framework (OSF) output parameter, 140 OWL, 35, 81, (Web Ontology Language) class, 88 class axiom, 95 class disjointness, 95 class equivalence, 95 class description, 89 complement, 94 enumeration, 89 intersection, 93 property restriction, 90 cardinality restriction, 92 maximum cardinality restriction, 92 minimum cardinality restriction, 92 quantified restriction existential restriction, 90 universal restriction, 91 value restriction, 92 union, 94 datatype, 98 enumerated datatype, 98 individual, 97 all different individuals, 97 different individual, 97 same individual, 97 ontology import specification, 85 property, 86 datatype property, 86 equivalence, 86 object property, 86 property characteristics, 87 functional, 87 inverse functional, 87 inverse of, 87 symmetric, 87 transitive, 87 sublanguages OWL DL, 81 OWL Full, 81 OWL Lite, 81 version information, 85 vocabulary, 100 OWL API, 209 OWL Reasoning API, 209 OWL Validator, 211 OWL Vocabulary owl:alldifferent, 97 owl:allvaluesfrom, 91 owl:cardinality, 92 owl:complementof, 94 owl:datarange, 98

10 322 Index owl:datatypeproperty, 86 owl:differentfrom, 97 owl:disjointwith, 95 owl:equivalentclass, 95 owl:equivalentproperty, 86 owl:functionalproperty, 87 owl:hasvalue, 92 owl:imports, 85 owl:intersectionof, 93 owl:inversefunctionalproperty, 87 owl:inverseof, 87 owl:maxcardinality, 92 owl:mincardinality, 92 owl:nothing, 89 owl:objectproperty, 86 owl:oneof, 89 owl:onproperty, 92 owl:ontology, 85 owl:priorversion, 85 owl:restriction, 90 owl:sameas, 95, 97 owl:somevaluesfrom, 90 owl:symmetricproperty, 87 owl:thing, 89 owl:transitiveproperty, 87 owl:unionof, 94 summary, 100 OWL-S, 135 control construct, 142 process atomic process, 141 composite process, 141 effects, 140 input parameter, 140 output parameter, 140 pre-condition, 140 simple process, 141 Process Ontology AtomicProcess class, 141 composedof property, 141 CompositeProcess class, 141 ControlConstruct class, 142 expressionbody property, 140 expressionlanguage property, 140 haseffect property, 140 hasinput property, 140 haslocal property, 140 hasouput property, 140 hasparameter property, 140 hasprecondition property, 140 hasresult property, 140 hasresultvar property, 140 incondition property, 140 Perform class, 141 Process class, 140 process property, 141 Result property, 140 resultform property, 140 SimpleProcess class, 141 TheClient class, 141 TheServer class, 141 withoutput property, 140 Profile Ontology, 138 contactinformation property, 138 hasinput property, 138 hasoutput property, 138 hasparameter property, 138 hasprecondition property, 138 hasresult property, 138 Input class, 138 Output class, 138 Parameter class, 138 Profile class, 138 Result class, 140 servicecategory property, 139 servicename property, 138 serviceparameter property, 139 ServiceProfile class, 138 textdescription property, 138 service, 135 grounding, 142 model, 140 profile, 138 Service Ontology, 135 describedby property, 136 describes property, 136 present property, 135 presentby property, 135 Service class, 135 ServiceGrounding class, 137, 142 ServiceModel class, 136 ServiceProfile class, 135 supportedby property, 137 supports property, 137 OWLViz, 207 Pellet, 210 PhotoStuff, 213 PICS. See Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS), 181 pre-condition, 140 predicate, 62

11 Index 323 predicate symbol Datalog, 107 primitive concept, 49 process, 140 processing instruction, 58 Prolog, 105 Prompt, 208 property, 62 characteristics, 87 functional, 87 inverse functional, 87 inverse of, 87 symmetric, 87 transitive, 87 OWL, 86 RDF Schema, 74 property restriction, 90 cardinality restriction, 92 maximum cardinality restriction, 92 minimum cardinality restriction, 92 quantified restriction existential restriction, 90 universal restriction, 91 value restriction, 92 property value, 62 Protégé, 203 OWL API, 209 OWL Reasoner, 209 OWLViz, 207 plugin architecture, 204, 207 Prompt, 208 Protégé-OWL editors, 204 Wordnet plugin, 209 QName, 60 local part, 60 namespace prefix, 60 qualified name. See QName query, 123 Racer, 210 RacerPro, 210 range restricted variable, 108 RDF, 30, 62, 181, (Resource Description Framework) category, 69 class, 69 description, 67 graph, 66 instance, 69 literal, 62 object, 62 predicate, 62 property, 62 property value, 62 RDF/XML, 67 reification, 70 reification quad, 71 resource, 67 statement, 62, 63 subject, 62 triple, 62, 65 typed node, 69 vocabulary, 64, 77 RDF Schema, 30, 71, 74, (RDF Vocabulary Description Language) class, 71 individual, 75 instance, 75 subclass, 71 vocabulary, 77 RDF Schema subproperty, 74 RDF Schema Vocabulary rdfs:class, 71 rdfs:domain, 74 rdfs:property, 74 rdfs:range, 74 rdfs:subclassof, 71 rdfs:subpropertyof, 74 summary, 77 RDF Schemaproperty, 74 RDF Vocabulary rdf:about, 67 rdf:datatype, 70 rdf:description, 67 rdf:id, 68 rdf:object, 71 rdf:predicate, 71 rdf:rdf, 67 rdf:resource, 67 rdf:statement, 71 rdf:subject, 71 rdf:type, 69 summary, 77 RDF Vocabulary Description Language (RDF Schema). See RDF Schema RDF/XML, 67 rdf:. See RDF Vocabulary RDF-S. See RDF Schema realization problem, 54 reasoner, 209 recursive rule

12 324 Index reification, 70 reification quad, 71 resource, 59, 121 Resource Description Framework (RDF). See RDF role assertion, 51 rule SWRL, 116 TRIPLE, 123 rule language, 105 Datalog, 107 SWRL, 115 TRIPLE, 121 use cases, 106 Rule Markup Language (RuleML). See RuleML, (Rule Markup Language) atom, 110 constant, 110 predicate symbol, 110 rule, 110 variable, 110 RuleML Vocabulary <and>, 111 <atom>, 110 <body>, 110 <head>, 110 <Implies>, 110 <ind>, 110 <rel>, 110 <var>, 110 SAML. See Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) satisfies, 51 SchemaWeb, 198 SDI. See spatial data infrastructure (SDI) Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), 132 semantexplorer, 238 semantic annotation of art images, 260 semantic desktop architecture, 235 Indexing Agent, 236 Serendipity Agent, 236 Spy Agent, 236 Syndicating Agent, 236 Gnowsis, 237 IRIS, 237 Longwell, 237 Magpie, 238 metadata, 230 ontology, 233 semantexplorer, 238 semantic interoperability, 226 Semantic Web, 6 Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology (SWEET), 274 Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL). See SWRL SENSUS, 196 Serendipity Agent, 236 SERF. See Services Entry Resources Format (SERF) service, 135 grounding, 142 model, 140 profile, 138 Services Entry Resources Format (SERF), 303 SESAME, 203, 212 SGML. See Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) SHOE. See Simple HTML Ontology Extension (SHOE) Simple HTML Ontology Extension (SHOE), 31 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 130 simple process, 141 SOAP. See Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) software agent, 219 agent forms, 220 adaptability, 222 autonomy, 221 coordination, 222 intelligence, 222 interactivity, 222 mobility, 222 wrapping, 223 communication in the Semantic Web, 225 definition Antoniou and Harmelen, 220 James Hendler, 220 OMG Agent Special Interest Group, 221 Goddard Agent Architecture, 223 ontology, 225

13 Index 325 semantic interoperability, 226 Spatial Annotation Ontology, 249 spatial data infrastructure, 267 spatial data infrastructure (SDI), 300 geoportal, 300 NSDI, 303 Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE), 300 National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), 302 Spy Agent, 236 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), 29 Standard Upper Ontology Working Group (SUO), 184 Stanford Medical Informatics, 203 start-tag, 58 statement RDF, 62 TRIPLE, 122 subclass OWL, 88 RDF Schema, 71 subject, 62 Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), 184, 272 development method, 185 Mid-Level Ontology (MILO), 272 ontology browser, 187 Ontology of Geography, 272 SUMO Top Level, 272 top classes, 187 SUMO. See Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) SUO-KIF, 185 SWEET. See Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology (SWEET) SWRL, 115, (Semantic Web Rule Language) antecedent, 116 atom, 115 builtin, 115 differentfrom, 115 sameas, 115 consequent, 116 head, 116 OWL class description, 115 OWL property, 115 rule, 116 XML Concrete Syntax, 114 Syndicating Agent, 236 synset, 195 Syntactic Web, 4 task ontology, 27, 29 taxonomy definition Merriam Webster, 20 Michael Daconta, 20 example Dewey Decimal System, 21 directory structure, 21 Linnaen Taxonomy of the Living Beings, 20 generic North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 196 Open Directory Project (ODP), 196 geospatial applications geospatial services taxonomy, 290 topic categories, 285 TBox. See terminology TC 211. See ISO Technical Committee 211 (TC 211) term, 107 terminological axiom. See axiom terminology, 41, 49 acyclic, 50 defined concept, 49, 53 expansion, 51, 53 primitive concept, 49 TGN. See Getty Thesaurus of Geospatial Names (TGN) thesaurus, 22, 26 Art applications Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), 242 Getty vocabularies, 242 IconClass, 260 Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), 246 geospatial applications Feature Type Thesaurus (FTT), 268 Getty Thesaurus of Geospatial Names (TGN), 277 relationships, 23 topic categories, 285 Toronto Virtual Enterprise Method (TOVE), 158 TOVE. See Toronto Virtual Enterprise Method (TOVE) Tree of Porphyry, 17 TRIPLE, 121

14 326 Index atom, 122 atomic formula, 122 clause, 123 fact, 123 formula, 122 model block, 123 model specification, 122 molecule, 122 namespace declaration, 121 query, 123 RDF model, 122 RDF statement, 122 resource declaration, 121 rule, 123 typed node, 69 UDDI. See Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) ULAN. See Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), 59 base, 61 URI schemes, 59 union, 43, 94 Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), 246, 260 facet Corporate Body, 246 Person, 246 relationships, 246 universal concept, 43 Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI), 129 universal restriction, 91 upper level ontology, 27, 28, 184 CYC, 193 Enterprise ontology, 184 Knowledge Representation Ontology, 188 OpenCYC, 194 Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), 184 WordNet, 195 URI. See Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) URI reference (URIref), 59 absolute, 60 fragment identifier, 59 prefix, 60 relative, 60 vocabulary, 62 URIref. See URI reference (URIref) Uschold and King Ontology Development Method, 156 value, 58 value restriction, 43, 92 variable Datalog, 107, 108 SWRL, 115 vcard, 181, 231 Visual Features Annotation Ontology, 251 Visual Resources Association (VRA), 256 vocabulary, 62 fragment identifier, 63 imported, 63 native, 63 qualified name, 62 VRA. See Visual Resources Association (VRA) VRA Core Categories, 256, 260 W3C. See World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Warwick Framework, 179 Web Coverage Service (WCS), 295, 299 Web Feature Service (WFS), 295 Web Map Service (WMS), 295, 296, 299 GetCapabilities, 296 GetFeatureInfo, 296 GetMap, 296 Web ontology language. See ontology description language Web Ontology Language (OWL). See OWL Web Registry Service (WRS), 295 Web Service, 9, 127 geospatial, 265 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 130 Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI), 129 Web Services Description Language (WSDL), 129 Web Service Security Standards, 131 Liberty Alliance Project, 133 Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), 132 WS Security, 132 XML Encryption, 132 XML Signature, 132

15 Index 327 Web Service Standardization Organizations, 133 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), 133 Web Services Interperability Organization (WS-I), 133 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 133 Web Services Description Language (WSDL), 129 Web Services Interoperability Organization (WS-I), 133 WebOnto, 198 WordNet, 23, 195, 209, 260 Euro WordNet, 196 semantic relationships, 195 synset, 195 world description. See assertional knowledge World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 133 WS Security, 132 WSDL. See Web Services Description Language (WSDL) WS-I. See Web Services Interoperability Organization (WS-I) XML, 30, 58, (Extensible Markup Language) attribute, 58 base URI, 61 content, 58 default namespace, 61 element, 58 empty content, 58 empty-element tag, 58 end-tag, 58 name, 58 namespace, 60, 62 processing instruction, 58 start-tag, 58 value, 58 xml:base, 61 xmlns, 61 XML Encryption, 132 XML Schema, 58, 61 XML Signature, 132